MEANINGS OF AFRICAN WALNUT DREAMS BY BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa extreme documentaries
Babalawo Obanifa
will through the medium of this work document some of the meanings of seeing African
walnuts in dream from the perspective of Yoruba
culture and spirituality. The word for African walnut in Yoruba language is Awusa /Asaala. African walnut is a
common name for several African plants and may refer to:
Coula edulis, in the family Olacaceae
Lovoa trichilioides, in the family Meliaceae
Plukenetia conophora, in the family Euphorbiaceae
Schotia brachypetala, in the family Fabaceae
But within the context of this work. The African walnut been refer to is Tetracarpidium
conophorum (African walnut) which belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is an
edible seed that is widely cultivated for its delicacy. All parts of the plant
have been used ethnomedically. African walnut is different from English walnut.
According to Ayeni E. Ayodeji, Nuhu Aliyu
in his work ,titled Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) Hutch.
& Dalziel: Ethnomedicinal uses and its therapeutic activities. He makes
distinction between English wall nut and African walnut thus: Walnuts are
edible seeds that are widely cultivated for their delicacy. Prominent species
include Juglans regia (L.), known as the English walnut and belonging to
the family Juglandaceae (Burkill 1985).
The tropical African walnut, known as Tetracarpidium conophorum or Plukenetia
conophora (Oyekale et al. 2015),
belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae (Edem, Dosunmu & Bassey 2009).
Adebona, Ogunsua and Ologunde (1988)
stated that some walnut species are found in the family Olacaceae. The walnut
is generally referred to as the conophor tree or conophor nut (Janick &
Paul 2008).
The plant is popularly known as African walnut, black walnut and Nigerian
walnut (Ekwe & Ihemeje 2013;
Nwaichi, Osuoha & Monanu 2017).
In Nigeria, among the Yoruba tribe, the walnut is known as awusa or asala,
ukpa, or oke okpokirinya in Igbo and gawudi bairi in Hausa;
and it is known as okhue or okwe among the Bini tribe of Edo
State (Chijoke, Anosike & Ani 2015;
Kanu et al. 2015).
In Sierra Leone, it is called musyabassa and in western Cameroon, it is
known as kaso or ngak, among other local names (Burkill 1985).
Having explain to your
understanding the African wall nut that I am referring to withing the context
of this work. I will now proceed to some of the spiritual meanings of seeing
this in dream from the perspective of African culture and spirituality. Seeing
African walnut in dream as in the case of any other dream symbol can have
either positive or negative meanings. The meanings to give or attribute to any
African walnut dream will usually depend on the content and context of the dreams.
Below are detail documentation of some of the African walnuts dreams and some
of their detail interpretation as document by Babalawo Obanifa.
TI A BA LALA RI OKO ASALA
TI O PO (IF YOU SEE AFRICAN WALL NUT PLANATION IN YOUR DREAM):
In any kind of dream where you see African wall nut plants or plantation of
African walnut plants. This kind of dream connotes great blessings and imminent
joy for the dreamer. It is a positive dream.
TI A BA LALA RI PADI /PALADI
ASALA/AWUSA (IF YOU SEE A POD OF AFRICAN WALNUT IN YOUR DREAM):
In any kind of dream where you see pod of African walnut in dream. This is a warning
dream. If a parent with children see in his /her dream a pod of African walnut.
This kind is telling such person that unless he /she take proper physical and
spiritual preventive measure. Those
children will not be on good term with each other, despite their closeness and
related by blood. they will not be dealing with each other on friendly terms. A pod of African walnut is usually a warning
against unfriendly interaction between family members.
TI A BA PA AWUSA /ASALA
SISE TI OMO INU KO DARA (IF YOU BREAK A COOKED AFRICAN WALNUT IN YOUR DREAM AND
DISOVER THAT THE INNER CONTENT OF IT HAVE BEEN SPOIL OR ROTTEN): In
any kind of dream where you see in your dream that you are breaking African walnut in your dream and you discover that the
contents have become rotten. This kind of dream connotes disappointment and failure.
It means that there is certain things ,offer, person ,that this person rely upon. He
/she will be disappointed. He /she not rely. If young person who want to get
and is already planning wedding have this kind of dream. He /she need to take
every necessary measure to avert disappointment. Same interpretation is applicable
to those expecting offer, contracts, or promise.
TI OBINRIN BA LALA WIPO
EEPO AWUSA YI OHUN LOWO(IF A LADY OR WOMAN SEE IN HER DREAM THAT DECAY OR
DECOMPOSED POD OF AFRICAN WALNUT ): This kind of dream
connote the dreamer need to pray so she will not get jilted or abandoned by her
male lover for another female lover.
TI A BA LALA TI A N SA
ASALA/AWUSA LOJU ALA (IF YOU SEE YOURSELF PICKING AFRICAN WALNUTS IN DREAM): In
any dream where you see yourself picking African walnut in dream. Picking
African wall nut in dream connote financial gains and prosperity. Dream of this
nature also connotes used or under utilization of potential that need to be taped
. It is an instructional message dream.
TI OKUNRIN BA LALA WIPE OHUN
JE AWUSA/ASALA (IF A MAN SEE IN HIS DREAM THAT HE IS EATING AFRICAN WALNUTS): If
you a man see himself eating walnut in dream. This kind of dream is a warning
dream telling the dreamer that he need to take care of fertility problem or
there is imminent health issue that can affect his fertility.
TI A BA LALA TI A N RA
AWUSA/ASALA(IF YOU SEE YOURSELF BUYING AFRICAN WALNUT IN DREAM): In
any kind of dream where you see yourself buying African walnut in dream. This
kind of dream connote that the dreamer need to look after his /her health.
There is underneath health issue that the dreamer need to take care of before
it start to demand complex situation from him.
TI A BA LALA TI A N ASALA
/AWUSA LOJU ALA SUGBON TI A KO JE (IF YOU DREAM THAT YOU ARE CRACKING OR BRAKING
AFRICAN WALNUTS IN YOUR DREAM WITHOUT EATING THEM):In
nay kind of dream where you see yourself cracking and breaking a lot of walnut in
your dream without eating them. This kind of dream connotes that the dreamers
is wasting and unnecessary engaging in extravagance uses of resource. It is warning
dream telling the dreamer to curtail wastage of resources. The same interpretation
apply when you see some one close to you
such as your children,spouse,or friend doing same in dream.
TI A BA LALA TI A N JE
AWUSA TUTU(IF YOU SEE YOURSELF EATING RAW/UNCOOKED WALNUT):
If you see in your dream that you are eating raw wall nut , The kind of dream is a warning dream
and it usually have two meanings. Firstly, it means the dreamer is too much in
hurry or haste and as a result. He getting unpleasant result. Secondly that
kind of dream connotes that the dreamer should take care of his/her environment
because of snake bites.
Copyright :Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, phone and whatsapp
contact :+2348166343145, location Ile Ife osun state Nigeria.
IMPORTANT NOTICE : As regards the article above, all rights reserved, no part of this article may be reproduced or duplicated in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying and recording or by any information storage or retrieval system without prior written permission from the copyright holder and the author Babalawo Obanifa, doing so is considered unlawful and will attract legal consequences
IMPORTANT NOTICE : As regards the article above, all rights reserved, no part of this article may be reproduced or duplicated in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying and recording or by any information storage or retrieval system without prior written permission from the copyright holder and the author Babalawo Obanifa, doing so is considered unlawful and will attract legal consequences

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SIGNIFICADOS DE LOS SUEÑOS AFRICANOS DE NOGAL POR BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa documentales extremos

Babalawo Obanifa documentará a través de este trabajo algunos de los significados de ver nueces africanas en sueños desde la perspectiva de la cultura y la espiritualidad yoruba. La palabra para la nuez africana en idioma yoruba es Awusa / Asaala. La nuez africana es un nombre común para varias plantas africanas y puede referirse a:
Coula edulis, en la familia Olacaceae
Lovoa trichilioides, en la familia Meliaceae
Plukenetia conophora, en la familia Euphorbiaceae
Schotia brachypetala, en la familia Fabaceae
Pero dentro del contexto de este trabajo. La nuez africana a la que se hace referencia es Tetracarpidium conophorum (nuez africana) que pertenece a la familia Euphorbiaceae. Es una semilla comestible que se cultiva ampliamente por su delicadeza. Todas las partes de la planta se han usado etnómicamente. La nuez africana es diferente de la nuez inglesa. Según Ayeni E. Ayodeji, Nuhu Aliyu en su trabajo, titulado Tetracarpidium conophorum (nogal africano) Hutch. & Dalziel: usos etnomedicinales y sus actividades terapéuticas. Él distingue entre la nuez de la pared inglesa y la nuez africana así: las nueces son semillas comestibles que se cultivan ampliamente por su delicadeza. Las especies prominentes incluyen Juglans regia (L.), conocida como la nuez inglesa y perteneciente a la familia Juglandaceae (Burkill 1985). La nuez africana tropical, conocida como Tetracarpidium conophorum o Plukenetia conophora (Oyekale et al.2015), pertenece a la familia Euphorbiaceae (Edem, Dosunmu y Bassey 2009). Adebona, Ogunsua y Ologunde (1988) declararon que algunas especies de nueces se encuentran en la familia Olacaceae. La nuez generalmente se conoce como el árbol de conophor o nuez de conophor (Janick y Paul 2008). La planta es conocida popularmente como nogal africano, nogal negro y nogal nigeriano (Ekwe & Ihemeje 2013; Nwaichi, Osuoha & Monanu 2017). En Nigeria, entre la tribu Yoruba, la nuez se conoce como awusa o asala, ukpa u oke okpokirinya en Igbo y gawudi bairi en Hausa; y se conoce como okhue u okwe entre la tribu Bini del estado Edo (Chijoke, Anosike & Ani 2015; Kanu et al. 2015). En Sierra Leona, se llama musyabassa y en el oeste de Camerún, se conoce como kaso o ngak, entre otros nombres locales (Burkill 1985).

Después de haber explicado a su entender la tuerca de la pared africana a la que me refiero en el contexto de este trabajo. Ahora procederé a algunos de los significados espirituales de ver esto en sueños desde la perspectiva de la cultura y espiritualidad africanas. Ver la nuez africana en el sueño como en el caso de cualquier otro símbolo de sueño puede tener significados positivos o negativos. Los significados para dar o atribuir a cualquier sueño de nogal africano generalmente dependerán del contenido y el contexto de los sueños. A continuación hay documentación detallada de algunos de los sueños de nueces africanas y parte de su interpretación detallada como documento de Babalawo Obanifa.
TI A BA LALA RI OKO ASALA TI O PO (SI VES LA PLANIFICACIÓN AFRICANA DE TUERCA EN TU SUEÑO): en cualquier tipo de sueño en el que veas plantas de nueces africanas o plantaciones de nueces africanas. Este tipo de sueño implica grandes bendiciones y alegría inminente para el soñador. Es un sueño positivo.
TI A BA LALA RI PADI / PALADI ASALA / AWUSA (SI VES UN PODO DE NOGAL AFRICANA EN TU SUEÑO): en cualquier tipo de sueño en el que veas una vaina de nuez africana en sueños. Este es un sueño de advertencia. Si un padre con hijos ve en su sueño una vaina de nuez africana. Este tipo le dice a esa persona que a menos que él / ella tome la medida preventiva física y espiritual adecuada. Esos niños no estarán en buenos términos el uno con el otro, a pesar de su cercanía y relacionados por la sangre. no se tratarán entre sí en términos amistosos. Una vaina de nuez africana suele ser una advertencia contra la interacción hostil entre los miembros de la familia.
TI A BA PA AWUSA / ASALA SISE TI OMO INU KO DARA (SI ROMPES UNA NOGAL AFRICANA COCIDA EN TU SUEÑO Y DESCUBRES QUE EL CONTENIDO INTERIOR HA SIDO DESAPARECIDO O ROTADO): en cualquier tipo de sueño donde lo veas en tu sueño que estás rompiendo nueces africanas en tu sueño y descubres que el contenido se ha podrido. Este tipo de sueño connota decepción y fracaso. Significa que hay ciertas cosas, oferta, persona, de las cuales esta persona depende. Él / ella estará decepcionado. Él / ella no confía. Si la persona joven que quiere llegar y ya está planeando una boda tiene este tipo de sueño. Él / ella debe tomar todas las medidas necesarias para evitar la decepción. La misma interpretación se aplica a aquellos que esperan ofertas, contratos o promesas.
TI OBINRIN BA LALA OMPI EEPO AWUSA YI OHUN LOWO (SI UNA SEÑORA O MUJER VEA EN SU SUEÑO QUE DECAYA O PODO DESCOMPUESTO DE NUECES AFRICANAS): Este tipo de sueño connota que el soñador necesita rezar para que ella no se quede abandonada o abandonada por ella. amante masculino por otra amante femenina.
TI A BA LALA TI A N SA ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA (SI TE VES SELECCIONANDO NUECES AFRICANAS EN EL SUEÑO): En cualquier sueño en el que te ves escogiendo nueces africanas en sueños. Escoger nuez de la pared africana en sueños connota ganancias financieras y prosperidad. El sueño de esta naturaleza también implica el uso o la subutilización del potencial que necesita ser grabado. Es un mensaje instructivo de ensueño.
TI OKUNRIN BA LALA WIPE OHUN JE AWUSA / ASALA (SI UN HOMBRE VE EN SU SUEÑO QUE COME NUECES AFRICANAS): Si usted se ve a sí mismo comiendo nueces en sueños. Este tipo de sueño es un sueño de advertencia que le dice al soñador que debe ocuparse del problema de fertilidad o que existe un problema de salud inminente que puede afectar su fertilidad.
TI A BA LALA TI A N RA AWUSA / ASALA (SI SE VE COMPRANDO NUECES AFRICANAS EN SUEÑO): En cualquier tipo de sueño en el que se vea comprando nueces africanas en sueños. Este tipo de sueño connota que el soñador necesita cuidar su salud. Hay un problema de salud que el soñador debe resolver antes de comenzar a exigirle una situación compleja.
TI A BA LALA TI AN ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA SUGBON TI A KO JE (SI SUEÑAS QUE ESTÁS CRACKANDO O FRENANDO NUECES AFRICANAS EN TU SUEÑO SIN COMER ELLAS): en ningún tipo de sueño donde te ves a ti mismo agrietando y rompiendo mucho de nueces en tu sueño sin comerlas. Este tipo de sueño connota que los soñadores están desperdiciando e innecesariamente involucrados en usos extravagantes de recursos. Es un sueño de advertencia diciéndole al soñador que reduzca el desperdicio de recursos. La misma interpretación se aplica cuando ve a alguien cercano a usted, como sus hijos, cónyuge o amigo, haciendo lo mismo en sueños.
TI A BA LALA TI A N JE AWUSA TUTU (SI USTED SE VE A TI MISMO COMANDO CRUDO / NUECES SIN COCINAR): Si ve en su sueño que está comiendo nuez de pared cruda, el tipo de sueño es un sueño de advertencia y generalmente tiene dos significados. En primer lugar, significa que el soñador tiene demasiada prisa o prisa y, como resultado. Él está obteniendo un resultado desagradable. En segundo lugar, ese tipo de sueño implica que el soñador debe cuidar su entorno debido a las mordeduras de serpientes.
Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, teléfono y contacto de WhatsApp: +2348166343145, ubicación Ile Ife osun state Nigeria.
AVISO IMPORTANTE: Con respecto al artículo anterior, todos los derechos reservados, ninguna parte de este artículo puede reproducirse o duplicarse de ninguna forma ni por ningún medio, electrónico o mecánico, incluyendo fotocopias y grabaciones, o por cualquier sistema de almacenamiento o recuperación de información sin permiso previo por escrito. del titular de los derechos de autor y del autor Babalawo Obanifa, hacerlo se considera ilegal y traerá consecuencias legales

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SIGNIFICADOS DOS SONHOS AFRICANOS DE NOZ POR BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa documentários extremos

Babalawo Obanifa documentará, no meio deste trabalho, alguns dos significados de se ver nozes africanas sonhando, sob a perspectiva da cultura e espiritualidade iorubá. A palavra para nozes africanas na língua iorubá é Awusa / Asaala. Noz africana é um nome comum para várias plantas africanas e pode se referir a:
Coula edulis, na família Olacaceae
Lovoa trichilioides, na família Meliaceae
Plukenetia conophora, na família Euphorbiaceae
Schotia brachypetala, na família Fabaceae
Mas dentro do contexto deste trabalho. A noz africana mencionada é Tetracarpidium conophorum (noz africana), pertencente à família Euphorbiaceae. É uma semente comestível que é amplamente cultivada por sua delicadeza. Todas as partes da planta foram usadas etnomedicamente. A noz africana é diferente da noz inglesa. Segundo Ayeni E. Ayodeji, Nuhu Aliyu em seu trabalho, intitulado Tetracarpidium conophorum (noz africana) Hutch. & Dalziel: usos etnomédicos e suas atividades terapêuticas. Ele faz distinção entre nozes inglesas e nozes africanas assim: as nozes são sementes comestíveis que são amplamente cultivadas por sua iguaria. As espécies de destaque incluem Juglans regia (L.), conhecida como noz inglesa e pertencente à família Juglandaceae (Burkill, 1985). A noz tropical africana, conhecida como Tetracarpidium conophorum ou Plukenetia conophora (Oyekale et al. 2015), pertence à família Euphorbiaceae (Edem, Dosunmu & Bassey 2009). Adebona, Ogunsua e Ologunde (1988) afirmam que algumas espécies de nozes são encontradas na família Olacaceae. A noz é geralmente chamada de árvore de conóforo ou noz de conóforo (Janick & Paul 2008). A planta é conhecida popularmente como noz africana, noz preta e noz nigeriana (Ekwe & Ihemeje 2013; Nwaichi, Osuoha & Monanu 2017). Na Nigéria, entre a tribo iorubá, a noz é conhecida como awusa ou asala, ukpa ou oke okpokirinya em Igbo e gawudi bairi em Hausa; e é conhecido como okhue ou okwe entre a tribo Bini do estado de Edo (Chijoke, Anosike & Ani 2015; Kanu et al. 2015). Na Serra Leoa, é chamado musyabassa e, no oeste dos Camarões, é conhecido como kaso ou ngak, entre outros nomes locais (Burkill, 1985).

Tendo explicado ao seu entendimento a porca africana da parede a que me refiro no contexto deste trabalho. Vou agora prosseguir para alguns dos significados espirituais de ver isso em sonho a partir da perspectiva da cultura e espiritualidade africanas. Ver nogueira africana em sonho, como no caso de qualquer outro símbolo de sonho, pode ter significados positivos ou negativos. Os significados a atribuir ou atribuir a qualquer sonho de nogueira africana geralmente dependem do conteúdo e do contexto dos sonhos. Abaixo está a documentação detalhada de alguns dos sonhos das nozes africanas e algumas de suas interpretações detalhadas, como documento de Babalawo Obanifa.
TI A BA LALA RI OKO ASALA TI O PO (SE VOCÊ VÊ O PLANAMENTO AFRICANO DE PORCAS DE PAREDE EM SEU SONHO): Em qualquer tipo de sonho, você vê plantas de nozes africanas ou plantações de nozes africanas. Esse tipo de sonho conota grandes bênçãos e iminente alegria para o sonhador. É um sonho positivo.
TI A BA LALA RI PADI / PALADI ASALA / AWUSA (SE VOCÊ VÊ UM POÇO DE NOZ AFRICANA EM SEU SONHO): Em qualquer tipo de sonho, você vê vagens de nozes africanas em sonho. Este é um sonho de aviso. Se um pai com filhos vê em seu sonho uma vagem de noz africana. Esse tipo está dizendo a essa pessoa que, a menos que ele / ela tome as medidas preventivas físicas e espirituais apropriadas. Essas crianças não terão um bom relacionamento umas com as outras, apesar de serem próximas e relacionadas pelo sangue. eles não vão lidar um com o outro em termos amigáveis. Uma vagem de noz africana é geralmente um aviso contra a interação hostil entre os membros da família.
TI A BA PA AWUSA / ASALA SISE TI OMO INU KO DARA (SE VOCÊ QUEBRAR UMA NOZ AFRICANA COZIDA EM SEU SONHO E DESCOBRIR QUE O CONTEÚDO INTERNO DELA FOI MALUCO OU ROTTEN): Em qualquer tipo de sonho que você vê em seu sonho que você está quebrando nozes africanas em seu sonho e descobre que o conteúdo ficou podre. Esse tipo de sonho denota decepção e fracasso. Significa que há certas coisas, ofertas, pessoas, nas quais essa pessoa confia. Ele / ela ficará desapontado. Ele / ela não confia. Se o jovem que deseja obter e já está planejando o casamento, tem esse tipo de sonho. Ele / ela precisa tomar todas as medidas necessárias para evitar decepções. A mesma interpretação é aplicável àqueles que esperam ofertas, contratos ou promessa.
TI OBINRIN BA LALA WIPO EEPO AWUSA YI OHUN LOWO (SE UMA SENHORA OU UMA MULHER VÊ EM SEU SONHO QUE DECAY OU DECOMPOSTO POD DA NOZ AFRICANA): Esse tipo de sonho indica que o sonhador precisa orar para que ela não seja abandonada por ela amante masculino para outra amante.
TI A BA LALA TI A ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA (SE VOCÊ PODE ESCOLHER NOZES AFRICANAS NO SONHO): Em qualquer sonho, você se vê colhendo nozes africanas em sonho. Escolher a noz da parede africana no sonho indica ganhos financeiros e prosperidade. Sonho dessa natureza também conota o potencial usado ou subutilizado que precisa ser gravado. É um sonho de mensagem instrutiva.
TI OKUNRIN BA LALA LIMPA OHUN JE AWUSA / ASALA (SE UM HOMEM VÊ EM SEU SONHO QUE COMA NOZES AFRICANAS): Se um homem se vê comendo noz em sonho. Esse tipo de sonho é um sonho de advertência, dizendo ao sonhador que ele precisa cuidar do problema de fertilidade ou que há um problema de saúde iminente que pode afetar sua fertilidade.
TI A BA LALA TI NA RA AWUSA / ASALA (SE VOCÊ COMPRAR NOZ AFRICANA NO SONHO): Em qualquer tipo de sonho em que você se vê comprando nozes africanas em sonho. Esse tipo de sonho indica que o sonhador precisa cuidar de sua saúde. Existe um problema de saúde que o sonhador precisa cuidar antes de começar a exigir dele uma situação complexa.
TI A BA LALA TI ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA SUGBON TI A KO JE (SE VOCÊ SONHA QUE ESTÁ RACHANDO OU TRAVANDO NOZES AFRICANAS EM SEU SONHO SEM COMER ELAS): Em qualquer tipo de sonho em que você se vê rachando e quebrando muito de noz em seu sonho sem comê-los. Esse tipo de sonho indica que os sonhadores estão desperdiçando e se envolvendo desnecessariamente em usos extravagantes de recursos. É um sonho de advertência, dizendo ao sonhador para reduzir o desperdício de recursos. A mesma interpretação se aplica quando você vê alguém próximo a você, como seus filhos, cônjuge ou amigo fazendo o mesmo em sonho.
TI A BA LALA TI JE AWUSA TUTU (SE VOCÊ COME-SE COMENDO NOZ CRU / NÃO COZIDA): Se você vir em seu sonho que está comendo nozes cruas, o tipo de sonho é um sonho de aviso e, geralmente, tem dois significados. Em primeiro lugar, significa que o sonhador está com muita pressa ou pressa e, como resultado. Ele está obtendo resultado desagradável. Segundo, esse tipo de sonho indica que o sonhador deve cuidar de seu ambiente por causa de picadas de cobra.
Direitos autorais: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, telefone e whatsapp: +2348166343145, local Ile Ife osun state Nigeria.
AVISO IMPORTANTE: Com relação ao artigo acima, todos os direitos reservados, nenhuma parte deste artigo pode ser reproduzida ou duplicada de qualquer forma ou por qualquer meio, eletrônico ou mecânico, incluindo fotocópia e gravação ou por qualquer sistema de armazenamento ou recuperação de informações sem permissão prévia por escrito do detentor dos direitos autorais e do autor Babalawo Obanifa, fazê-lo é considerado ilegal e atrairá consequências legais

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SIGNIFICATIONS DES RÊVES DE NOYER AFRICAINS PAR BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa documentaires extrêmes

Babalawo Obanifa documentera au travers de ce travail certaines des significations de voir des noix africaines en rêve du point de vue de la culture et de la spiritualité yoruba. Le mot pour le noyer africain en langue yoruba est Awusa / Asaala. Le noyer africain est un nom commun à plusieurs plantes africaines et peut faire référence à:
Coula edulis, dans la famille des Olacacées
Lovoa trichilioides, dans la famille des Meliaceae
Plukenetia conophora, dans la famille Euphorbiaceae
Schotia brachypetala, dans la famille des Fabacées
Mais dans le cadre de ce travail. Le noyer africain auquel il est fait référence est Tetracarpidium conophorum (noyer africain) qui appartient à la famille des Euphorbiaceae. C'est une graine comestible largement cultivée pour sa finesse. Toutes les parties de la plante ont été utilisées ethnomédicalement. Le noyer africain est différent du noyer anglais. Selon Ayeni E. Ayodeji, Nuhu Aliyu dans son travail, intitulé Tetracarpidium conophorum (noyer africain) Hutch. & Dalziel: Usages ethnomédicaux et ses activités thérapeutiques. Il fait ainsi la distinction entre la noix anglaise et la noix africaine: les noix sont des graines comestibles largement cultivées pour leur finesse. Les espèces les plus importantes sont Juglans regia (L.), connue sous le nom de noix anglaise et appartenant à la famille des Juglandaceae (Burkill 1985). Le noyer d'Afrique tropicale, connu sous le nom de Tetracarpidium conophorum ou Plukenetia conophora (Oyekale et al.2015), appartient à la famille des Euphorbiaceae (Edem, Dosunmu & Bassey 2009). Adebona, Ogunsua et Ologunde (1988) ont déclaré que certaines espèces de noix se trouvent dans la famille des Olacaceae. Le noyer est généralement appelé arbre à conophores ou noix de conophores (Janick et Paul, 2008). La plante est connue sous le nom de noyer africain, noyer noir et noyer nigérian (Ekwe & Ihemeje 2013; Nwaichi, Osuoha & Monanu 2017). Au Nigéria, parmi la tribu Yoruba, le noyer est connu sous le nom d'awusa ou asala, ukpa ou oke okpokirinya en Igbo et gawudi bairi en haoussa; et il est connu comme okhue ou okwe parmi la tribu Bini de l'État d'Edo (Chijoke, Anosike & Ani 2015; Kanu et al. 2015). En Sierra Leone, on l'appelle musyabassa et dans l'ouest du Cameroun, on l'appelle kaso ou ngak, entre autres noms locaux (Burkill 1985).

Ayant expliqué à votre compréhension l'écrou de mur africain auquel je fais référence dans le contexte de ce travail. Je vais maintenant passer à certaines des significations spirituelles de voir cela dans le rêve du point de vue de la culture et de la spiritualité africaines. Voir le noyer africain dans le rêve comme dans le cas de tout autre symbole de rêve peut avoir des significations positives ou négatives. La signification à donner ou à attribuer à tout rêve de noyer africain dépendra généralement du contenu et du contexte des rêves. Vous trouverez ci-dessous une documentation détaillée de certains des rêves africains de noix et une partie de leur interprétation détaillée en tant que document de Babalawo Obanifa.
TI A BA LALA RI OKO ASALA TI O PO (SI VOUS VOYEZ UNE PLANTATION DE NOIX DE MUR AFRICAINE DANS VOTRE RÊVE): Dans tout type de rêve où vous voyez des plantes de noix africaines ou des plantations de noix africaines. Ce genre de rêve implique de grandes bénédictions et une joie imminente pour le rêveur. C'est un rêve positif.
TI A BA LALA RI PADI / PALADI ASALA / AWUSA (SI VOUS VOYEZ UN POD DE NOYER AFRICAIN DANS VOTRE RÊVE): Dans tout type de rêve où vous voyez une gousse de noix africaine en rêve. Ceci est un rêve d'avertissement. Si un parent avec des enfants voit dans son rêve une gousse de noix africaine. Ce genre dit à cette personne qu'à moins de prendre des mesures préventives physiques et spirituelles appropriées. Ces enfants ne seront pas en bons termes les uns avec les autres, malgré leur proximité et leurs liens de sang. ils ne traiteront pas les uns avec les autres en termes amicaux. Une gousse de noix africaine est généralement un avertissement contre les interactions hostiles entre les membres de la famille.
TI A BA PA AWUSA / ASALA SISE TI OMO INU KO DARA (SI VOUS CASSEZ UN NOYER AFRICAIN CUIT DANS VOTRE RÊVE ET DÉCOUVREZ QUE LE CONTENU INTÉRIEUR DE CELUI-CI A ÉTÉ GÂCHÉ OU POURRIT): Dans tout type de rêve où vous voyez dans votre rêve que vous cassez du noyer africain dans votre rêve et que vous découvrez que le contenu est devenu pourri. Ce genre de rêve évoque la déception et l'échec. Cela signifie qu'il y a certaines choses, offre, personne, sur lesquelles cette personne compte. Il sera déçu. Il / elle ne compte pas. Si un jeune qui veut se marier et planifie déjà un mariage a ce genre de rêve. Il / elle doit prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour éviter toute déception. La même interprétation s'applique à ceux qui attendent une offre, des contrats ou une promesse.
TI OBINRIN BA LALA OMPI EEPO AWUSA YI OHUN LOWO (SI UNE DAME OU UNE FEMME VOIT DANS SON RÊVE QUI DÉCOMPOSENT OU POD DE NOYER AFRICAIN DÉCOMPOSÉ): Ce genre de rêve connote le rêveur a besoin de prier pour qu'elle ne soit pas abandonnée ou abandonnée par elle amant masculin pour un autre amant féminin.
TI A BA LALA TI A N SA ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA (SI VOUS VOYEZ VOUS-MÊME CUEILLIR DES NOIX D'AFRIQUE EN RÊVE): Dans tout rêve où vous vous voyez cueillir du noyer africain en rêve. Choisir l'écrou du mur africain dans le rêve connote les gains financiers et la prospérité. Un rêve de cette nature implique également l'utilisation ou la sous-utilisation d'un potentiel qui doit être enregistré. C'est un rêve de message pédagogique.
TI OKUNRIN BA LALA WIPE OHUN JE AWUSA / ASALA (SI UN HOMME VOIT DANS SON RÊVE QU'IL MANGE DES NOIX D'AFRIQUE): Si vous un homme vous voyez manger du noyer en rêve. Ce genre de rêve est un rêve d'avertissement qui dit au rêveur qu'il doit s'occuper d'un problème de fertilité ou qu'il y a un problème de santé imminent qui peut affecter sa fertilité.
TI A BA LALA TI A N RA AWUSA / ASALA (SI VOUS VOUS VOYEZ ACHETER DU NOYER AFRICAIN EN RÊVE): Dans tout type de rêve où vous vous voyez acheter du noyer africain en rêve. Ce genre de rêve implique que le rêveur doit prendre soin de sa santé. Il y a un problème de santé que le rêveur doit prendre en charge avant de commencer à lui demander une situation complexe.
TI A BA LALA TI AN ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA SUGBON TI A KO JE (SI VOUS RÊVEZ QUE VOUS FAITES FRIRER OU FREINER DES NOIX D'AFRIQUE DANS VOTRE RÊVE SANS LES MANGER): Dans un genre de rêve où vous vous voyez craquer et casser beaucoup de noix dans votre rêve sans les manger. Ce genre de rêve implique que les rêveurs gaspillent et se livrent inutilement à des utilisations extravagantes des ressources. C'est un rêve d'avertissement disant au rêveur de réduire le gaspillage de ressources. La même interprétation s'applique lorsque vous voyez quelqu'un près de vous comme vos enfants, votre conjoint ou un ami faire de même en rêve.
TI A BA LALA TI A N JE AWUSA TUTU (SI VOUS VOYEZ VOUS-MÊME MANGER DES NOIX CRUES / NON CUITES): Si vous voyez dans votre rêve que vous mangez des noix crues, le genre de rêve est un rêve d'avertissement et il a généralement deux significations. Premièrement, cela signifie que le rêveur est trop pressé ou pressé et par conséquent. Il obtient un résultat désagréable. Deuxièmement, ce genre de rêve implique que le rêveur doit prendre soin de son environnement à cause des morsures de serpent.
Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, téléphone et contact WhatsApp: +2348166343145, emplacement Ile Ife osun state Nigeria.
AVIS IMPORTANT: En ce qui concerne l'article ci-dessus, tous droits réservés, aucune partie de cet article ne peut être reproduite ou dupliquée sous quelque forme ou par quelque moyen que ce soit, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et l'enregistrement ou par tout système de stockage ou de récupération d'informations sans autorisation écrite préalable du titulaire du droit d'auteur et de l'auteur Babalawo Obanifa, le faire est considéré comme illégal et entraînera des conséquences juridiques
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SIGNIFICADOS DE LOS SUEÑOS AFRICANOS DE NOGAL POR BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa documentales extremos

Babalawo Obanifa documentará a través de este trabajo algunos de los significados de ver nueces africanas en sueños desde la perspectiva de la cultura y la espiritualidad yoruba. La palabra para la nuez africana en idioma yoruba es Awusa / Asaala. La nuez africana es un nombre común para varias plantas africanas y puede referirse a:
Coula edulis, en la familia Olacaceae
Lovoa trichilioides, en la familia Meliaceae
Plukenetia conophora, en la familia Euphorbiaceae
Schotia brachypetala, en la familia Fabaceae
Pero dentro del contexto de este trabajo. La nuez africana a la que se hace referencia es Tetracarpidium conophorum (nuez africana) que pertenece a la familia Euphorbiaceae. Es una semilla comestible que se cultiva ampliamente por su delicadeza. Todas las partes de la planta se han usado etnómicamente. La nuez africana es diferente de la nuez inglesa. Según Ayeni E. Ayodeji, Nuhu Aliyu en su trabajo, titulado Tetracarpidium conophorum (nogal africano) Hutch. & Dalziel: usos etnomedicinales y sus actividades terapéuticas. Él distingue entre la nuez de la pared inglesa y la nuez africana así: las nueces son semillas comestibles que se cultivan ampliamente por su delicadeza. Las especies prominentes incluyen Juglans regia (L.), conocida como la nuez inglesa y perteneciente a la familia Juglandaceae (Burkill 1985). La nuez africana tropical, conocida como Tetracarpidium conophorum o Plukenetia conophora (Oyekale et al.2015), pertenece a la familia Euphorbiaceae (Edem, Dosunmu y Bassey 2009). Adebona, Ogunsua y Ologunde (1988) declararon que algunas especies de nueces se encuentran en la familia Olacaceae. La nuez generalmente se conoce como el árbol de conophor o nuez de conophor (Janick y Paul 2008). La planta es conocida popularmente como nogal africano, nogal negro y nogal nigeriano (Ekwe & Ihemeje 2013; Nwaichi, Osuoha & Monanu 2017). En Nigeria, entre la tribu Yoruba, la nuez se conoce como awusa o asala, ukpa u oke okpokirinya en Igbo y gawudi bairi en Hausa; y se conoce como okhue u okwe entre la tribu Bini del estado Edo (Chijoke, Anosike & Ani 2015; Kanu et al. 2015). En Sierra Leona, se llama musyabassa y en el oeste de Camerún, se conoce como kaso o ngak, entre otros nombres locales (Burkill 1985).

Después de haber explicado a su entender la tuerca de la pared africana a la que me refiero en el contexto de este trabajo. Ahora procederé a algunos de los significados espirituales de ver esto en sueños desde la perspectiva de la cultura y espiritualidad africanas. Ver la nuez africana en el sueño como en el caso de cualquier otro símbolo de sueño puede tener significados positivos o negativos. Los significados para dar o atribuir a cualquier sueño de nogal africano generalmente dependerán del contenido y el contexto de los sueños. A continuación hay documentación detallada de algunos de los sueños de nueces africanas y parte de su interpretación detallada como documento de Babalawo Obanifa.
TI A BA LALA RI OKO ASALA TI O PO (SI VES LA PLANIFICACIÓN AFRICANA DE TUERCA EN TU SUEÑO): en cualquier tipo de sueño en el que veas plantas de nueces africanas o plantaciones de nueces africanas. Este tipo de sueño implica grandes bendiciones y alegría inminente para el soñador. Es un sueño positivo.
TI A BA LALA RI PADI / PALADI ASALA / AWUSA (SI VES UN PODO DE NOGAL AFRICANA EN TU SUEÑO): en cualquier tipo de sueño en el que veas una vaina de nuez africana en sueños. Este es un sueño de advertencia. Si un padre con hijos ve en su sueño una vaina de nuez africana. Este tipo le dice a esa persona que a menos que él / ella tome la medida preventiva física y espiritual adecuada. Esos niños no estarán en buenos términos el uno con el otro, a pesar de su cercanía y relacionados por la sangre. no se tratarán entre sí en términos amistosos. Una vaina de nuez africana suele ser una advertencia contra la interacción hostil entre los miembros de la familia.
TI A BA PA AWUSA / ASALA SISE TI OMO INU KO DARA (SI ROMPES UNA NOGAL AFRICANA COCIDA EN TU SUEÑO Y DESCUBRES QUE EL CONTENIDO INTERIOR HA SIDO DESAPARECIDO O ROTADO): en cualquier tipo de sueño donde lo veas en tu sueño que estás rompiendo nueces africanas en tu sueño y descubres que el contenido se ha podrido. Este tipo de sueño connota decepción y fracaso. Significa que hay ciertas cosas, oferta, persona, de las cuales esta persona depende. Él / ella estará decepcionado. Él / ella no confía. Si la persona joven que quiere llegar y ya está planeando una boda tiene este tipo de sueño. Él / ella debe tomar todas las medidas necesarias para evitar la decepción. La misma interpretación se aplica a aquellos que esperan ofertas, contratos o promesas.
TI OBINRIN BA LALA OMPI EEPO AWUSA YI OHUN LOWO (SI UNA SEÑORA O MUJER VEA EN SU SUEÑO QUE DECAYA O PODO DESCOMPUESTO DE NUECES AFRICANAS): Este tipo de sueño connota que el soñador necesita rezar para que ella no se quede abandonada o abandonada por ella. amante masculino por otra amante femenina.
TI A BA LALA TI A N SA ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA (SI TE VES SELECCIONANDO NUECES AFRICANAS EN EL SUEÑO): En cualquier sueño en el que te ves escogiendo nueces africanas en sueños. Escoger nuez de la pared africana en sueños connota ganancias financieras y prosperidad. El sueño de esta naturaleza también implica el uso o la subutilización del potencial que necesita ser grabado. Es un mensaje instructivo de ensueño.
TI OKUNRIN BA LALA WIPE OHUN JE AWUSA / ASALA (SI UN HOMBRE VE EN SU SUEÑO QUE COME NUECES AFRICANAS): Si usted se ve a sí mismo comiendo nueces en sueños. Este tipo de sueño es un sueño de advertencia que le dice al soñador que debe ocuparse del problema de fertilidad o que existe un problema de salud inminente que puede afectar su fertilidad.
TI A BA LALA TI A N RA AWUSA / ASALA (SI SE VE COMPRANDO NUECES AFRICANAS EN SUEÑO): En cualquier tipo de sueño en el que se vea comprando nueces africanas en sueños. Este tipo de sueño connota que el soñador necesita cuidar su salud. Hay un problema de salud que el soñador debe resolver antes de comenzar a exigirle una situación compleja.
TI A BA LALA TI AN ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA SUGBON TI A KO JE (SI SUEÑAS QUE ESTÁS CRACKANDO O FRENANDO NUECES AFRICANAS EN TU SUEÑO SIN COMER ELLAS): en ningún tipo de sueño donde te ves a ti mismo agrietando y rompiendo mucho de nueces en tu sueño sin comerlas. Este tipo de sueño connota que los soñadores están desperdiciando e innecesariamente involucrados en usos extravagantes de recursos. Es un sueño de advertencia diciéndole al soñador que reduzca el desperdicio de recursos. La misma interpretación se aplica cuando ve a alguien cercano a usted, como sus hijos, cónyuge o amigo, haciendo lo mismo en sueños.
TI A BA LALA TI A N JE AWUSA TUTU (SI USTED SE VE A TI MISMO COMANDO CRUDO / NUECES SIN COCINAR): Si ve en su sueño que está comiendo nuez de pared cruda, el tipo de sueño es un sueño de advertencia y generalmente tiene dos significados. En primer lugar, significa que el soñador tiene demasiada prisa o prisa y, como resultado. Él está obteniendo un resultado desagradable. En segundo lugar, ese tipo de sueño implica que el soñador debe cuidar su entorno debido a las mordeduras de serpientes.
Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, teléfono y contacto de WhatsApp: +2348166343145, ubicación Ile Ife osun state Nigeria.
AVISO IMPORTANTE: Con respecto al artículo anterior, todos los derechos reservados, ninguna parte de este artículo puede reproducirse o duplicarse de ninguna forma ni por ningún medio, electrónico o mecánico, incluyendo fotocopias y grabaciones, o por cualquier sistema de almacenamiento o recuperación de información sin permiso previo por escrito. del titular de los derechos de autor y del autor Babalawo Obanifa, hacerlo se considera ilegal y traerá consecuencias legales

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SIGNIFICADOS DOS SONHOS AFRICANOS DE NOZ POR BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa documentários extremos

Babalawo Obanifa documentará, no meio deste trabalho, alguns dos significados de se ver nozes africanas sonhando, sob a perspectiva da cultura e espiritualidade iorubá. A palavra para nozes africanas na língua iorubá é Awusa / Asaala. Noz africana é um nome comum para várias plantas africanas e pode se referir a:
Coula edulis, na família Olacaceae
Lovoa trichilioides, na família Meliaceae
Plukenetia conophora, na família Euphorbiaceae
Schotia brachypetala, na família Fabaceae
Mas dentro do contexto deste trabalho. A noz africana mencionada é Tetracarpidium conophorum (noz africana), pertencente à família Euphorbiaceae. É uma semente comestível que é amplamente cultivada por sua delicadeza. Todas as partes da planta foram usadas etnomedicamente. A noz africana é diferente da noz inglesa. Segundo Ayeni E. Ayodeji, Nuhu Aliyu em seu trabalho, intitulado Tetracarpidium conophorum (noz africana) Hutch. & Dalziel: usos etnomédicos e suas atividades terapêuticas. Ele faz distinção entre nozes inglesas e nozes africanas assim: as nozes são sementes comestíveis que são amplamente cultivadas por sua iguaria. As espécies de destaque incluem Juglans regia (L.), conhecida como noz inglesa e pertencente à família Juglandaceae (Burkill, 1985). A noz tropical africana, conhecida como Tetracarpidium conophorum ou Plukenetia conophora (Oyekale et al. 2015), pertence à família Euphorbiaceae (Edem, Dosunmu & Bassey 2009). Adebona, Ogunsua e Ologunde (1988) afirmam que algumas espécies de nozes são encontradas na família Olacaceae. A noz é geralmente chamada de árvore de conóforo ou noz de conóforo (Janick & Paul 2008). A planta é conhecida popularmente como noz africana, noz preta e noz nigeriana (Ekwe & Ihemeje 2013; Nwaichi, Osuoha & Monanu 2017). Na Nigéria, entre a tribo iorubá, a noz é conhecida como awusa ou asala, ukpa ou oke okpokirinya em Igbo e gawudi bairi em Hausa; e é conhecido como okhue ou okwe entre a tribo Bini do estado de Edo (Chijoke, Anosike & Ani 2015; Kanu et al. 2015). Na Serra Leoa, é chamado musyabassa e, no oeste dos Camarões, é conhecido como kaso ou ngak, entre outros nomes locais (Burkill, 1985).

Tendo explicado ao seu entendimento a porca africana da parede a que me refiro no contexto deste trabalho. Vou agora prosseguir para alguns dos significados espirituais de ver isso em sonho a partir da perspectiva da cultura e espiritualidade africanas. Ver nogueira africana em sonho, como no caso de qualquer outro símbolo de sonho, pode ter significados positivos ou negativos. Os significados a atribuir ou atribuir a qualquer sonho de nogueira africana geralmente dependem do conteúdo e do contexto dos sonhos. Abaixo está a documentação detalhada de alguns dos sonhos das nozes africanas e algumas de suas interpretações detalhadas, como documento de Babalawo Obanifa.
TI A BA LALA RI OKO ASALA TI O PO (SE VOCÊ VÊ O PLANAMENTO AFRICANO DE PORCAS DE PAREDE EM SEU SONHO): Em qualquer tipo de sonho, você vê plantas de nozes africanas ou plantações de nozes africanas. Esse tipo de sonho conota grandes bênçãos e iminente alegria para o sonhador. É um sonho positivo.
TI A BA LALA RI PADI / PALADI ASALA / AWUSA (SE VOCÊ VÊ UM POÇO DE NOZ AFRICANA EM SEU SONHO): Em qualquer tipo de sonho, você vê vagens de nozes africanas em sonho. Este é um sonho de aviso. Se um pai com filhos vê em seu sonho uma vagem de noz africana. Esse tipo está dizendo a essa pessoa que, a menos que ele / ela tome as medidas preventivas físicas e espirituais apropriadas. Essas crianças não terão um bom relacionamento umas com as outras, apesar de serem próximas e relacionadas pelo sangue. eles não vão lidar um com o outro em termos amigáveis. Uma vagem de noz africana é geralmente um aviso contra a interação hostil entre os membros da família.
TI A BA PA AWUSA / ASALA SISE TI OMO INU KO DARA (SE VOCÊ QUEBRAR UMA NOZ AFRICANA COZIDA EM SEU SONHO E DESCOBRIR QUE O CONTEÚDO INTERNO DELA FOI MALUCO OU ROTTEN): Em qualquer tipo de sonho que você vê em seu sonho que você está quebrando nozes africanas em seu sonho e descobre que o conteúdo ficou podre. Esse tipo de sonho denota decepção e fracasso. Significa que há certas coisas, ofertas, pessoas, nas quais essa pessoa confia. Ele / ela ficará desapontado. Ele / ela não confia. Se o jovem que deseja obter e já está planejando o casamento, tem esse tipo de sonho. Ele / ela precisa tomar todas as medidas necessárias para evitar decepções. A mesma interpretação é aplicável àqueles que esperam ofertas, contratos ou promessa.
TI OBINRIN BA LALA WIPO EEPO AWUSA YI OHUN LOWO (SE UMA SENHORA OU UMA MULHER VÊ EM SEU SONHO QUE DECAY OU DECOMPOSTO POD DA NOZ AFRICANA): Esse tipo de sonho indica que o sonhador precisa orar para que ela não seja abandonada por ela amante masculino para outra amante.
TI A BA LALA TI A ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA (SE VOCÊ PODE ESCOLHER NOZES AFRICANAS NO SONHO): Em qualquer sonho, você se vê colhendo nozes africanas em sonho. Escolher a noz da parede africana no sonho indica ganhos financeiros e prosperidade. Sonho dessa natureza também conota o potencial usado ou subutilizado que precisa ser gravado. É um sonho de mensagem instrutiva.
TI OKUNRIN BA LALA LIMPA OHUN JE AWUSA / ASALA (SE UM HOMEM VÊ EM SEU SONHO QUE COMA NOZES AFRICANAS): Se um homem se vê comendo noz em sonho. Esse tipo de sonho é um sonho de advertência, dizendo ao sonhador que ele precisa cuidar do problema de fertilidade ou que há um problema de saúde iminente que pode afetar sua fertilidade.
TI A BA LALA TI NA RA AWUSA / ASALA (SE VOCÊ COMPRAR NOZ AFRICANA NO SONHO): Em qualquer tipo de sonho em que você se vê comprando nozes africanas em sonho. Esse tipo de sonho indica que o sonhador precisa cuidar de sua saúde. Existe um problema de saúde que o sonhador precisa cuidar antes de começar a exigir dele uma situação complexa.
TI A BA LALA TI ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA SUGBON TI A KO JE (SE VOCÊ SONHA QUE ESTÁ RACHANDO OU TRAVANDO NOZES AFRICANAS EM SEU SONHO SEM COMER ELAS): Em qualquer tipo de sonho em que você se vê rachando e quebrando muito de noz em seu sonho sem comê-los. Esse tipo de sonho indica que os sonhadores estão desperdiçando e se envolvendo desnecessariamente em usos extravagantes de recursos. É um sonho de advertência, dizendo ao sonhador para reduzir o desperdício de recursos. A mesma interpretação se aplica quando você vê alguém próximo a você, como seus filhos, cônjuge ou amigo fazendo o mesmo em sonho.
TI A BA LALA TI JE AWUSA TUTU (SE VOCÊ COME-SE COMENDO NOZ CRU / NÃO COZIDA): Se você vir em seu sonho que está comendo nozes cruas, o tipo de sonho é um sonho de aviso e, geralmente, tem dois significados. Em primeiro lugar, significa que o sonhador está com muita pressa ou pressa e, como resultado. Ele está obtendo resultado desagradável. Segundo, esse tipo de sonho indica que o sonhador deve cuidar de seu ambiente por causa de picadas de cobra.
Direitos autorais: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, telefone e whatsapp: +2348166343145, local Ile Ife osun state Nigeria.
AVISO IMPORTANTE: Com relação ao artigo acima, todos os direitos reservados, nenhuma parte deste artigo pode ser reproduzida ou duplicada de qualquer forma ou por qualquer meio, eletrônico ou mecânico, incluindo fotocópia e gravação ou por qualquer sistema de armazenamento ou recuperação de informações sem permissão prévia por escrito do detentor dos direitos autorais e do autor Babalawo Obanifa, fazê-lo é considerado ilegal e atrairá consequências legais

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SIGNIFICATIONS DES RÊVES DE NOYER AFRICAINS PAR BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa documentaires extrêmes

Babalawo Obanifa documentera au travers de ce travail certaines des significations de voir des noix africaines en rêve du point de vue de la culture et de la spiritualité yoruba. Le mot pour le noyer africain en langue yoruba est Awusa / Asaala. Le noyer africain est un nom commun à plusieurs plantes africaines et peut faire référence à:
Coula edulis, dans la famille des Olacacées
Lovoa trichilioides, dans la famille des Meliaceae
Plukenetia conophora, dans la famille Euphorbiaceae
Schotia brachypetala, dans la famille des Fabacées
Mais dans le cadre de ce travail. Le noyer africain auquel il est fait référence est Tetracarpidium conophorum (noyer africain) qui appartient à la famille des Euphorbiaceae. C'est une graine comestible largement cultivée pour sa finesse. Toutes les parties de la plante ont été utilisées ethnomédicalement. Le noyer africain est différent du noyer anglais. Selon Ayeni E. Ayodeji, Nuhu Aliyu dans son travail, intitulé Tetracarpidium conophorum (noyer africain) Hutch. & Dalziel: Usages ethnomédicaux et ses activités thérapeutiques. Il fait ainsi la distinction entre la noix anglaise et la noix africaine: les noix sont des graines comestibles largement cultivées pour leur finesse. Les espèces les plus importantes sont Juglans regia (L.), connue sous le nom de noix anglaise et appartenant à la famille des Juglandaceae (Burkill 1985). Le noyer d'Afrique tropicale, connu sous le nom de Tetracarpidium conophorum ou Plukenetia conophora (Oyekale et al.2015), appartient à la famille des Euphorbiaceae (Edem, Dosunmu & Bassey 2009). Adebona, Ogunsua et Ologunde (1988) ont déclaré que certaines espèces de noix se trouvent dans la famille des Olacaceae. Le noyer est généralement appelé arbre à conophores ou noix de conophores (Janick et Paul, 2008). La plante est connue sous le nom de noyer africain, noyer noir et noyer nigérian (Ekwe & Ihemeje 2013; Nwaichi, Osuoha & Monanu 2017). Au Nigéria, parmi la tribu Yoruba, le noyer est connu sous le nom d'awusa ou asala, ukpa ou oke okpokirinya en Igbo et gawudi bairi en haoussa; et il est connu comme okhue ou okwe parmi la tribu Bini de l'État d'Edo (Chijoke, Anosike & Ani 2015; Kanu et al. 2015). En Sierra Leone, on l'appelle musyabassa et dans l'ouest du Cameroun, on l'appelle kaso ou ngak, entre autres noms locaux (Burkill 1985).

Ayant expliqué à votre compréhension l'écrou de mur africain auquel je fais référence dans le contexte de ce travail. Je vais maintenant passer à certaines des significations spirituelles de voir cela dans le rêve du point de vue de la culture et de la spiritualité africaines. Voir le noyer africain dans le rêve comme dans le cas de tout autre symbole de rêve peut avoir des significations positives ou négatives. La signification à donner ou à attribuer à tout rêve de noyer africain dépendra généralement du contenu et du contexte des rêves. Vous trouverez ci-dessous une documentation détaillée de certains des rêves africains de noix et une partie de leur interprétation détaillée en tant que document de Babalawo Obanifa.
TI A BA LALA RI OKO ASALA TI O PO (SI VOUS VOYEZ UNE PLANTATION DE NOIX DE MUR AFRICAINE DANS VOTRE RÊVE): Dans tout type de rêve où vous voyez des plantes de noix africaines ou des plantations de noix africaines. Ce genre de rêve implique de grandes bénédictions et une joie imminente pour le rêveur. C'est un rêve positif.
TI A BA LALA RI PADI / PALADI ASALA / AWUSA (SI VOUS VOYEZ UN POD DE NOYER AFRICAIN DANS VOTRE RÊVE): Dans tout type de rêve où vous voyez une gousse de noix africaine en rêve. Ceci est un rêve d'avertissement. Si un parent avec des enfants voit dans son rêve une gousse de noix africaine. Ce genre dit à cette personne qu'à moins de prendre des mesures préventives physiques et spirituelles appropriées. Ces enfants ne seront pas en bons termes les uns avec les autres, malgré leur proximité et leurs liens de sang. ils ne traiteront pas les uns avec les autres en termes amicaux. Une gousse de noix africaine est généralement un avertissement contre les interactions hostiles entre les membres de la famille.
TI A BA PA AWUSA / ASALA SISE TI OMO INU KO DARA (SI VOUS CASSEZ UN NOYER AFRICAIN CUIT DANS VOTRE RÊVE ET DÉCOUVREZ QUE LE CONTENU INTÉRIEUR DE CELUI-CI A ÉTÉ GÂCHÉ OU POURRIT): Dans tout type de rêve où vous voyez dans votre rêve que vous cassez du noyer africain dans votre rêve et que vous découvrez que le contenu est devenu pourri. Ce genre de rêve évoque la déception et l'échec. Cela signifie qu'il y a certaines choses, offre, personne, sur lesquelles cette personne compte. Il sera déçu. Il / elle ne compte pas. Si un jeune qui veut se marier et planifie déjà un mariage a ce genre de rêve. Il / elle doit prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour éviter toute déception. La même interprétation s'applique à ceux qui attendent une offre, des contrats ou une promesse.
TI OBINRIN BA LALA OMPI EEPO AWUSA YI OHUN LOWO (SI UNE DAME OU UNE FEMME VOIT DANS SON RÊVE QUI DÉCOMPOSENT OU POD DE NOYER AFRICAIN DÉCOMPOSÉ): Ce genre de rêve connote le rêveur a besoin de prier pour qu'elle ne soit pas abandonnée ou abandonnée par elle amant masculin pour un autre amant féminin.
TI A BA LALA TI A N SA ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA (SI VOUS VOYEZ VOUS-MÊME CUEILLIR DES NOIX D'AFRIQUE EN RÊVE): Dans tout rêve où vous vous voyez cueillir du noyer africain en rêve. Choisir l'écrou du mur africain dans le rêve connote les gains financiers et la prospérité. Un rêve de cette nature implique également l'utilisation ou la sous-utilisation d'un potentiel qui doit être enregistré. C'est un rêve de message pédagogique.
TI OKUNRIN BA LALA WIPE OHUN JE AWUSA / ASALA (SI UN HOMME VOIT DANS SON RÊVE QU'IL MANGE DES NOIX D'AFRIQUE): Si vous un homme vous voyez manger du noyer en rêve. Ce genre de rêve est un rêve d'avertissement qui dit au rêveur qu'il doit s'occuper d'un problème de fertilité ou qu'il y a un problème de santé imminent qui peut affecter sa fertilité.
TI A BA LALA TI A N RA AWUSA / ASALA (SI VOUS VOUS VOYEZ ACHETER DU NOYER AFRICAIN EN RÊVE): Dans tout type de rêve où vous vous voyez acheter du noyer africain en rêve. Ce genre de rêve implique que le rêveur doit prendre soin de sa santé. Il y a un problème de santé que le rêveur doit prendre en charge avant de commencer à lui demander une situation complexe.
TI A BA LALA TI AN ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA SUGBON TI A KO JE (SI VOUS RÊVEZ QUE VOUS FAITES FRIRER OU FREINER DES NOIX D'AFRIQUE DANS VOTRE RÊVE SANS LES MANGER): Dans un genre de rêve où vous vous voyez craquer et casser beaucoup de noix dans votre rêve sans les manger. Ce genre de rêve implique que les rêveurs gaspillent et se livrent inutilement à des utilisations extravagantes des ressources. C'est un rêve d'avertissement disant au rêveur de réduire le gaspillage de ressources. La même interprétation s'applique lorsque vous voyez quelqu'un près de vous comme vos enfants, votre conjoint ou un ami faire de même en rêve.
TI A BA LALA TI A N JE AWUSA TUTU (SI VOUS VOYEZ VOUS-MÊME MANGER DES NOIX CRUES / NON CUITES): Si vous voyez dans votre rêve que vous mangez des noix crues, le genre de rêve est un rêve d'avertissement et il a généralement deux significations. Premièrement, cela signifie que le rêveur est trop pressé ou pressé et par conséquent. Il obtient un résultat désagréable. Deuxièmement, ce genre de rêve implique que le rêveur doit prendre soin de son environnement à cause des morsures de serpent.
Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, téléphone et contact WhatsApp: +2348166343145, emplacement Ile Ife osun state Nigeria.
AVIS IMPORTANT: En ce qui concerne l'article ci-dessus, tous droits réservés, aucune partie de cet article ne peut être reproduite ou dupliquée sous quelque forme ou par quelque moyen que ce soit, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et l'enregistrement ou par tout système de stockage ou de récupération d'informations sans autorisation écrite préalable du titulaire du droit d'auteur et de l'auteur Babalawo Obanifa, le faire est considéré comme illégal et entraînera des conséquences juridiques

Klicken Sie oben auf das Vedio, um [Video] Zinoleesky - Joromi anzusehen und herunterzuladen
BEDEUTUNGEN VON AFRIKANISCHEN WALNUSSTRÄUMEN DURCH BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa extreme Dokumentarfilme

Babalawo Obanifa wird durch das Medium dieser Arbeit einige der Bedeutungen dokumentieren, afrikanische Walnüsse aus der Perspektive der Yoruba-Kultur und Spiritualität im Traum zu sehen. Das Wort für afrikanische Walnuss in Yoruba-Sprache ist Awusa / Asaala. Afrikanische Walnuss ist ein gebräuchlicher Name für mehrere afrikanische Pflanzen und kann sich beziehen auf:
Coula edulis, aus der Familie der Olacaceae
Lovoa trichilioides, aus der Familie der Meliaceae
Plukenetia conophora aus der Familie der Euphorbiaceae
Schotia brachypetala, in der Familie der Fabaceae
Aber im Rahmen dieser Arbeit. Die afrikanische Walnuss wird als Tetracarpidium conophorum (afrikanische Walnuss) bezeichnet, die zur Familie der Euphorbiaceae gehört. Es ist ein essbarer Samen, der wegen seiner Delikatesse weit verbreitet ist. Alle Teile der Pflanze wurden ethnomedizinisch genutzt. Afrikanische Walnuss unterscheidet sich von englischer Walnuss. Laut Ayeni E. Ayodeji betitelte Nuhu Aliyu in seiner Arbeit Tetracarpidium conophorum (afrikanische Walnuss) Hutch. & Dalziel: Ethnomedizinische Anwendungen und ihre therapeutischen Aktivitäten. Er unterscheidet zwischen englischen Nüssen und afrikanischen Walnüssen wie folgt: Walnüsse sind essbare Samen, die wegen ihrer Delikatesse weit verbreitet sind. Prominente Arten sind Juglans regia (L.), die als englische Walnuss bekannt ist und zur Familie der Juglandaceae gehört (Burkill 1985). Die tropische afrikanische Walnuss, bekannt als Tetracarpidium conophorum oder Plukenetia conophora (Oyekale et al. 2015), gehört zur Familie der Euphorbiaceae (Edem, Dosunmu & Bassey 2009). Adebona, Ogunsua und Ologunde (1988) gaben an, dass einige Walnussarten in der Familie der Olacaceae vorkommen. Die Walnuss wird allgemein als Conophor-Baum oder Conophor-Nuss bezeichnet (Janick & Paul 2008). Die Pflanze ist im Volksmund als afrikanische Walnuss, schwarze Walnuss und nigerianische Walnuss bekannt (Ekwe & Ihemeje 2013; Nwaichi, Osuoha & Monanu 2017). In Nigeria ist die Walnuss unter den Yoruba als awusa oder asala, ukpa oder oke okpokirinya in Igbo und gawudi bairi in Hausa bekannt. und es ist bekannt als okhue oder okwe unter dem Stamm der Bini im Bundesstaat Edo (Chijoke, Anosike & Ani 2015; Kanu et al. 2015). In Sierra Leone heißt es Musyabassa und in Westkamerun ist es unter anderem als Kaso oder Ngak bekannt (Burkill 1985).

Erklären Sie Ihrem Verständnis die afrikanische Wandnuss, auf die ich mich im Kontext dieser Arbeit beziehe. Ich gehe nun auf einige der spirituellen Bedeutungen ein, die es bedeutet, dies aus der Perspektive der afrikanischen Kultur und Spiritualität im Traum zu sehen. Afrikanische Walnuss im Traum zu sehen, wie es bei jedem anderen Traumsymbol der Fall ist, kann positive oder negative Bedeutungen haben. Die Bedeutungen, die einem afrikanischen Walnusstraum gegeben oder zugeschrieben werden, hängen normalerweise vom Inhalt und Kontext der Träume ab. Nachfolgend finden Sie eine detaillierte Dokumentation einiger afrikanischer Walnussträume und einige ihrer detaillierten Interpretation als Dokument von Babalawo Obanifa.
TI A BA LALA RI OKO ASALA TI O PO (WENN SIE AFRIKANISCHE WANDNUSSPLANUNG IN IHREM TRAUM SEHEN): In jeder Art von Traum, in dem Sie afrikanische Wandnusspflanzen oder Plantagen afrikanischer Walnusspflanzen sehen. Diese Art von Traum bedeutet für den Träumer großen Segen und unmittelbar bevorstehende Freude. Es ist ein positiver Traum.
TI A BA LALA RI PADI / PALADI ASALA / AWUSA (WENN SIE EINE AFRIKANISCHE WALNUSS IM TRAUM SEHEN): In jeder Art von Traum, in dem Sie eine afrikanische Walnussschote im Traum sehen. Dies ist ein Warnungstraum. Wenn ein Elternteil mit Kindern in seinem Traum eine Schote afrikanischer Walnüsse sieht. Diese Art sagt einer solchen Person, dass sie keine angemessenen physischen und spirituellen Vorsichtsmaßnahmen treffen muss. Diese Kinder werden trotz ihrer Nähe und Blutsverwandtschaft nicht gut miteinander auskommen. Sie werden nicht freundlich miteinander umgehen. Eine Schote afrikanischer Walnüsse ist normalerweise eine Warnung vor unfreundlichen Interaktionen zwischen Familienmitgliedern.
TI A BA PA AWUSA / ASALA TI OMO INU KO DARA (WENN SIE IN IHREM TRAUM EINE GEKOCHTE AFRIKANISCHE WALNUSS BRECHEN UND WISSEN, DASS IHR INNERER INHALT VERWÖHNT ODER VERROTET WURDE): In jeder Art von Traum, in dem Sie in Ihrem Traum sehen dass Sie in Ihrem Traum afrikanische Walnüsse brechen und feststellen, dass der Inhalt verfault ist. Diese Art von Traum bedeutet Enttäuschung und Misserfolg. Es bedeutet, dass es bestimmte Dinge gibt, ein Angebot, eine Person, auf die sich diese Person verlässt. Er / sie wird enttäuscht sein. Er / sie verlässt sich nicht. Wenn junge Menschen, die wollen und bereits planen, Hochzeit haben diese Art von Traum. Er muss alle notwendigen Maßnahmen ergreifen, um Enttäuschungen zu vermeiden. Dieselbe Interpretation gilt für diejenigen, die ein Angebot, einen Vertrag oder ein Versprechen erwarten.
TI OBINRIN BA LALA WIPO EEPO AWUSA YI OHUN LOWO (WENN EINE DAME ODER EINE FRAU IN IHREM TRAUM DIESE VERFALLENDE ODER ZERSETZTE HÜLSE AFRIKANISCHER WALNUSS SEHT): Diese Art von Traum deutet an, dass die Träumerin beten muss, damit sie nicht von ihr verwüstet oder verlassen wird männlicher Liebhaber für einen anderen weiblichen Liebhaber.
TI A BA LALA TI A N SA ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA (WENN SIE AFRIKANISCHE WALNÜSSE IM TRAUM WÄHLEN): In jedem Traum, in dem Sie afrikanische Walnüsse im Traum pflücken. Wenn Sie im Traum afrikanische Nüsse pflücken, bedeutet dies finanziellen Gewinn und Wohlstand. Ein Traum dieser Art bedeutet auch, dass Potenziale genutzt oder ausgeschöpft werden, die aufgeklebt werden müssen. Es ist ein lehrreicher Botschaftstraum.
TI OKUNRIN BA LALA WISCH OHUN JE AWUSA / ASALA (WENN EIN MANN IN SEINEM TRAUM ESST, DASS ER AFRIKANISCHE WALNÜSSE ISST): Wenn Sie einen Mann sehen, wie er im Traum Walnuss isst. Diese Art von Traum ist ein Warnungstraum, der dem Träumer sagt, dass er sich um Fruchtbarkeitsprobleme kümmern muss oder dass ein unmittelbar bevorstehendes Gesundheitsproblem vorliegt, das seine Fruchtbarkeit beeinträchtigen kann.
TI A BA LALA TI A N RA AWUSA / ASALA (WENN SIE AFRIKANISCHE WALNUSS IM TRAUM KAUFEN): In jeder Art von Traum, in dem Sie afrikanische Walnuss im Traum kaufen. Diese Art von Traum bedeutet, dass der Träumer auf seine Gesundheit achten muss. Es gibt ein Gesundheitsproblem, um das sich der Träumer kümmern muss, bevor er eine komplexe Situation von ihm verlangt.
TI A BA LALA TI A ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA SUGBON TI A KO JE (WENN SIE TRAUMEN, DASS SIE AFRIKANISCHE WALNÜSSE IN IHREM TRAUM BRECHEN ODER BREMSEN, OHNE SIE ZU ESSEN): In irgendeiner Art von Traum, in dem Sie sehen, wie Sie viel knacken und brechen von Walnuss in Ihrem Traum, ohne sie zu essen. Diese Art von Traum bedeutet, dass der Träumer Ressourcen verschwendet und unnötig extravagant einsetzt. Es ist ein warnender Traum, der den Träumer auffordert, die Verschwendung von Ressourcen einzudämmen. Dieselbe Interpretation gilt, wenn Sie jemanden in Ihrer Nähe sehen, wie Ihre Kinder, Ihr Ehepartner oder Ihr Freund, der im Traum dasselbe tut.
TI A BA LALA TI A N JE AWUSA TUTU (WENN SIE RAW / UNGEKOCHTE WALNUSS ESSEN): Wenn Sie in Ihrem Traum sehen, dass Sie rohe Nuss essen, ist diese Art von Traum ein Warnungstraum und hat normalerweise zwei Bedeutungen. Erstens bedeutet dies, dass der Träumer zu viel Eile oder Hast hat und dies zur Folge hat. Er bekommt ein unangenehmes Ergebnis. Zweitens bedeutet diese Art von Traum, dass der Träumer wegen Schlangenbissen auf seine Umgebung aufpassen sollte.
Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, Telefon- und WhatsApp-Kontakt: +2348166343145, Standort Ile Ife Osun, Bundesstaat Nigeria.
WICHTIGER HINWEIS: In Bezug auf den obigen Artikel, alle Rechte vorbehalten, darf kein Teil dieses Artikels in irgendeiner Form oder auf irgendeine Weise, elektronisch oder mechanisch, einschließlich Fotokopieren und Aufzeichnen, oder durch ein Informationsspeicherungs- oder -abrufsystem ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung reproduziert oder vervielfältigt werden Dies gilt als rechtswidrig und zieht rechtliche Konsequenzen nach sich
Klicken Sie oben auf das Vedio, um [Video] Zinoleesky - Joromi anzusehen und herunterzuladen
BEDEUTUNGEN VON AFRIKANISCHEN WALNUSSTRÄUMEN DURCH BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa extreme Dokumentarfilme

Babalawo Obanifa wird durch das Medium dieser Arbeit einige der Bedeutungen dokumentieren, afrikanische Walnüsse aus der Perspektive der Yoruba-Kultur und Spiritualität im Traum zu sehen. Das Wort für afrikanische Walnuss in Yoruba-Sprache ist Awusa / Asaala. Afrikanische Walnuss ist ein gebräuchlicher Name für mehrere afrikanische Pflanzen und kann sich beziehen auf:
Coula edulis, aus der Familie der Olacaceae
Lovoa trichilioides, aus der Familie der Meliaceae
Plukenetia conophora aus der Familie der Euphorbiaceae
Schotia brachypetala, in der Familie der Fabaceae
Aber im Rahmen dieser Arbeit. Die afrikanische Walnuss wird als Tetracarpidium conophorum (afrikanische Walnuss) bezeichnet, die zur Familie der Euphorbiaceae gehört. Es ist ein essbarer Samen, der wegen seiner Delikatesse weit verbreitet ist. Alle Teile der Pflanze wurden ethnomedizinisch genutzt. Afrikanische Walnuss unterscheidet sich von englischer Walnuss. Laut Ayeni E. Ayodeji betitelte Nuhu Aliyu in seiner Arbeit Tetracarpidium conophorum (afrikanische Walnuss) Hutch. & Dalziel: Ethnomedizinische Anwendungen und ihre therapeutischen Aktivitäten. Er unterscheidet zwischen englischen Nüssen und afrikanischen Walnüssen wie folgt: Walnüsse sind essbare Samen, die wegen ihrer Delikatesse weit verbreitet sind. Prominente Arten sind Juglans regia (L.), die als englische Walnuss bekannt ist und zur Familie der Juglandaceae gehört (Burkill 1985). Die tropische afrikanische Walnuss, bekannt als Tetracarpidium conophorum oder Plukenetia conophora (Oyekale et al. 2015), gehört zur Familie der Euphorbiaceae (Edem, Dosunmu & Bassey 2009). Adebona, Ogunsua und Ologunde (1988) gaben an, dass einige Walnussarten in der Familie der Olacaceae vorkommen. Die Walnuss wird allgemein als Conophor-Baum oder Conophor-Nuss bezeichnet (Janick & Paul 2008). Die Pflanze ist im Volksmund als afrikanische Walnuss, schwarze Walnuss und nigerianische Walnuss bekannt (Ekwe & Ihemeje 2013; Nwaichi, Osuoha & Monanu 2017). In Nigeria ist die Walnuss unter den Yoruba als awusa oder asala, ukpa oder oke okpokirinya in Igbo und gawudi bairi in Hausa bekannt. und es ist bekannt als okhue oder okwe unter dem Stamm der Bini im Bundesstaat Edo (Chijoke, Anosike & Ani 2015; Kanu et al. 2015). In Sierra Leone heißt es Musyabassa und in Westkamerun ist es unter anderem als Kaso oder Ngak bekannt (Burkill 1985).

Erklären Sie Ihrem Verständnis die afrikanische Wandnuss, auf die ich mich im Kontext dieser Arbeit beziehe. Ich gehe nun auf einige der spirituellen Bedeutungen ein, die es bedeutet, dies aus der Perspektive der afrikanischen Kultur und Spiritualität im Traum zu sehen. Afrikanische Walnuss im Traum zu sehen, wie es bei jedem anderen Traumsymbol der Fall ist, kann positive oder negative Bedeutungen haben. Die Bedeutungen, die einem afrikanischen Walnusstraum gegeben oder zugeschrieben werden, hängen normalerweise vom Inhalt und Kontext der Träume ab. Nachfolgend finden Sie eine detaillierte Dokumentation einiger afrikanischer Walnussträume und einige ihrer detaillierten Interpretation als Dokument von Babalawo Obanifa.
TI A BA LALA RI OKO ASALA TI O PO (WENN SIE AFRIKANISCHE WANDNUSSPLANUNG IN IHREM TRAUM SEHEN): In jeder Art von Traum, in dem Sie afrikanische Wandnusspflanzen oder Plantagen afrikanischer Walnusspflanzen sehen. Diese Art von Traum bedeutet für den Träumer großen Segen und unmittelbar bevorstehende Freude. Es ist ein positiver Traum.
TI A BA LALA RI PADI / PALADI ASALA / AWUSA (WENN SIE EINE AFRIKANISCHE WALNUSS IM TRAUM SEHEN): In jeder Art von Traum, in dem Sie eine afrikanische Walnussschote im Traum sehen. Dies ist ein Warnungstraum. Wenn ein Elternteil mit Kindern in seinem Traum eine Schote afrikanischer Walnüsse sieht. Diese Art sagt einer solchen Person, dass sie keine angemessenen physischen und spirituellen Vorsichtsmaßnahmen treffen muss. Diese Kinder werden trotz ihrer Nähe und Blutsverwandtschaft nicht gut miteinander auskommen. Sie werden nicht freundlich miteinander umgehen. Eine Schote afrikanischer Walnüsse ist normalerweise eine Warnung vor unfreundlichen Interaktionen zwischen Familienmitgliedern.
TI A BA PA AWUSA / ASALA TI OMO INU KO DARA (WENN SIE IN IHREM TRAUM EINE GEKOCHTE AFRIKANISCHE WALNUSS BRECHEN UND WISSEN, DASS IHR INNERER INHALT VERWÖHNT ODER VERROTET WURDE): In jeder Art von Traum, in dem Sie in Ihrem Traum sehen dass Sie in Ihrem Traum afrikanische Walnüsse brechen und feststellen, dass der Inhalt verfault ist. Diese Art von Traum bedeutet Enttäuschung und Misserfolg. Es bedeutet, dass es bestimmte Dinge gibt, ein Angebot, eine Person, auf die sich diese Person verlässt. Er / sie wird enttäuscht sein. Er / sie verlässt sich nicht. Wenn junge Menschen, die wollen und bereits planen, Hochzeit haben diese Art von Traum. Er muss alle notwendigen Maßnahmen ergreifen, um Enttäuschungen zu vermeiden. Dieselbe Interpretation gilt für diejenigen, die ein Angebot, einen Vertrag oder ein Versprechen erwarten.
TI OBINRIN BA LALA WIPO EEPO AWUSA YI OHUN LOWO (WENN EINE DAME ODER EINE FRAU IN IHREM TRAUM DIESE VERFALLENDE ODER ZERSETZTE HÜLSE AFRIKANISCHER WALNUSS SEHT): Diese Art von Traum deutet an, dass die Träumerin beten muss, damit sie nicht von ihr verwüstet oder verlassen wird männlicher Liebhaber für einen anderen weiblichen Liebhaber.
TI A BA LALA TI A N SA ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA (WENN SIE AFRIKANISCHE WALNÜSSE IM TRAUM WÄHLEN): In jedem Traum, in dem Sie afrikanische Walnüsse im Traum pflücken. Wenn Sie im Traum afrikanische Nüsse pflücken, bedeutet dies finanziellen Gewinn und Wohlstand. Ein Traum dieser Art bedeutet auch, dass Potenziale genutzt oder ausgeschöpft werden, die aufgeklebt werden müssen. Es ist ein lehrreicher Botschaftstraum.
TI OKUNRIN BA LALA WISCH OHUN JE AWUSA / ASALA (WENN EIN MANN IN SEINEM TRAUM ESST, DASS ER AFRIKANISCHE WALNÜSSE ISST): Wenn Sie einen Mann sehen, wie er im Traum Walnuss isst. Diese Art von Traum ist ein Warnungstraum, der dem Träumer sagt, dass er sich um Fruchtbarkeitsprobleme kümmern muss oder dass ein unmittelbar bevorstehendes Gesundheitsproblem vorliegt, das seine Fruchtbarkeit beeinträchtigen kann.
TI A BA LALA TI A N RA AWUSA / ASALA (WENN SIE AFRIKANISCHE WALNUSS IM TRAUM KAUFEN): In jeder Art von Traum, in dem Sie afrikanische Walnuss im Traum kaufen. Diese Art von Traum bedeutet, dass der Träumer auf seine Gesundheit achten muss. Es gibt ein Gesundheitsproblem, um das sich der Träumer kümmern muss, bevor er eine komplexe Situation von ihm verlangt.
TI A BA LALA TI A ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA SUGBON TI A KO JE (WENN SIE TRAUMEN, DASS SIE AFRIKANISCHE WALNÜSSE IN IHREM TRAUM BRECHEN ODER BREMSEN, OHNE SIE ZU ESSEN): In irgendeiner Art von Traum, in dem Sie sehen, wie Sie viel knacken und brechen von Walnuss in Ihrem Traum, ohne sie zu essen. Diese Art von Traum bedeutet, dass der Träumer Ressourcen verschwendet und unnötig extravagant einsetzt. Es ist ein warnender Traum, der den Träumer auffordert, die Verschwendung von Ressourcen einzudämmen. Dieselbe Interpretation gilt, wenn Sie jemanden in Ihrer Nähe sehen, wie Ihre Kinder, Ihr Ehepartner oder Ihr Freund, der im Traum dasselbe tut.
TI A BA LALA TI A N JE AWUSA TUTU (WENN SIE RAW / UNGEKOCHTE WALNUSS ESSEN): Wenn Sie in Ihrem Traum sehen, dass Sie rohe Nuss essen, ist diese Art von Traum ein Warnungstraum und hat normalerweise zwei Bedeutungen. Erstens bedeutet dies, dass der Träumer zu viel Eile oder Hast hat und dies zur Folge hat. Er bekommt ein unangenehmes Ergebnis. Zweitens bedeutet diese Art von Traum, dass der Träumer wegen Schlangenbissen auf seine Umgebung aufpassen sollte.
Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, Telefon- und WhatsApp-Kontakt: +2348166343145, Standort Ile Ife Osun, Bundesstaat Nigeria.
WICHTIGER HINWEIS: In Bezug auf den obigen Artikel, alle Rechte vorbehalten, darf kein Teil dieses Artikels in irgendeiner Form oder auf irgendeine Weise, elektronisch oder mechanisch, einschließlich Fotokopieren und Aufzeichnen, oder durch ein Informationsspeicherungs- oder -abrufsystem ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung reproduziert oder vervielfältigt werden Dies gilt als rechtswidrig und zieht rechtliche Konsequenzen nach sich

单击上面的视频以观看和下载[视频] Zinoleesky – Joromi
BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa极端纪录片对非洲核桃梦的寓意

巴巴拉沃·奥巴尼法（Babalawo Obanifa）将通过本工作的媒介记录从约鲁巴文化和灵性角度看非洲核桃在梦中的一些含义。 约鲁巴语中的非洲核桃一词是Awusa / Asaala。 非洲核桃是几种非洲植物的通用名称，可能指的是：
食用菌科，在茄科
Mel科的Lovoa trichilioides
大戟科的Plukenetia conophora
Schotia brachypetala，在豆科中
但是在这项工作的范围内。 非洲核桃是指大果四叶猴（非洲核桃），属于大戟科。 它是一种可食用的种子，因其美味而被广泛种植。 该工厂的所有部分均已按种族进行使用。 非洲核桃不同于英国核桃。 据努努·阿里尤（Nuhu Aliyu）的Ayeni E.Ayodeji说，他的作品名为非洲四胡木（Tetracarpidium conophorum）。 ＆Dalziel：族裔用途及其治疗作用。 因此，他区分了英国墙坚果和非洲核桃：核桃是可食用的种子，因其美味而被广泛种植。 著名的物种包括美洲核桃（Juglans regia）（L.），属于胡桃木科（Burkill 1985）。 热带非洲胡桃，被称为四叶棕榈果（Tetracarpidium conophorum）或Plukenetia conophora（Oyekale et al.2015），属于大戟科（Edem，Dosunmu＆Bassey 2009）。 Adebona，Ogunsua和Ologunde（1988）指出，在核桃科中发现了一些核桃。 核桃通常被称为锥果树或锥果（Janick＆Paul 2008）。 该植物俗称非洲胡桃木，黑胡桃木和尼日利亚胡桃木（Ekwe＆Ihemeje 2013; Nwaichi，Osuoha＆Monanu 2017）。 在尼日利亚，约鲁巴人部落中，核桃在伊博（Igbo）被称为awusa或asala，ukpa或oke okpokirinya，在豪萨（hausa）被称为gawudi bairi。 在江户州的Bini部落中被称为okhue或okwe（Chijoke，Anosike＆Ani 2015; Kanu et al.2015）。 在塞拉利昂，它被称为Musyabassa，在喀麦隆西部，它被称为kaso或ngak，以及其他当地名称（Burkill，1985）。

在完成本工作的背景下，向您解释了我指的是非洲坚果。 现在，我将从非洲文化和灵性的角度出发，探讨在梦中看到这一点的一些精神意义。 与其他任何梦境符号一样，在梦中看到非洲胡桃木可能具有正面或负面的含义。 赋予或归因于任何非洲胡桃木梦的含义通常取决于梦的内容和背景。 以下是Babalawo Obanifa撰写的一些非洲核桃梦的详细文献和一些详细的解释。
TI A BALARI RI OKO ASALA TI O PO（如果您在梦想中看到非洲墙坚果种植园）：在任何一种梦想中，您都能看到非洲墙坚果植物或非洲核桃树种植园。 这种梦想意味着对梦想家的极大祝福和迫在眉睫的喜悦。 这是一个积极的梦想。
TI A BALALA RI PADI / PALADI ASALA / AWUSA（如果您在梦中看到非洲核桃荚）：在任何一种梦想中，您都能在梦中看到非洲核桃荚。 这是一个警告的梦想。 如果有孩子的父母在他/她的梦中看到一个非洲核桃荚。 这种情况告诉这样的人，除非他/她采取适当的身心预防措施。 那些孩子尽管亲密且有血缘关系，但彼此相处不好。 他们不会以友好的方式互相对待。 非洲核桃荚通常可以警告家人之间不友好的互动。
TI A BA PA AWUSA / ASALA SISE TI OMO INU KO DARA（如果您在梦中破坏熟的非洲胡桃，并发现其中的内在成分已经变质或变质）：在任何一种梦中，您在梦中看到的东西 发现您在梦中打破非洲核桃，发现里面的东西变烂了。 这种梦想意味着失望和失败。 这意味着此人依赖某些东西，要约，人。 他/她将很失望。 他/她不依赖。 如果想要得到并已经在计划婚礼的年轻人有这种梦想。 他/她需要采取一切必要措施避免失望。 相同的解释适用于期望报价，合同或承诺的人。
TI OBINRIN BA LALA WIPO EEPO AWUSA YI OHUN LOWO（如果女士或女士在她梦见腐烂或腐烂的非洲胡桃树中的梦见）：``这种梦意味着梦者需要祈祷，这样她才不会被她打死或抛弃 男情人换了另一个女情人。
TI A BA LALA TI A N SA ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA（如果您看到自己在梦中采摘非洲核桃）：在任何梦中，您都会看到自己在梦中采摘非洲核桃。 在梦中采摘非洲墙坚果意味着经济收益和繁荣。 这种性质的梦想也意味着需要录音的潜力的使用或利用不足。 这是一个指导性的信息梦想。
TI OKUNRIN BA LALA擦拭OHUN JE AWUSA / ASALA（如果一个人在他的梦中看到他正在吃非洲核桃）：如果您看到一个人在梦中吃核桃，他会说。 这种梦是一个警告性的梦，告诉做梦者他需要照顾生育问题，或者即将发生的健康问题会影响他的生育能力。
TI A BALALA TI A N RA AWUSA / ASALA（如果您自己购买非洲核桃梦）：在任何一种梦想中，您都会看到自己在梦想中购买非洲核桃。 这种梦意味着梦者需要照顾自己的健康。 做梦者在开始向他要求复杂的情况之前，需要解决一个健康问题。
TI A BALALA TI AN ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA SUGBON TI A KO JE（如果您梦见自己在梦中开裂或冒着非洲核桃而又不吃它们）：在一个梦想中，您看到自己在破裂和破裂很多 在梦中不吃核桃。 这种梦想意味着梦想家在浪费资源，浪费不必要的资源。 这是警告性的梦，告诉梦者减少资源浪费。 当您看到某个离您很近的人时，例如您的孩子，配偶或朋友在做梦时也有相同的解释。
TI A BALALA TI A N JE AWUSA TUTU（如果您看到自己正在吃生的/未煮熟的核桃）：如果您在梦中看到自己正在吃生坚果墙，那梦就是警告性的梦，通常有两个含义。 首先，这意味着做梦的人太匆忙或匆忙，结果。 他得到不愉快的结果。 其次，这种梦意味着梦者应该因为蛇咬而照顾好自己的环境。
版权：Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa，电话和whatsapp联系人：+2348166343145，位于尼日利亚Ile Ife osun省。
重要声明：关于上述条款，保留所有权利，未经事先书面许可，不得以任何形式或通过任何方式（包括影印和录制的电子或机械方式或任何信息存储或检索系统）复制或复制本文的任何部分 版权持有人和作者Babalawo Obanifa的行为被认为是非法的，并将引起法律后果
单击上面的视频以观看和下载[视频] Zinoleesky – Joromi
BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa极端纪录片对非洲核桃梦的寓意

巴巴拉沃·奥巴尼法（Babalawo Obanifa）将通过本工作的媒介记录从约鲁巴文化和灵性角度看非洲核桃在梦中的一些含义。 约鲁巴语中的非洲核桃一词是Awusa / Asaala。 非洲核桃是几种非洲植物的通用名称，可能指的是：
食用菌科，在茄科
Mel科的Lovoa trichilioides
大戟科的Plukenetia conophora
Schotia brachypetala，在豆科中
但是在这项工作的范围内。 非洲核桃是指大果四叶猴（非洲核桃），属于大戟科。 它是一种可食用的种子，因其美味而被广泛种植。 该工厂的所有部分均已按种族进行使用。 非洲核桃不同于英国核桃。 据努努·阿里尤（Nuhu Aliyu）的Ayeni E.Ayodeji说，他的作品名为非洲四胡木（Tetracarpidium conophorum）。 ＆Dalziel：族裔用途及其治疗作用。 因此，他区分了英国墙坚果和非洲核桃：核桃是可食用的种子，因其美味而被广泛种植。 著名的物种包括美洲核桃（Juglans regia）（L.），属于胡桃木科（Burkill 1985）。 热带非洲胡桃，被称为四叶棕榈果（Tetracarpidium conophorum）或Plukenetia conophora（Oyekale et al.2015），属于大戟科（Edem，Dosunmu＆Bassey 2009）。 Adebona，Ogunsua和Ologunde（1988）指出，在核桃科中发现了一些核桃。 核桃通常被称为锥果树或锥果（Janick＆Paul 2008）。 该植物俗称非洲胡桃木，黑胡桃木和尼日利亚胡桃木（Ekwe＆Ihemeje 2013; Nwaichi，Osuoha＆Monanu 2017）。 在尼日利亚，约鲁巴人部落中，核桃在伊博（Igbo）被称为awusa或asala，ukpa或oke okpokirinya，在豪萨（hausa）被称为gawudi bairi。 在江户州的Bini部落中被称为okhue或okwe（Chijoke，Anosike＆Ani 2015; Kanu et al.2015）。 在塞拉利昂，它被称为Musyabassa，在喀麦隆西部，它被称为kaso或ngak，以及其他当地名称（Burkill，1985）。

在完成本工作的背景下，向您解释了我指的是非洲坚果。 现在，我将从非洲文化和灵性的角度出发，探讨在梦中看到这一点的一些精神意义。 与其他任何梦境符号一样，在梦中看到非洲胡桃木可能具有正面或负面的含义。 赋予或归因于任何非洲胡桃木梦的含义通常取决于梦的内容和背景。 以下是Babalawo Obanifa撰写的一些非洲核桃梦的详细文献和一些详细的解释。
TI A BALARI RI OKO ASALA TI O PO（如果您在梦想中看到非洲墙坚果种植园）：在任何一种梦想中，您都能看到非洲墙坚果植物或非洲核桃树种植园。 这种梦想意味着对梦想家的极大祝福和迫在眉睫的喜悦。 这是一个积极的梦想。
TI A BALALA RI PADI / PALADI ASALA / AWUSA（如果您在梦中看到非洲核桃荚）：在任何一种梦想中，您都能在梦中看到非洲核桃荚。 这是一个警告的梦想。 如果有孩子的父母在他/她的梦中看到一个非洲核桃荚。 这种情况告诉这样的人，除非他/她采取适当的身心预防措施。 那些孩子尽管亲密且有血缘关系，但彼此相处不好。 他们不会以友好的方式互相对待。 非洲核桃荚通常可以警告家人之间不友好的互动。
TI A BA PA AWUSA / ASALA SISE TI OMO INU KO DARA（如果您在梦中破坏熟的非洲胡桃，并发现其中的内在成分已经变质或变质）：在任何一种梦中，您在梦中看到的东西 发现您在梦中打破非洲核桃，发现里面的东西变烂了。 这种梦想意味着失望和失败。 这意味着此人依赖某些东西，要约，人。 他/她将很失望。 他/她不依赖。 如果想要得到并已经在计划婚礼的年轻人有这种梦想。 他/她需要采取一切必要措施避免失望。 相同的解释适用于期望报价，合同或承诺的人。
TI OBINRIN BA LALA WIPO EEPO AWUSA YI OHUN LOWO（如果女士或女士在她梦见腐烂或腐烂的非洲胡桃树中的梦见）：``这种梦意味着梦者需要祈祷，这样她才不会被她打死或抛弃 男情人换了另一个女情人。
TI A BA LALA TI A N SA ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA（如果您看到自己在梦中采摘非洲核桃）：在任何梦中，您都会看到自己在梦中采摘非洲核桃。 在梦中采摘非洲墙坚果意味着经济收益和繁荣。 这种性质的梦想也意味着需要录音的潜力的使用或利用不足。 这是一个指导性的信息梦想。
TI OKUNRIN BA LALA擦拭OHUN JE AWUSA / ASALA（如果一个人在他的梦中看到他正在吃非洲核桃）：如果您看到一个人在梦中吃核桃，他会说。 这种梦是一个警告性的梦，告诉做梦者他需要照顾生育问题，或者即将发生的健康问题会影响他的生育能力。
TI A BALALA TI A N RA AWUSA / ASALA（如果您自己购买非洲核桃梦）：在任何一种梦想中，您都会看到自己在梦想中购买非洲核桃。 这种梦意味着梦者需要照顾自己的健康。 做梦者在开始向他要求复杂的情况之前，需要解决一个健康问题。
TI A BALALA TI AN ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA SUGBON TI A KO JE（如果您梦见自己在梦中开裂或冒着非洲核桃而又不吃它们）：在一个梦想中，您看到自己在破裂和破裂很多 在梦中不吃核桃。 这种梦想意味着梦想家在浪费资源，浪费不必要的资源。 这是警告性的梦，告诉梦者减少资源浪费。 当您看到某个离您很近的人时，例如您的孩子，配偶或朋友在做梦时也有相同的解释。
TI A BALALA TI A N JE AWUSA TUTU（如果您看到自己正在吃生的/未煮熟的核桃）：如果您在梦中看到自己正在吃生坚果墙，那梦就是警告性的梦，通常有两个含义。 首先，这意味着做梦的人太匆忙或匆忙，结果。 他得到不愉快的结果。 其次，这种梦意味着梦者应该因为蛇咬而照顾好自己的环境。
版权：Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa，电话和whatsapp联系人：+2348166343145，位于尼日利亚Ile Ife osun省。
重要声明：关于上述条款，保留所有权利，未经事先书面许可，不得以任何形式或通过任何方式（包括影印和录制的电子或机械方式或任何信息存储或检索系统）复制或复制本文的任何部分 版权持有人和作者Babalawo Obanifa的行为被认为是非法的，并将引起法律后果

ऊपर दिए गए वेदियो पर क्लिक करके देखें और डाउनलोड करें [वीडियो] ज़िनोलेस्की - जोरोमी
BABALAWO ओबनिफा-ओबनिफा चरम वृत्तचित्रों द्वारा अफ्रीकी वाल्नम्स की योजनाएं

बाबलाव ओबनिफा इस काम के दस्तावेज़ के माध्यम से योरूबा संस्कृति और आध्यात्मिकता के परिप्रेक्ष्य से सपने में अफ्रीकी अखरोट देखने के कुछ अर्थों के माध्यम से होगा। योरूबा भाषा में अफ्रीकी अखरोट का शब्द आवुसा / असला है। अफ्रीकी अखरोट कई अफ्रीकी पौधों के लिए एक सामान्य नाम है और इसका उल्लेख हो सकता है:
कुआला एडुलिस, परिवार ओलाकेसी में
Lovoa trichilioides, परिवार में Meliaceae
प्लुकेनेतिया कॉनफोरा, परिवार यूफोरबिएसी में
फैबेशिया में स्कोतिया ब्राचीपेटाला
लेकिन इस काम के संदर्भ में। अफ्रीकी अखरोट को संदर्भित किया गया है, टेट्राकार्पिडियम कॉनफोरम (अफ्रीकी अखरोट) जो परिवार यूफोरिबिएसी से संबंधित है। यह एक खाद्य बीज है जिसकी व्यापकता के लिए इसकी खेती की जाती है। पौधे के सभी भागों का जातीय रूप से उपयोग किया गया है। अफ्रीकी अखरोट अंग्रेजी अखरोट से अलग है। अयेनी ई। अयोधजी के अनुसार, नूहू अलियु ने अपने काम में, टेट्राकार्पिडियम कोनफोरम (अफ्रीकी अखरोट) हच शीर्षक से लिखा। और Dalziel: नृवंशविज्ञान का उपयोग करता है और इसकी चिकित्सीय गतिविधियों। वह इस प्रकार अंग्रेजी दीवार अखरोट और अफ्रीकी अखरोट के बीच अंतर करता है: अखरोट खाद्य बीज हैं जो व्यापक रूप से उनकी नाजुकता के लिए खेती की जाती हैं। प्रमुख प्रजातियों में जुग्लान रेजिया (एल) शामिल हैं, जिन्हें अंग्रेजी अखरोट के रूप में जाना जाता है और परिवार जुग्लैसे (बर्किल 1985) से संबंधित है। उष्णकटिबंधीय अफ्रीकी अखरोट, जिसे टेट्राकार्पिडियम कॉनफोरम या प्लुकेनेतिया कॉनफोरा (ऑयकेले एट अल। 2015) के रूप में जाना जाता है, परिवार यूफोरिबिएसी (एडेम, डोसेनमु और बस्सी 2009) के अंतर्गत आता है। Adebona, Ogunsua और Ologunde (1988) ने कहा कि अखरोट की कुछ प्रजातियाँ परिवार Olacaceae में पाई जाती हैं। अखरोट को आम तौर पर शंकुधारी वृक्ष या शंकुधारी अखरोट (जनिक और पॉल 2008) के रूप में जाना जाता है। यह पौधा अफ्रीकी अखरोट, काले अखरोट और नाइजीरियाई अखरोट (एकवे और इहमेजे 2013; न्वाईची, ओसूओहा और मोनानु 2017) के नाम से प्रसिद्ध है। नाइजीरिया में, योरूबा जनजाति के बीच, अखरोट को आवुसा या असाला, उकपा, या इग्बो में ओके ओकोपिरिन्या और हौसा में गावुडी बैरी के रूप में जाना जाता है; और इसे एडो स्टेट की बिनी जनजाति (चिजोके, एनोसाइक एंड एनी 2015; कानू एट अल 2015) के बीच ओखू या ओके के रूप में जाना जाता है। सिएरा लियोन में, इसे मुशायबा कहा जाता है और पश्चिमी कैमरून में, इसे अन्य स्थानीय नामों (बुर्किल 1985) के बीच कासो या नगक के रूप में जाना जाता है।

अफ्रीकी दीवार अखरोट के बारे में आपकी समझ के बारे में बताते हुए कि मैं इस काम के संदर्भ को वापस लेने की बात कर रहा हूं। अब मैं सपने में इसे अफ्रीकी संस्कृति और आध्यात्मिकता के दृष्टिकोण से देखने के कुछ आध्यात्मिक अर्थों पर आगे बढ़ूंगा। सपने में अफ्रीकी अखरोट देखना किसी भी अन्य सपने के प्रतीक के मामले में सकारात्मक या नकारात्मक अर्थ हो सकता है। किसी भी अफ्रीकी अखरोट के सपने को देने या विशेषता देने का अर्थ आमतौर पर सपनों की सामग्री और संदर्भ पर निर्भर करेगा। नीचे कुछ अफ्रीकी अखरोट के सपने और बबालावो ओबनिफा द्वारा दस्तावेज के रूप में उनकी कुछ व्याख्याओं का विस्तार से वर्णन किया गया है।
TI A BA LALA RI OKO ASALA TI O PO (यदि आप अपने सपने में दक्षिण पश्चिम की योजना बना रहे हैं): किसी भी तरह के सपने में जहां आप अफ्रीकी दीवार अखरोट के पौधे या अफ्रीकी अखरोट के पौधे देखते हैं। इस तरह का सपना सपने देखने वाले के लिए महान आशीर्वाद और आसन्न खुशी को दर्शाता है। यह एक सकारात्मक सपना है।
TI एक बीए LALA RI PADI / PALADI ASALA / AWUSA (यदि आप अपने सपने में AFRICAN वालनॉट का एक पोड देखें): किसी भी तरह के सपने में जहां आप सपने में अफ्रीकी अखरोट की फली देखते हैं। यह एक चेतावनी का सपना है। यदि बच्चों के साथ माता-पिता अपने सपने में अफ्रीकी अखरोट की एक फली देखते हैं। यह इस तरह के व्यक्ति को बता रहा है कि जब तक वह उचित शारीरिक और आध्यात्मिक निवारक उपाय नहीं करता। वे बच्चे एक दूसरे के साथ अच्छे समय पर नहीं होंगे, उनकी निकटता और रक्त द्वारा संबंधित होने के बावजूद। वे एक-दूसरे के साथ मित्रतापूर्ण शर्तों पर व्यवहार नहीं करेंगे। अफ्रीकी अखरोट की एक फली आमतौर पर परिवार के सदस्यों के बीच मैत्रीपूर्ण बातचीत के खिलाफ एक चेतावनी है।
TI A BA PA AWUSA / ASALA SISE TI OMO INU KO DARA (यदि आप अपने सपने में कूच किए गए AFRICAN WALNUT का उपयोग करते हैं और जो आपके IT SPEN या ROTTEN के INNER CONTENT से बाहर हैं): किसी भी तरह के सपने में जहाँ आप अपने सपने में देखते हैं आप अपने सपने में अफ्रीकी अखरोट तोड़ रहे हैं और आपको पता चलता है कि सामग्री सड़ गई है। इस तरह का सपना निराशा और असफलता को दर्शाता है। इसका मतलब है कि कुछ चीजें हैं, प्रस्ताव, व्यक्ति, कि यह व्यक्ति पर भरोसा करता है। वह / वह निराश हो जाएगा। वह / वह भरोसा नहीं करता। यदि युवा व्यक्ति जो शादी करना चाहता है और पहले से ही शादी की योजना बना रहा है, तो इस तरह का सपना है। निराशा को रोकने के लिए उसे हर आवश्यक उपाय करने की आवश्यकता है। समान व्याख्या प्रस्ताव, अनुबंध या वादे की अपेक्षा करने वालों पर लागू होती है।
TI OBINRIN BA LALA WIPO EEPO AWUSA YI OHUN LOWO (अगर एक LADY या WOMAN SEE IN HER DREAM THAT DECAY या DECOMPOSED POD OF AFRICAN WalNUT): इस तरह के सपने देखने वाले को प्रार्थना करने की जरूरत नहीं है, तो उसे सपने देखने की जरूरत नहीं होगी। एक और महिला प्रेमी के लिए पुरुष प्रेमी।
TI A BA LALA TI A N SA ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA (अगर आप खुद को देख रहे हैं, तो आप सपने में अफ्रीकी वासियों से बात कर रहे हैं): किसी भी सपने में जहां आप सपने में खुद को अफ्रीकी अखरोट देखते हैं। सपने में अफ्रीकी दीवार अखरोट चुनना वित्तीय लाभ और समृद्धि को दर्शाता है। इस प्रकृति का सपना भी इस्तेमाल की जाने वाली या संभावित क्षमता के उपयोग को दर्शाता है जिसे टैप करने की आवश्यकता होती है। यह एक निर्देशात्मक संदेश सपना है।
TI OKUNRIN BA LALA WIPE OHUN JE AWUSA / ASALA (यदि उसका एक आदमी इस सपने में है कि वह खाने के बाद खाना खा रहा है): यदि आप सपने में अखरोट खा रहे हैं। इस तरह का सपना एक सपने देखने वाला सपना है जो सपने देखने वाले को बताता है कि उसे प्रजनन समस्या की देखभाल करने की आवश्यकता है या आसन्न स्वास्थ्य मुद्दा है जो उसकी प्रजनन क्षमता को प्रभावित कर सकता है।
TI A BA LALA TI A N RA AWUSA / ASALA (अगर आप खुद को देख रहे हैं, तो आप सपने में किसी भी तरह के सपने देख रहे हैं): जहां आप सपने में खुद को अफ्रीकी अखरोट खरीदते हुए देखते हैं। इस तरह के सपने का अनुमान है कि सपने देखने वाले को उसके स्वास्थ्य की देखभाल करने की आवश्यकता है। स्वास्थ्य संबंधी समस्या है कि सपने देखने वाले को उससे जटिल स्थिति की मांग करने से पहले ध्यान रखना चाहिए।
TI A BA LALA TI AN ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA SUGBON TI A KO JE (यदि आप इस बात को स्वीकार करते हैं कि आप अपने भोजन के बिना अपने जीवन में अफ्रीकी वासियों को आकर्षित कर रहे हैं): आप अपने आप को टूटते और टूटते हुए देख सकते हैं उन्हें खाने के बिना अपने सपने में अखरोट का। इस तरह के सपने का अर्थ है कि सपने देखने वाले बर्बाद हो रहे हैं और संसाधन के असाधारण उपयोग में अनावश्यक रूप से संलग्न हैं। यह सपने देखने वाले को संसाधनों के अपव्यय को रोकने के लिए चेतावनी देने वाला सपना है। वही व्याख्या तब लागू होती है जब आप किसी को अपने करीब देखते हैं जैसे कि आपके बच्चे, पति या पत्नी या दोस्त सपने में भी ऐसा ही करते हैं।
TI A BA LALA TI A N JE AWUSA TUTU (अगर आप खुद को खाने की आदत डालते हैं / UNCOOKED WalNUT): यदि आप अपने सपने में देखते हैं कि आप कच्ची दीवार अखरोट खा रहे हैं, तो सपने का प्रकार एक चेतावनी सपना है और इसके आमतौर पर दो अर्थ होते हैं। सबसे पहले, इसका मतलब है कि सपने देखने वाला बहुत जल्दी या जल्दबाजी में है और परिणामस्वरूप। उसे अप्रिय परिणाम मिल रहा है। दूसरी बात यह है कि इस तरह का सपना सांप के काटने के कारण सपने देखने वाले को अपने पर्यावरण का ध्यान रखना चाहिए।
कॉपीराइट: बबालावो पेले ओबासा ओबनिफा, फोन और व्हाट्सएप संपर्क: 13:48166343145, स्थान इले इफ ओसुन राज्य नाइजीरिया।
महत्वपूर्ण सूचना: जैसा कि ऊपर दिए गए लेख के अनुसार, सभी अधिकार सुरक्षित हैं, इस लेख का कोई भी भाग किसी भी रूप में या किसी भी तरह से इलेक्ट्रॉनिक या मैकेनिकल द्वारा फोटोकॉपी और रिकॉर्डिंग या किसी भी जानकारी के भंडारण या पुनर्प्राप्ति प्रणाली से पूर्व लिखित अनुमति के बिना दोबारा तैयार या नकल नहीं किया जा सकता है। कॉपीराइट धारक और लेखक बबालावो ओबनिफा से, ऐसा करना गैरकानूनी माना जाता है और कानूनी परिणामों को आकर्षित करेगा

انقر فوق Vedio أعلاه لمشاهدة وتنزيل [فيديو] Zinoleesky - Joromi
معنى أحلام الجوز الإفريقي بقلـم بابلو أبانيفة - أبانيفة

سوف يقوم Babalawo Obanifa من خلال هذا العمل بتوثيق بعض معاني رؤية الجوز الأفريقي في المنام من منظور ثقافة اليوروبا والروحانية. كلمة الجوز الأفريقي في لغة اليوروبا هي Awusa / Asaala. الجوز الأفريقي هو اسم شائع للعديد من النباتات الأفريقية وقد يشير إلى:
Coula edulis ، في عائلة Olacaceae
Lovoa trichilioides ، في الأسرة Meliaceae
Plukenetia conophora ، في عائلة الفربيون
Schotia brachypetala ، في عائلة Fabaceae
ولكن في سياق هذا العمل. الجوز الأفريقي الذي تمت الإشارة إليه هو Tetracarpidium conophorum (الجوز الأفريقي) الذي ينتمي إلى عائلة الفربيون. إنها بذرة صالحة للأكل تزرع على نطاق واسع بسبب طعامها الشهي. وقد تم استخدام جميع أجزاء النبات عرقيًا. الجوز الأفريقي يختلف عن الجوز الإنجليزي. وفقا لأيني إي Ayodeji ، نهو Aliyu في عمله ، بعنوان Tetracarpidium conophorum (الجوز الأفريقي) هاتش. & Dalziel: الاستخدامات الإثنية والطبية وأنشطتها العلاجية. إنه يميز بين جوز الجوز الإنجليزي والجوز الأفريقي: الجوز هي بذور صالحة للأكل يتم زراعتها على نطاق واسع بسبب طعامها الشهي. الأنواع البارزة تشمل Juglans regia (L.) ، والمعروفة باسم الجوز الإنجليزي وتنتمي إلى عائلة Juglandaceae (Burkill 1985). ينتمي الجوز الأفريقي المداري ، المعروف باسم Tetracarpidium conophorum أو Plukenetia conophora (Oyekale et al. 2015) ، إلى عائلة Euphorbiaceae (Edem، Dosunmu & Bassey 2009). ذكرت Adebona و Ogunsua و Ologunde (1988) أن بعض أنواع الجوز موجودة في عائلة Olacaceae. يشار إلى الجوز عمومًا باسم شجرة conophor أو جوز conophor (Janick & Paul 2008). يُعرف المصنع باسم الجوز الأفريقي والجوز الأسود والجوز النيجيري (Ekwe & Ihemeje 2013؛ Nwaichi، Osuoha & Monanu 2017). في نيجيريا ، من بين قبيلة اليوروبا ، يُعرف الجوز باسم عوصة أو أصالة ، أو أوكبا ، أو أوك أوكيبورينييا في الإغبو وجاوي بيري في الهوسا ؛ والمعروف باسم okhue أو okwe بين قبيلة Bini في ولاية Edo (Chijoke ، Anosike & Ani 2015 ؛ Kanu et al. 2015). في سيراليون ، يطلق عليها اسم موسيباسا وفي غرب الكاميرون ، تُعرف باسم كاسو أو نجاك ، من بين أسماء محلية أخرى (Burkill 1985).

بعد أن أوضحت تفهمك للجدار الأفريقي الذي أشير إليه في سياق سياق هذا العمل. سأنتقل الآن إلى بعض المعاني الروحية لرؤية هذا في الحلم من منظور الثقافة والروحانية الأفريقية. رؤية الجوز الأفريقي في المنام كما هو الحال في أي رمز حلم آخر يمكن أن يكون لها معان إيجابية أو سلبية. عادة ما تعتمد معاني إعطاء أو عزو أي حلم من أحجار الجوز الإفريقية على محتوى الأحلام وسياقها. فيما يلي وثائق تفصيلية لبعض أحلام الجوز الأفريقي وبعض تفسيرها التفصيلي كوثيقة من إعداد Babalawo Obanifa.
TI a BA LALA RI OKO ASALA TI O PO (إذا كنت ترى خطة حائط الجوز الأفريقية في أحلامك): في أي نوع من الحلم حيث ترى نباتات الجوز الأفريقية على الجدار أو زراعة نباتات الجوز الأفريقية. هذا النوع من الحلم يدل على بركات كبيرة وفرحة وشيكة للحالم. إنه حلم إيجابي.
TI a BA LALA RI PADI / PALADI ASALA / AWUSA (إذا رأيت مجموعة من الأفارقة الجوز في أحلامك): في أي نوع من الحلم حيث ترى قرنة من الجوز الأفريقي في المنام. هذا حلم تحذير. إذا رأى أحد الوالدين مع أطفال في حلمه قرنة من الجوز الأفريقي. هذا النوع يخبر مثل هذا الشخص بأنه ما لم يتخذ هو / هي التدابير الوقائية البدنية والروحية المناسبة. لن يكون هؤلاء الأطفال على علاقة جيدة مع بعضهم البعض ، على الرغم من قربهم والدم. لن يتعاملوا مع بعضهم البعض بشروط ودية. قرنة من الجوز الأفريقي هو عادة تحذير من التفاعل غير الودي بين أفراد الأسرة.
TI a BA PA AWUSA / ASALA SIS TI OMO INU KO DARA (إذا كنت قد كسرت أفريقيًا مطبوخًا في أحلامك وتكتشف أن محتوى المحتوى الداخلي الخاص بك قد تفسد أو عذب) أنك تكسرت الجوز الأفريقي في حلمك وتكتشف أن المحتويات أصبحت فاسدة. هذا النوع من الحلم يدل على خيبة الأمل والفشل. هذا يعني أن هناك أشياء معينة ، عرض ، شخص ، يعتمد عليها هذا الشخص. هو / هي سوف تكون بخيبة أمل. هو / هي لا تعتمد. إذا كان الشاب الذي يريد الحصول على ويخطط بالفعل لحفل الزفاف لديك هذا النوع من الحلم. هو / هي بحاجة إلى اتخاذ كل التدابير اللازمة لتجنب خيبة الأمل. نفس التفسير ينطبق على أولئك الذين يتوقعون العرض أو العقود أو الوعد.
TI OBINRIN BA LALA WIPO EEPO AWUSA YI OHUN LOWO (إذا رأت سيدة أو امرأة في بلدها الحلم أن تكون مودعة أو موقوتة من أفريقي وولتوت): هذا النوع من الحلم كان يحتاج إلى الحالم أن يصلي حتى لا تتأثر عاشق ذكر لعشاق أنثى أخرى.
TI a BA LALA TI A N SA ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA (إذا رأيت نفسك تلتقط صغار الأفارقة في الحلم): في أي حلم حيث ترى نفسك تنتقي الجوز الأفريقي في الحلم. اختيار الجوز الجدار الأفريقي في الحلم ضمنا المكاسب المالية والازدهار. حلم من هذا القبيل يعني أيضا استخدام أو في ظل الاستفادة من الإمكانات التي تحتاج إلى تسجيل. إنه حلم رسالة تعليمية.
TI OKUNRIN BA LALA WIPE OHUN JE AWUSA / ASALA (إذا رأى رجل في أحلامه أنه يأكل صغار الأفارقة): إذا كنت رجلاً يرى نفسه يأكل الجوز في المنام. هذا النوع من الحلم هو حلم تحذيري يخبر الحالم أنه بحاجة إلى رعاية مشكلة الخصوبة أو أن هناك مشكلة صحية وشيكة يمكن أن تؤثر على خصوبته.
TI a BA LALA TI A N RA AWUSA / ASALA (إذا رأيت نفسك تشتري أفريقيًا الجوز في حلم): في أي نوع من الحلم حيث ترى نفسك تشتري الجوز الأفريقي في المنام. هذا النوع من الحلم يشير إلى أن الحالم بحاجة لرعاية حالته الصحية. هناك مشكلة صحية تحتاج الحالم إلى الاهتمام بها قبل أن يبدأ في المطالبة بوضع معقد منه.
TI a BA LALA TI AN ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA SUGBON TI A KO JE (إذا كنت تحلم أنك تخرق أو تفوح من صعاب أفريقية في أحلامك دون أن تأكلها): من الجوز في حلمك دون أكلهم. هذا النوع من الحلم يدل على أن الحالمين يهدرون ويشاركون في استخدامات البذخ للموارد. إنه تحذير يحذر الحالم من الحد من هدر الموارد. ينطبق نفس التفسير عندما ترى شخصًا قريبًا منك مثل أطفالك أو زوجك أو صديقك يحلم بنفس الشيء.
TI a BA LALA TI A N JE AWUSA TUTU (إذا رأيت نفسك تآكل / غير مطبوخة): إذا رأيت في حلمك أنك تأكل جوزًا خامًا على الحائط ، فإن هذا النوع من الحلم هو حلم تحذيري وعادة ما يكون له معنىان. أولاً ، هذا يعني أن الحالم كثير في عجلة من أمره أو يتعجل نتيجة لذلك. انه الحصول على نتيجة غير سارة. ثانياً ، يشير هذا النوع من الحلم إلى أنه يجب على الحالم الاهتمام ببيئته بسبب لدغات الثعابين.
حقوق الطبع والنشر: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa ، الهاتف واتس اب الاتصال: +2348166343145 ، موقع Ile Ife osun ولاية نيجيريا.
إشعار هام: فيما يتعلق بالمادة أعلاه ، جميع الحقوق محفوظة ، لا يجوز إعادة إنتاج أو نسخ أي جزء من هذه المادة بأي شكل أو بأي وسيلة ، سواء كانت إلكترونية أو ميكانيكية ، بما في ذلك التصوير والتسجيل أو أي نظام لتخزين المعلومات أو استرجاعها دون إذن كتابي مسبق من صاحب حقوق الطبع والنشر والمؤلف Babalawo Obanifa ، يعتبر القيام بذلك غير قانوني وسيؤدي إلى عواقب قانونية
Vide Below work of other authors on uses of African wall nut.
9 Health Importance Of African Walnut
The African walnut (king of nuts) is mostly found in Nigeria and some other parts of Africa. In the Western part of Nigeria, it is known as “ASALA” while in the Southern part, it is called “UKPA”.
It is one of the well packaged nuts that Mother Nature has blessed us with! But guess what? Most people consume it without knowing its health importance.
Here are some health importance of this fruit:
Good for the heart
Have you heard of L-arginine before? It’s very vital for those suffering from hypertension and other heart diseases! And guess what? African walnuts have loads of it!
Boosts Sperm production
These fruits are regarded as fertility boosters and it has been seen as well from medical research that men who eat African walnuts on daily basis are prone to have increased sperm quality. The presence of healthy fatty acids in these nuts such as omega-3 fatty acid among others plays a great role in sperm development and fertility boosting in women as well as men.
For instance, taking a serving of this nut for over 8 weeks has been shown to boost men’s fertility.
Weight loss
To shed off that excess body weight, belly fat and reduce body cholesterol, the African walnut is a top choice snack for you. But know that you must stick to the serving size because they are quite high in calories.
Helps manage sleep disorder
In addition, for those having disturbed sleep especially at night, taking this special nut before bedtime might be that magic pill you need because it increases your melatonin which acts on your brain and signal your body to give you a sound sleep.
Manages Irregular menstrual flow and ovulation problem
Also, African walnuts are rich in omega 3 Fatty acids which aid to regulate hormone levels and manage menstrual cramps pains . African walnut is completely healthy for men and women. When I say African walnuts, I mean the nuts and all the derivatives.
Walnut leaf extract is another natural antioxidant that plays a good role in regulating menstrual flow.
It helps to improve proper menstrual flow and inhibit menstrual flaws experienced by several women while menstruating.
Diabetes
African walnut is a healthy snack to help reduce the risks of type 2 diabetes.
Improves brain function
Walnut fruit is a good source of vitamin B-6 also known as pyridoxine which helps the human brain to function properly and improves cognitive ability.
The healthy fats and pyridoxine in African walnuts are key facilitators to improving cognitive function. Growing kids should tap from this benefit as well!
Boosts immune system
With the high antioxidant and iron content of African walnut, you are sure to ward off infections, anaemia and even eye related problems by just consuming a serving of this nut daily!
Cancer
African walnuts have been shown to play a vital role in reducing the risks of prostate and breast cancer in humans.
The medical information provided in this article is provided as an information resource only. This information does not create any patient-physician relationship and should not be used as a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment
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WELLNESS
Five Health Benefits Of African Walnut
BY URENNA UKIWE
Walnuts are round shaped nuts with dark brown shells and whitish nuts encased within the shell. They are in season and have numerous health benefits. In the south-east region of Nigeria, it is called ‘Okpa’. Here are the reasons you should eat this nut more often.
Contains Vitamins
The African walnut contains vitamins such as B6, B7 and E. Vitamin E is an antioxidant which protects the body from free radicals that damage the body. Vitamin B6 helps in brain growth and function and vitamin B7 helps to metabolise carbohydrate and fat and all these are highly required by the body.
Lowers the risk of heart disease
Walnut contains amino acid 1 arginine which helps in cell division, healing of wounds, immune system function and the release of hormones. There is also the presence of antioxidants such as flavonol morin and quinone juglone that help to regulate the heart and prevent heart-related diseases.
Lowers the risk of cancer
Walnut contains polyphenol ellagitannins which certain microbes in the gut convert to urolithins. Urolithins is a property that has anti-inflammatory functions that protect against colorectal cancer.
Urolithins have properties that help them reduce the risk of hormone-related cancers like breast and prostate cancer.
Reduce the risk of diabetes
Walnuts help to control excess weight thereby reducing the risk of high blood sugar and diabetes.
Weight control
Walnut contains vitamins B7 which is essential for key metabolic process, contains fibres and protein which also help to check weight gain.
Review Article
Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) Hutch. & Dalziel: Ethnomedicinal uses and its therapeutic activities
Ayeni E. Ayodeji, Nuhu Aliyu
Received: 27 Nov. 2017; Accepted: 27 Feb. 2018; Published: 24 May 2018
Copyright: © 2018. The Author(s). Licensee: AOSIS.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The use of medicinal plants to cure many ailments has been a tradition in different parts of the world. Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is an edible seed that is widely cultivated for its delicacy. All parts of the plant have been used ethnomedically. This article reviewed the ethnomedicinal, nutritional, phytochemical and some pharmacological activities of T. conophorum, because medicinal plants are our hope in achieving sustainable global statutory of health for all and a last resort in healthcare management in African countries. This review reveals previous findings and other pharmacological benefits of the African walnut towards its potential as food and drug development.
Introduction
Walnuts are edible seeds that are widely cultivated for their delicacy. Prominent species include Juglans regia (L.), known as the English walnut and belonging to the family Juglandaceae (Burkill 1985). The tropical African walnut, known as Tetracarpidium conophorum or Plukenetia conophora (Oyekale et al. 2015), belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae (Edem, Dosunmu & Bassey 2009). Adebona, Ogunsua and Ologunde (1988) stated that some walnut species are found in the family Olacaceae. The walnut is generally referred to as the conophor tree or conophor nut (Janick & Paul 2008). The plant is popularly known as African walnut, black walnut and Nigerian walnut (Ekwe & Ihemeje 2013; Nwaichi, Osuoha & Monanu 2017). In Nigeria, among the Yoruba tribe, the walnut is known as awusa or asala, ukpa, or oke okpokirinya in Igbo and gawudi bairi in Hausa; and it is known as okhue or okwe among the Bini tribe of Edo State (Chijoke, Anosike & Ani 2015; Kanu et al. 2015). In Sierra Leone, it is called musyabassa and in western Cameroon, it is known as kaso or ngak, among other local names (Burkill 1985).
However, lack of storage facilities has hampered the market value of the walnut (Kanu et al. 2015) and the nuts must be consumed within 1–2 days when cooked or else they will become foul-smelling and unpleasant for sale and consumption (Kanu et al. 2015). The seeds are consumed as snacks and refreshments. During its season, hawkers relate their walnuts’ quality to kola nut maturity (asala – ogbo koko bi obi). The buyers also shake each seed nut to ensure that the seed is intact in the hard coat, and sometimes the quality of the seed nut can be seen from the nut colour and size. It is a perennial cash crop and an economic tree that is widely grown for its edible seed nut (Chijoke et al. 2017; Edem et al. 2009; Enujiugha & Ayodele 2003); it is also used as wood in the timber industry.
Morphology of Tetracarpidium conophorum
The plant is a small tropical flowering plant, a woody perennial climber or climbing shrub of about 6 m – 18 m long on attainment of the reproductive phase; its stem can be up to 16 cm in girth and dark grey when old, but is green and glabrous when young (Nwachoko & Jack 2015). The root is fasciculate and the leaf ranges between 10 cm long and 5 cm broad while the petiole may be up to 5 cm long (Ekwe & Ihemeje 2013; Janick & Paul 2008). Furthermore, the leaf is simple, crenate and ovate with a serrated margin. They are rounded at the base with alternate leaf arrangement and abruptly acuminate (Ekwe & Ihemeje 2013; Janick & Paul 2008). Usually, the walnut tree twines around other trees for support, especially the cocoa tree and kola nut tree (Oyekale et al. 2015). The immature fruits are usually green in colour but turn dark brown to black as they reach maturity (Oluwole & Okusanya 1993). The plants have swollen, fleshy, sparsely branched stems and are sometimes candle broid in appearance; the fruit is a capsule 6 cm – 10 cm long by 3 cm – 11 cm wide containing subglobular seeds (Janick & Paul 2008) as shown in Figure 1.
The African walnut is widely grown in the western and eastern parts of Nigeria and is also indigenous to Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon and Niger (Janick & Paul 2008). Sierra Leone and the lower Congo region also consume walnuts (Udedi et al. 2014). Its range in Nigeria includes Uyo, Akamkpa, Akpabuyo, Lagos, Akure, Kogi, Ajaawa, Ogbomosho, Ibadan (Obianime & Uche 2010; Oke 1995), Ife, Ekiti and Ijeshaland; it is abundant in all cocoa-producing states in Nigeria and in the southern part of Nigeria (Nwaichi et al. 2017; Udedi et al. 2014), as shown in Figure 2.
The tree grows on moist, deep, fertile, well-drained loam soils and in silt clay loam soils (Cogliastro, Gagnon & Bouchard 1997). The African walnut is usually cultivated in the hot and humid zones of tropical Africa around gardens and backyards, mainly for subsistence consumption (Oyekale et al. 2015). It grows in coves, bottomlands, abandoned agricultural fields and rich woodlands (Chijoke et al. 2015). The plant climbs up to the tops to benefit from full sunlight and it may bind trees together such that if one of the trees dies, it is held in position until it decays (Bailey 2006). The African walnut usually flowers between November and early January and fruits between February and September with peak production in July (Oyekale et al. 2015). The seed takes 4–6 months to mature (Akpuaka & Nwankwor 2000).
Botanical description of Tetracarpidium conophorum
Tetracarpidium conophorum is a monoecious plant that has separate male and female flowers on the same plant (Janick & Paul 2008). The male flowers are in a narrow raceme-like panicle that is as long as the leaves, with one or two female flowers near the base. The flowers are arranged alternately on the axis of the raceme inflorescence. The style is stout and quadrangular with four spreading stigmas. There are many stamens, about 40 in number (Janick & Paul 2008). They are found in the forest zones as climbers and the seed is surrounded by a thick, hard testa, while the seeds are round and dark brown at maturity. The plants are found in both primary and secondary forests (Okujagu et al. 2005). The seed is about 2.5 cm in diameter and the fruit (7 cm across) is light green to brown when ripe (Janick & Paul 2008).
Ethnomedicinal uses of Tetracarpidium conophorum
All parts of T. conophorum have been used ethnomedically, including the stem bark, leaves, seeds and roots. The bark is used by local people as a mild laxative (Janick & Paul 2008). The seed kernel, when eaten raw, has a bitter taste like the kola nut and is considered to be a tonic and aphrodisiac (Aiyeloja & Bello 2006). Customarily, drinking water immediately after eating the edible nut has a bitter taste principle, which might be due to the presence of some alkaloid-containing compounds in the plant. Nwauzoma and Dappa (2013) reported ethnobotanical uses of T. conophorum seed in the treatment of fibroids; the boiled seeds are also eaten to improve sperm count in men while the leaf juice is used to improve fertility in women and regulate menstrual flow.
Ayoola et al. (2011) reported the use of T. conophorum in the treatment of stomach disorders and for controlling high blood pressure. The bark is brewed as a tea for use as a laxative and is chewed for toothache. The fruits are edible and used for various purposes, including masticatory, thrush, anti-helminth, syphilis and also as an antidote against snake bites (Obianime & Uche 2010). They are said to tonify the kidneys, strengthen the back and knees and moisten the intestines. They are believed to stop asthma and are prescribed to be taken between bouts of asthma but not for acute asthma. They are used by the elderly to cure constipation and flatulence (Ayoola et al. 2011; Ogundolie et al. 2017). The leaves and young shoots are occasionally eaten with cooked rice in some parts of West Africa. The oil from the nut has been used in the formulation of wood varnish, stand oil, vulcanised oil for rubber and leather substitutes (Oyenuga 1997). Brown dyes have been extracted from the husk and the leaf extracts were used to reduce hiccups (Hogue 2000).
Chemical constituents of Tetracarpidium conophorum
The African walnut contains protein, vitamins, magnesium and is a good source of antioxidants (Kim & Lee 2002). The nut oil contains 48% – 50% dry weight of oil, is golden yellow in colour, with a taste and odour resembling linseed oil (Enujiugha 2003; Enujiugha & Ayodele 2003; Negi et al. 2011). The oil is highly rich in linolenic acid (64%), palmitic and stearic acids (15%) and oleic acid (11%). It is also rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids such as α-linolenic acid and it contains mono-saturated fatty acids (Kanu et al. 2015). Animashaun, Togun & Hughes (1994) used affinity chromatography techniques to isolate the agglutinin I and II of disulphide-bonded 70 kDa and 34 kDa of monomeric protein, respectively, which are referred to as isolectins from T. conophorum seed extracts. Asaolu (2009) quantified the amino acid composition of T. conophorum seed nuts and the total essential amino acid (274 mg/g) crude protein out of the total amino acids (573 mg/g). Glutamic acid (134 mg/g) had the highest amino acid and leucine (0.32) had the lowest essential amino acid score. Nkwonta (2015) indicated the presence of essential and non-essential fatty acids, namely palmitate, oleate, stearate, linoleate, arachidate and α-linoleate. The physicochemical characteristics, fatty acids and triglycerols (TG) of the nut oil (Type 1 and Type 2) content varied between 55.75% and 61.62%, while the ash values varied between 8.40% and 9.68% (Tchiegang, Kapseu & Parmentier 2001). The main fatty acid was linolenic acid (69.47% – 70.39%) as determined by capillary gas chromatographic analysis and the triacylglycerol profile obtained by reversed phase liquid chromatography showed 10 TG, with three major ones identified as trilinolenin (33.39% – 47.67%), dilinolenic-linoleic (12.19% – 27.15%) and dilinolenic-olein (18.46% – 37.71%) (Tchiegang et al. 2001).
Nutritional and phytochemical constituents
Nwaoguikpe, Ujowundu and Wesley (2012) established the phytochemical and biochemical composition of varieties of walnut (boiled and mashed wet nuts and dried powdered nuts). Saponins (8.37, 5.03 mg/kg) were the highest constituent of the mashed wet nuts and the dried powdered nuts, respectively. This suggested a role of the seed nuts in health and nutrition. Ekwe and Ihemeje (2013) reported the proximate composition of the African walnut (T. conophorum) on wet basis, which revealed protein (14.92%), oil (45.84%), crude fibre (1.14%), ash (3.52%) and carbohydrate (15.38%), while the anti-nutritional factors revealed tannins (0.89 mg/100 g), oxalate (1.28 mg/100 g), phytic acid (3.105 mg/100 g), trypsin inhibitors (1.84 mg/100 g), saponin (985.0 mg/100 g) and alkaloid (40.91 mg/100 g). Arinola and Adesina (2014) stated that the seed nut is a rich source of protein and fat but high heat could reduce the protein, ash and crude fibre content of the nut.
In addition, Akpoghelie et al. (2016) evaluated the nutritional content of walnut seed (P. conophora) and revealed that the raw seed contains ash (3.18%), moisture (39.27%), crude fibre (8.40%), fat (5.19%), protein (20.74%) and carbohydrate (23.22%), while the mineral content revealed K (4029.14 mg/kg), Na (3480.00 mg/kg), Ca (3014.28 mg/kg), Mg (726.11 mg/kg), Fe (68.00 mg/kg), Zn (24.01 mg/kg), Mn (19.00 mg/kg) and Cu (14.00 mg/kg). Chijoke et al. (2015) reported the seed nut contains alkaloids (2.29 mg/100 g), glycoside (2.19 mg/100 g), saponins (8.07 mg/100 g), flavonoids (0.02 mg/100 g), tannins (0.89 mg/100 g), reducing sugars (4.10 mg/100 g) and soluble carbohydrate (1.06 mg/100 g). The seed nut also revealed high moisture content (31.40%), ash (6.01%), fibre (8.66%), protein (28.85%), carbohydrate (21.30%) and high energy value (234.57 kcal). The mineral and vitamin constituents of the seed were also documented by Nnorom, Enenwa and Ewuzie (2013).
Udedi et al. (2013, 2014) reported comparative proximate analyses of raw and cooked walnut and noted that the nut is an excellent food material with potential in combating food insecurity in rural communities. They suggested the nut as a supplement to schoolchildren feeding programmes. The reported major bioactive compounds found in T. conophorum include phenols (7.44 mg/mL and 7.04 mg/mL), flavonoids (3.5 mg/mL and 1.66 mg/mL) and ascorbic acid (54.56 mg/kg and 44.00 mg/kg) for raw and cooked walnuts, respectively. Apeh et al. (2014) reported the effect of cooking on the proximate, phytochemical constituents and haematological parameters of T. conophorum in male rats. The results showed that the crude protein, carbohydrate and crude fibre contents of the raw seed were significantly higher than for cooked seed nuts but the hydrogen cyanide and steroid content of raw seed nuts was higher than for cooked seed nuts. The haematological parameters in the rats had a significant decrease in white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocytes when compared with the control group.
In a study, Oyekale et al. (2015) attempted to determine the bioactive agents groups that could be responsible for the diverse growth characteristics and medicinal uses of T. conophorum and the findings showed that alkaloid and saponin concentrations were highest in the foliage, terpene concentration was abundant in the regenerative hypocotyl segment while tannins, phenolic compounds and phlobatannin concentrations were abundant in the non-regenerative hypocotyl segment. The study concluded that the foliage can be used as an anti-venom agent based on its relatively high content of cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, saponins and phenols, which are active substances for detoxification of venoms in the human system (Bowsher, Steer & Tobin 2008). Chikezie (2017) also examined the phytochemical and proximate composition of boiled walnut seeds and the findings revealed a high concentration of alkaloids, steroids and a moderate concentration of tannins with no traces of saponins, phlobatannins, flavonoids, phenols or glycosides. Barber and Obinna-Echem (2016) assessed the nutritional composition, physical and sensory properties of wheat–African walnut cookies and recommended that the African walnut flour could be used successfully as a partial substitute for wheat flour at a range of 5% – 15%.
Onawumi, Faboya and Ayoola (2013) carried out proximate analysis on the leaf T. conophorum, which contained moisture (29%), fat (5.63%), fibre (14.92%), protein (16.62%), ash (12.89%) and carbohydrate (20.94%). The secondary metabolites revealed high alkaloid content (2.670 mg/kg) and low tannin content (0.56 mg/kg). Ayoola, Faboya and Onawumi (2013) reported on a comparative analysis of the phytochemical and nutrient composition of the leaves and seeds of T. conophorum and noted that the seeds have more nutritional and elemental composition than the leaves. The phytochemical constituents present in the seeds are also present in the leaves. Suara et al. (2016) evaluated the nutraceutical properties of the methanol extract of P. conophora leaves and reported some vital mineral elements; the proximate analysis revealed 6.86% moisture content, 11.78% protein, 8.57% total ash, 20.12% crude fibre, 1.56% total fat and 51.8% total carbohydrate. Uhunmwangho and Omoregie (2017) evaluated the nutrition and anti-nutrition as well as mineral content of walnut seed oil at different stages of fruit maturation. This study revealed the nutritional profile of the fruit-nut as a good source of plant protein, carbohydrate and fat, with a reduction in the level of some anti-nutrients in matured fruits. Findings from a study carried out by Isong, Alozie and Ekwere (2013) on conophor nut oil suggests that it is a non-drying oil suitable for paint and soap making as well as other industrial purposes. The results revealed that the oil has potential as a source of biofuel when compared with commercial graded diesel
. Also, the free fatty acid (9.47%) and ester (89.74 mg KOH g-1) content suggests its suitability as an edible oil while the high acid (87.22 mg KOH g-1) and low peroxide (9.67 meq O2 g-1) content indicates high susceptibility to rancidity and low antioxidant levels.
Some reported pharmacological activities of Tetracarpidium conophorum
Anti-diarrhoea activity
Nwachoko and Jack (2015) reported that the T. conophorum nut hot aqueous extract protected rats against castor oil-induced diarrhoea; the inhibitory effect was attributed to the presence of some secondary metabolites and also justified ethnomedicinal use.
Male fertility enhancing activities
Ikpeme et al. (2014) reported that T. conophorum seed extract increased the viability and sperm output of male albino rats and suggested that the seed should be included in the formulation of male fertility drugs. Results from a study conducted by Obianime and Uche (2010) on the effect of aqueous extract of T. conophorum seed on the hormonal parameters of male guinea pigs showed a significant dose–time-dependent increase (p ≤ 0.05) in the level of testosterone; the highest increase was recorded after the seventh day of the treatment (3.40 ng/mL) when compared with standard drugs (Proviron). However, Akpan and Anietie (2014) had contrary findings on the use of an aqueous extract of T. conophorum seed nut as a fertility enhancer in male albino Wistar rats. It was reported that 14.14 mg/kg and 21.21 mg/kg significantly decreased the percentage of sperm concentration but increased the follicle stimulating (FSH) and luteinising hormones (LH), which implies that it stimulates biosynthesis and secretion of fertility hormones and also is clear evidence of toxic damage to the spermatozoa. However, it was concluded that there is a need for caution on excessive consumption of T. conophorum seed nuts among males with infertility problems. Dada and Aguda (2015) reported that the T. conophorum seed powder has potential pro-fertility properties in male Clarias gariepinus that could be exploited in fish production as a feed additive for the improved reproductive performance of male African catfish.
Chijoke et al. (2017) stated that the leaf extract significantly increased testosterone levels and had an effect on the reproductive pathway of the rats that was dose-dependent and that the histopathological tissues were not distorted across the treatment groups.
Akomolafe et al. (2017a) established the modulatory effects of T. conophorum aqueous leaf extracts on oxidative stress-induced penile damage and key enzymes associated with erectile dysfunction. The highest inhibitory effect was obtained in the penis at a concentration of 0.50 mg/mL while the extract inhibited arginase activity in a dose-dependent manner and the IC50 (130.96 µg/mL) revealed higher inhibitory activity in the penile tissue than the testicular tissue homogenate (179.02 µg/mL). It was suggested that the inhibitory activities could be linked to the presence of phenolic constituents in T. conophorum.
In a similar study conducted by Akomolafe and Oboh (2017b), at the highest concentration the extract showed a more pronounced effect than the standard drug. The testicular biochemical parameters in all the treated groups showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PDH), glycogen content, 3β and 17β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activity and testicular and epididymal Zn and Se content, with a significant decrease in cholesterol content. Also, a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of serum testosterone, LH, FSH, sperm count, motility, viability and a decrease in sperm abnormality were observed when compared with the control group, indicating useful effects on spermatogenesis and sperm parameters in rats. Akomolafe et al. (2017c) investigated the effects of T. conophorum aqueous leaf extract on ethanol-induced infertility in male rats. The ethanol treatment group showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in LDH activity, G-6PDH activity, glycogen content, 3β and 17β HSD activity and testicular and epididymal Zn and Se content; furthermore there was a decrease in testicular sperm count, viability and marked increment in total sperm abnormalities, rate of sperm analysis parameters and consequently decreased reproductive hormone levels. It was concluded that co-administration of ethanol with either T. conophorum extract or standard drug almost improved the toxic assault imposed by ethanol on the reproductive organs and seminal quality of the rats.
Antioxidant activities
Amaral et al. (2004) and Periera et al. (2007) reported that polyphenolic compounds identified in walnut leaf extract included 3-galactoside, lactoside, 3-pentoside, 3-arabinoside, quercetin, p-coumaric-acid and 3- and 5-caffeoylquinic acids, which could be responsible for its antioxidant activity. Amaeze et al. (2011) reported the in vitro antioxidant activity of T. conophorum leaf extract and revealed that the dried leaves have more antioxidant activity than fresh leaves but the methanol extract possesses a high amount of plant bioflavonoids that are responsible for the antioxidant activity of many plant families. Udedi et al. (2014) evaluated the antioxidant activity of T. conophorum nut extract. The extracts have hydrogen ion donating potential while the free radical scavenging ability of the raw walnut was found to be higher than that of the cooked. Both the raw and cooked walnut extracts had potent lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity with EC50 values of 4.0 µg/mL and 6.50 µg/mL, respectively. The study concluded that the plant could be useful in boosting food security and reducing malnutrition in Africa countries. Akomolafe et al. (2015a) reported anti-peroxidative activity of T. conophorum leaf extract in the reproductive organ of male rats. The leaf extract caused a significant (p < 0.001) dose-dependent reduction in the lipid peroxidation levels when compared with the control group. The anti-peroxidative activity in the testes was associated with an increase in total protein, non-enzymatic (glutathione [GSH], vitamin C) and enzymatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione s-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) antioxidant levels, by means of which the leaf extract may be useful in the treatment of reproductive cellular damage involving reactive oxygen species (ROS). A similar study was carried out by Akomolafe et al. (2015b) on the ameliorative oxidative effect of T. conophorum aqueous leaf extract on ethanol-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats; the authors concluded that the ameliorative effect could be a result of its antioxidant property, which may be attributed to the scavenging of radical species generated by ethanol and may also be linked to its phytochemical constituents. Ademiluyi et al. (2015) established that walnuts cooked with the shell contained more antioxidant phytoconstituents than those cooked without the shell. Cooking walnuts with the shell might, therefore, protect the antioxidant constituents. It is hence recommended to cook African walnut fruits with the shell to enhance its health protective properties. Abam et al. (2013a) reported on the effect of walnut oil on cadmium-induced oxidative stress in male rats and concluded the nut could be effective as an antioxidant in ameliorating the toxic effect of cadmium in the kidney, liver and brain tissues. A study from Akomolafe et al. (2015c) reported inhibitory effects of the aqueous extract of T. conophorum leaves on FeSO4-induced lipid peroxidation in rat genitals; the findings were attributed to the high levels of quercetin, quercitrin and luteolin and the metabolic pathways in which these compounds may be associated with the free radical scavenging properties.
Anti-chelating activity
Olabinrin et al. (2010) evaluated the in vitro chelating ability of the aqueous extracts of T. conophorum nuts and concluded that the seed nut extract showed a dose-dependent decrease in chelating ability and a 2% w/v graded dose had the highest chelating ability.
Anti-ulcer and wound healing activities
Ezealisiji et al. (2014a) evaluated the methanol extract of the T. conophorum nut using pyloric ligation induced and ethanol-induced gastric ulceration methods. The extract reduced the ulcer index, gastric volume, total free and free acidity but increased the pH significantly (p < 0.05) when compared with the control group. It was established that the presence of some phytochemicals such as tannins, terpenoids and flavonoids were indicated for the cytoprotective properties as well as the wound healing activity. The result from a similar study carried out by Anosike, Abonyi and Etaduovie (2015) reported that the methanol extract of the seed nut showed significant anti-ulcer activity in the indomethacin-induced ulcer and there was significantly reduced ulceration (p < 0.001) when compared with the control group but it was not dose-dependent.
Results from the findings of Ezealisiji et al. (2014b) reported that the n-hexane and methanol extracts of the T. conophorum seed nut established accelerated dose-dependent wound healing activity of the extracts. This was attributed to the presence of some secondary metabolites like flavonoids with repeated antioxidant and immunostimulating activities. Bello et al. (2013a) investigated the healing properties of the walnut leaf in catfish (Clarias gariepinus), and it was concluded that a 1.50% addition of walnut leaf residue in the catfish diet could significantly aid the aquaculture industry and reduce mortality associated with wound infection.
Anti-inflammatory activity
Olaniyi et al. (2016) reported on the chloroform extract of the T. conophorum fruit and noted that a 400 mg/kg dose significantly inhibited inflammation when compared with diclofenac but 200 mg/kg of the extract was pro-inflammatory.
Anti-lipidemic activities
Ezealisiji et al. (2016) reported on the anti-cholesterol activity of the ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of the T. conophorum seed and showed that a 2.00 mg/kg dose of both extracts decreased low density lipoprotein (LDL) and increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol when compared with atorvastatin (a standard cholesterol-lowering agent), which could be attributed to the oleic acid and α-linolenic acid. Analike et al. (2017) investigated the effects of cooked walnuts on blood lipids, lipoprotein and glucose among adult Nigerians. There was a significant reduction in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C and the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio of the subjects when compared with their baseline values. It was concluded that the reduction could prevent hyperlipidaemia complications and also improve lipid metabolism. Nwaichi et al. (2017) also reported on the nutraceutical potential of T. conophorum and Buchholzia coriacea in diet-induced hyperlipidaemia. The hyperlipidaemic rats were subsequently treated with normal feed supplemented at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg of T. conophorum and B. coriacea for two weeks. In comparison to test control animals, there was a reduction in weight gain, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), plasma contents of LDL, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), non-HDL and atherogenic indices in a dose-dependent fashion. Clarisse, Kenfack and Angele (2017) assessed some effects of consumption of defatted flours of Ricinodendron heudelotii and T. conophorum on some biological and biochemical parameters in adult male rats. The study revealed that HDL cholesterol for experimental diets was comparable with the control diet and LDL cholesterol was higher in rats from the casein group. Abam et al. (2013b) concluded that walnut oil.
n of TC and HDL-C while TG and the atherogenic index increased with a T. conophorum nut oil–based diet in rats. Similar alterations in the serum lipid of the animals suggested cardiovascular risk and that it was not completely safe for consumption.
Anti-diabetic activities
Onwuli, Bown and Ozoani (2014) and Ogunyinka et al. (2015) reported that the nuts have the potential to reduce hyperglycaemia; the authors also reported that the nuts increased the haemoglobin level and decreased urine output in the test group when compared with controls and could prevent diabetes associated with renal damage.
A study carried out by Ogbonna et al. (2013) indicated a significant reduction in blood glucose level and suggested that the leaf and the root extracts of T. conophorum are more potent in lowering blood glucose in alloxan-induced diabetic rats when compared with oral hypoglycaemic agents. Similar studies were carried out by Ogbonna et al. (2015) on the effect of root and leaf extracts of T. conophorum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and showed a significant increase (p < 0.001) of ALP, AST and ALT, which indicated that the leaf and root extracts possess anti-diabetic and hepatoprotective activity. Lepzem and Togun (2017) established the anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects of the methanolic extracts of leaf and seed of T. conophorum on alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. The leaf and seed extract when mixed together as a diet had great anti-hyperglycaemic and superior antioxidant potential to the standard drugs. Zibaeenezhad et al. (2017) showed that with the addition of 15 mL walnut oil to the foregoing diet of diabetes patients aged 35–75 years for 90 days, there was a significant decrease in TC, LDL-C, TG and the TC/HDL ratio when compared with the control group. It was assumed that these effects might have an impact on the reduction of cardiovascular risk diseases and other related complications in diabetes patients. Pan et al. (2013) also attributed consumption of walnut to lower risk of type II diabetes among women but it was insignificant to control body mass index.
Antimicrobial activities
Akinwande (2015) reported antimicrobial activity of the leaves and isolated phytosterols (triterpenoids) – 3β, 22E-stigmata-5, 22-dien-3-ol and 3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid from petroleum ether fraction of T. conophorum leaves, which has high potential as an antimicrobial agent. Suara et al. (2016) also established an antibacterial assay of P. conophora methanol leaf extract and showed a concentration-dependent effect against Bacillus subtilis and Proteus mirabilis that could be formulated and used as cream in the management of susceptible bacteria skin infection. Ogbolu and Alli (2012) suggested that the walnut had no in vitro antibacterial activity (leaf, stem bark, cooked or uncooked kernel) on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These findings contradicted similar reports of Ajaiyeoba and Fadare (2006) that methanol extract and its fractions exhibited concentration-dependent antimicrobial properties, which were carried out in the same geographical areas. Bello et al. (2013b) established the potential of walnut and onion bulb extracts as antimicrobial agents for fish. It was recorded that 500 µg/mL of both extracts had the best minimum inhibitory concentration on the pathogens and could prevent the growth of microorganisms in fish feed production.
Toxicological studies
Akomolafe et al. (2017d) reported that the aqueous extract of T. conophorum leaves in rats did not reveal any pathological changes even at 2000 mg/kg. Agbaje et al. (2016) studied the acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of the aqueous extract of the fresh nuts of P. conophorum and reported there was no mortality at a 2 g/kg dosage. However, ALT and AST were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) at 500 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg when compared with the control group and the haematological assessment was significant in all the treatment doses. It was concluded that the extract could be hepatoprotective and possibly serve as an immunostimulant. In a study carried out by Oladiji et al. (2010) on the toxicity of a T. conophorum nut oil–based diet in rats, there was a reduction in the activity of ALP, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in the liver and heart of the animals fed the nut oil–based diet. Bello et al. (2014) assessed the haematological and biochemical changes in African catfish fed a diet supplemented with T. conophorum leaf and onion bulb and reported no traces of infections such as anaemia during the fish culture, suggesting that the extract of the walnut leaf and onion bulb could be useful in stimulating immune responses.
Anti-malarial activity
Dada and Ogundolie (2016) evaluated the in vivo anti-plasmodial activity of the raw seed extract of T. conophorum in Swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei, revealing dose-dependent activity on chemo-suppression. Similarly, a dose of 600 mg/kg had the highest at 47.22%, while chloroquine at 5 mg/kg produced 55.50% chemo-suppression. This suggested that the seed nut could be useful in the treatment of malaria. A similar study conducted by Ogundolie et al. (2017) on the effects of the raw ethanolic seed extracts of T. conophorum on the haematological and histopathological parameters of Swiss albino mice infected with P. berghei (NK65) suggested an increased in the haematological parameters packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB) and platelet (PLT) of all treated groups. The histology of the seed extract at 400 mg/kg showed a restorative effect on the liver and kidney of the mice but at 600 mg/kg there was a regenerative tissues on the kidney but had adverse effects on the liver. It was concluded that 400 mg/kg of the seed extract of T. conophorum might be considered suitable to treat human malaria infection.
Anticancer activity
Carvalho et al. (2010) reported that the methanol extract showed concentration-dependent growth inhibition towards human kidney and colon cancer cells. However in A-498 renal cancer cells all extracts exhibited similar growth inhibition activity (IC50) values (between 0.226 mg/mL and 0.291 mg/mL), while for both 769-P renal and Caco-2 colon cancer cells, walnut leaf extract showed a higher anti-proliferative efficiency (IC50 values of 0.352 mg/mL and 0.229 mg/mL, respectively) than green husk or seed extracts. The results obtained herein strongly indicate that walnut tree constitutes an excellent source of effective natural antioxidants and chemopreventive agents.
Antidepressant activity
Aladeokin and Umukoro (2011) evaluated the psychopharmacological properties of an aqueous extract of the T. conophorum nut in mice and oral administration at 50 mg/kg – 200 mg/kg produced a significant dose-related decrease in the duration of immobility in the forced swim test. The test doses did not prolong the duration of sleep produced by thiopentone nor alter the pattern of the stereotyped behaviour induced by the amphetamine. It was concluded that the nut extract demonstrated antidepressant-like activity.
Other therapeutic and health benefits
Tetracarpidium conophorum promotes quality sleep, can be used for treatment of the gastrointestinal tract, is ideal to help pregnant women avoid miscarriages, has culinary purposes such as soup preparation, can boost cognitive function because of the presence of vitamin B6 and omega-3 fatty acids and also helps as an anti-ageing agent (Global Food Book 2015).
Conclusion
The African walnut (T. conophorum) should be explored for the production of walnut flour and cake for diet-based (diabetes, hypertensive) patients because of its great potential. The production, propagation and cultivation should be extended to other parts of Nigeria and Africa, which could boost food security and reduce poverty in Africa. Also, its isolation, characterisation and structural elucidation of the chemical compounds in the leaf, stem bark and seed nut should be assayed in view of producing drugs that could be useful in fighting many diseases and illnesses.
Acknowledgements
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships which may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.
Authors’ contributions
A.E.A. designed the study and gave directions, gathered information and wrote the first draft of the article. N.A. gathered information, edited and proofread the draft of the article and put it into the journal format.
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African walnut is a common name for several African plants and may refer to:
Coula edulis, in the family Olacaceae
Lovoa trichilioides, in the family Meliaceae
Plukenetia conophora, in the family Euphorbiaceae
Schotia brachypetala, in the family Fabaceae
This page is an index of articles on plant species (or higher taxonomic groups) with the same common name (vernacular name). If an internal link led you here, you may wish to edit the linking article so that it links directly to the intended article.
20 REASONS YOU NEED THE AFRICAN WALNUT (TETRACARPIDIUM CONOPHORUM)
I grew up realizing that one of my mum's favourite fruity snacks right from her childhood is the ukpa fruit. Infact, she dearly loved every bit of this fruit that she planted the trees in our compound as well as our farmlands. As a child, I had my curiosity over her great attachment to this fruit which prompted me to start bombarding her with several questions on why this fruit and other parts of its plant are actually important to human health. Well, she gave me some impressive reasons on the importance of this fruit, which have been equally confirmed by several scientific studies. But let me quickly give you a synopsis of what ukpa fruit is all about before detailing why you really need to include this fruit in your daily diet ~ ~ ~
African walnut is a powerful plant that has been notable for its remarkable benefits to human health. Botanically known as Plukenetia conophora or Tetracarpidium conophorum, the African walnut is of the family of Euphorbiaceae. Apart from its nuts, researchers have revealed that other parts of this plant are highly important for both medicinal, therapeutic and pharmaceutical reasons. The African walnut (ukpa) is a climber in the sense that it grows as a vine and then settles at the apex of a supporting tree forming a canopy and shade to other smaller plants and herbs.
It is best planted very close to a tall, strong tree that can offer strong support and balance to this heavy-weighted plant especially when it has finally settled on the apex of the tree. Walnut acts is both medicinal, therapeutic and stimulating in nature due to its high constituent of anthraquinones, tannins, saponins and alkaloids. Different countries and tribes have different names for this fruit ranging from the African walnut (ukpa), Gabon nut, sida, conophor nut, howôtou, mpengwa, atsan, anamemila, bogüe, asala kaso, ouatou, Apopo, ngak, awusa, okwe, dibetou, akiouhia, séatou, sratou, okhue and asala.
Tetracarpidium conophorum African walnut is a popular Central and Western Africa plant where it is planted mainly for its nuts, which are usually eaten as snacks. The ukpa pods, which are four ridged-winged between wings and upto 3 inches in diameter with four brown round nuts usually fall off its tree once matured to be removed, cooked and eaten. The nut measures about 2.5cm long and is distinguished by thin woolish strands that attach it to the shell. Walnuts are preferably eaten cooked however, it can still be eaten raw but has a bitter taste in its raw state.
Nutritional Values of the African Walnut
African walnut is an excellent source of essential minerals, vitamins and phytonutrients needed for the healthy functioning of the human’s body and they include; thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid, cyanocobalamin (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, B12, C and E), niacin, manganese, l-arginine, pyridoxine, selenium, melatonin, ascorbic acid, pantothenic acid, tocopherol, ellagic acid, polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids and oleic acid.
20 REASONS YOU NEED THE AFRICAN WALNUT (TETRACARPIDIUM CONOPHORUM)
1. Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases
Researchers reveal that the African walnut is very effective for minimising the risks of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and coronary artery disease (buildup of plaque in the arteries thereby restricting blood supply to the heart). Consuming walnuts as an after-meal dessert has been proven effective for keeping the arteries flexible and for reducing the damage caused by fatty food to the arteries. This is due to the high content of phytosterols, omega 3 fatty acids and antioxidants in this fruit.
Walnuts equally contain high amounts of L-arginine, which is an essential amino acid that can be converted to nitric oxide. It is noteworthy that nitric oxide is a chemical that is essential for smoothing the inner walls of the blood vessels thereby helping the blood vessels to relax. Individuals suffering from hypertension usually find it hard to have a balanced nitric oxide levels thus they are prone to heart problems, however, adding walnuts to their diet is an effective way of combating this problem.
2. Treatment of Infertility
Walnut seeds have been reported effective for tackling male infertility issues by boosting sperm productions in the testicles. Researchers reveal that men who include more African walnuts in their diet stand higher chances of improving their sperm health, sperm development and spermatozoa count. This is attributive to the high amount of healthy fatty acids present in these nuts. The leaf extracts of the African walnut (ukpa) can also be used for boosting fertility in women as well as for treating fibroids.
3. Promotes Quality Sleep
Studies reveal that regular intake of walnuts before going to sleep is an effective way of facilitating good sleep due to the presence of melatonin in the nuts. It is noteworthy that melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland, which acts as a sleep aid as well as a remedy for tackling certain sleep disorders.
4. Reduces the Cholesterol Level
African walnut is an excellent source of healthy polyunsaturated fat and omega-3 fatty acids, which have been proven effective for reducing the body’s cholesterol level.
5. Treatment of Gastroenteritis Diseases
African walnut leaves and barks are used in folk medicines for treating individuals suffering from gastroenteritis diseases such as dysentery, stomach pain, diarrhoea and vomiting. Decocted African walnut leaves and seeds are effective for relieving abdominal pains.
6. Anti-microbial Properties
African walnut possesses anti-microbial properties thus can be used for treating disease-causing pathogens such as bacillus subtilis, candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus, aspergillus niger.
7. Ideal for Pregnant Women
In folk medicines, the leaves extracts are usually taken by pregnant women to prevent the risk of miscarriages.
8. Culinary Purposes
Although the African walnuts can be eaten raw, but it is preferably eaten cooked, sun-dried or roasted and snacked on. The nuts can equally be ground and used for soup preparations. Ukpa has a similar flavour with that of a chestnut and hazelnut and serves as the perfect spices for flavouring meat, fish and several dishes.
9. Prevention of Cancer
Studies reveal that the African walnut extracts are effective for minimizing the risk of cancerous growths such as breast cancer and prostate cancer. This is due to its high constituent of ascorbic acid, omega 3 fatty acids, phytosterols and antioxidants which help to slow down the onset of cancer.
10. Boosts Cognitive Functioning
African walnut is an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), which are both important vitamins for boosting the healthy functioning of the brain. This suggests why the fruit is often referred to as the brain food.
11. Anti-inflammatory Properties
African walnut is an excellent source of tannin which is very effective for tackling body inflammation thus can be used for treating rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial inflammation or asthma.
12. Anti-aging Properties
African walnut is a rich source of antioxidants such as ellagic acid, melatonin, manganese, vitamin E, polyphenols and selenium thus can be used for preventing the onset of early ageing as well as prevents cellular damage.
13. Regulation of Menstrual Flow
The leaf extracts of the African walnut (ukpa) can be used for regulating menstrual flow in women suffering from irregular menstruation.
14. Promotes Healthy Immune System
African walnut is an excellent source of essential minerals and vitamins such as manganese, iron, copper, magnesium, calcium and zinc, which are all essential for boosting stronger immune system as well as for preventing anaemia.
15. Headache Cure
Studies reveal that the leaf extract of the African walnut is very effective for treating headache.
16. Relief from Hiccups
The leaves extracts of the African walnut are taken to stop and relief constant and prolonged hiccups.
17. Relief from Malarial Attack
African walnut leaves extracts offer relief from malarial attack and fever.
18. Treatment of Toothache
Both the nuts, leaves and barks of the African walnut are believed to be effective for treating toothache.
19. Serves as an Antidote
Both the nuts, leaves and barks of the African walnut act as an effective antidote for counteracting poisons, insect stings, scorpion stings etc. It is also effective for treating certain types of toxic metal poisoning.
20. Commercial Purposes
African walnut oil, which is produced from the nuts can be used for producing vulcanised oil, stand oil and wood varnish.
DISCLAIMER
This post is for enlightenment purposes only and should not be used as a replacement for professional diagnostic and treatments. Remember to always consult your healthcare provider before making any health-related decisions or for counselling, guidance and treatment about a specific medical condition.
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Health benefits of African Walnut
Health Benefits of Walnuts in Nigeria
A walnut is the nut of any tree of the subfamily Juglans. This nut is single-seeded, rounded and stone fruit of the walnut tree often used for the meat once it’s fully ripe. Walnuts are those creamy nuts in dark brown to black fragile shells, tied in transparent nylons, hawked in Nigerian traffic. Often served as a snack, in Nigeria, walnuts are called Okwe, Ukpa or Asala.
In Nigeria, walnuts are mainly cultivated by small-scale farmers in hot and humid regions in the South West. Walnut is mainly found in compound gardens or backyards for family consumption or to sell in the local market. Production of these nuts peaks in July, they are green when unripe and eventually turn brown when approaching full maturity.
Farmers prefer to grow walnuts in agroforests to protect them from predators. These predators make harvesting difficult. Walnut trees also secrete a chemical into the soil with eliminates competition, therefore, planting walnut seeds near other desired vegetation or fruits is not ideal. This chemical will inhibit others from growing properly. In this part of the world, the males engage more in the farming while the females are dominant in the processing and retailing stage of walnuts. Walnuts can be bought in the local markets and are very common on the roads because it is largely hawked in traffic.
What is sometimes seen as the poor man’s snack is a haven of nutritional and health benefits. Walnuts are of different hybrids. The two major types of walnuts are the Persian/English walnuts and the black walnuts. The Persian walnut adopted the name ‘English walnut’ because the English merchants were responsible for their distribution around the globe. The black walnut is native to native Americans in the U.S the major difference between both types is that the English walnut has a thinner, easy to crack the shell and a milder taste whereas black walnuts have an earthier flavor, and a harder shell.
he Nigerian/African walnut as it is called in this part of the continent is similar to the black walnut, however, it is single-seeded and has a thinner shell. Farmers reel in a lot of revenue through the cultivation and sales of this nuts during its season, yet the people are unaware of its benefits to the human body.The creamy nut snack has numerous health benefits in both medical and beauty fields, ranging from vitamins to minerals antioxidants and many more. Here are some of them.
Contents
1 Rich in Vitamins and Mineral
2 Weight Control
3 Prevents Heart Diseases
4 Hair Food
5 Skincare
6 Mood Booster
7 Prevent Cancer
8 Reduces Inflammation.
9 Regulate sleep
Rich in Vitamins and Mineral
Rich in Vitamins and Mineral
Walnuts contain Vitamins B7, A, B1, B2, B6, E, potassium, manganese, copper, chloride, iron, folate, sodium and ascorbic acid. The Vitamin B mainly helps in the conversion of food to energy amongst other things. Vitamin E is a natural antioxidant and other minerals are crucial to the proper functioning of the heart, muscles and digestive system.
Weight Control
Walnuts contain fiber and omega 3 fatty acids which prevents you from eating too much as it satisfies the body with less content, ideal for weight control.
Prevents Heart Diseases
The high antioxidant content of walnuts effectively destroys free radicals that could harm the heart. Also, the omega 3 component in the nut serves as good cholesterol which will pose no threat to arteries as opposed to bad cholesterol.
Hair Food
Walnuts are rich in vitamin B7 which is biotin. Biotin reduces hair loss, aids hair growth and strengthens the hair, making it good for hair.
Skincare
Walnut’s natural antioxidant, Vitamin E, protects the body and skin from free radicals which could cause harmful effects and severe damages to the body.
Mood Booster
According to scientific research, the lack of omega 3 fatty acid component of walnuts can cause tantrums, hyperactivity, and irritability. These can lead to poor mental health if not dealt with.
Prevent Cancer
The phenolic compounds and antioxidants found in walnuts effectively control the growth of cancer cells in humans.
Reduces Inflammation.
The polyphenolic and phytochemical compounds in walnuts reduce the effects of inflammation in the body.
Regulate sleep
Walnuts make melatonin, a hormone that induces sleep. This is bio-available in the nuts and when ingested as part of dinner meals, it can lead to a good night’s rest.
Eat Me: Great for men, reduces insomnia… Five reasons African walnut is for you
African walnut is an edible single seeded stone fruit mostly cultivated for its nuts which can be cooked or consumed as snacks.
In the Yoruba language, it is called Asala; Okwe in Edo and Ukpa by the Igbo.
The African walnut is a rich source of vitamins E, B6, B7, thiamin, folate, magnesium, proteins, fibre, healthy fats, and antioxidants.
Here are some of its amazing health benefits.
Aids weight management
It is rich in omega 3 fatty acids and fibre that creates satiety and makes you eat less,
Reduces insomnia
It contains melatonin, a hormone that induces and regulates sleep.
Fights stress
Walnut is a rich source of antioxidants and unsaturated fatty acids, particularly alpha linolenic acid, and omega-3 fatty acid that serve as stress relieving agents.
Reduces inflammation
The African walnut contains many plant chemicals, including tannin which helps to fight inflammation. Researchers have suggested that these chemicals may put the nut in position to help combat asthma and rheumatoid arthritis.
Immunity
African walnut is also said to have the “potential of combating nutritional insecurity in rural communities”. According to researchers from the Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, it can be used to prevent viral infections and diseases.
Great for men
Two studies assert that the African walnut improves the mood of young men and makes men more fertile.
A study conducted at the University of Delaware found that the consumption of walnut will ultimately improve sperm quality while a controlled randomised trial at the University of Mexico suggests that constant intake makes young men more gleeful.
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The African walnut: An ‘unconventional liana’ full of promise
Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits of African Walnuts
African walnuts are seasonal fruits with enormous nutrition and health benefits. These nutritional contents in walnuts provide immense benefits to the human body in several ways.
They are have been known as a good source of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals, antioxidants and some plant compounds that the body requires daily for overall maintenance and development.
African walnuts help to prevent some mineral and vitamin deficiencies. Eating this fruit helps to protect you from certain chronic diseases and supply other range of benefits which are detailed below.
1. Improves Brain Function
There are certain neuroprotective compounds present in walnut fruits that contribute to normal brain function such are omega-3 fatty acid, antioxidants, folates and vitamin E which improve brain health in adults and in growing ones.
Walnut fruit is a good source of vitamin B-6 also known as pyridoxine which helps the human brain to function properly and improves cognitive ability.
Vitamin B-7, in other words, called nicotine is a soluble B-vitamin complex that also occurs naturally in these nuts and performs several functions such as preventing memory decline and improving brain function.
A dietary fatty acid called alpha-linolenic acid found in African walnuts makes it great in preventing memory loss or decline associated with thinking, especially Alzheimer‘s disease.
. Good for Pregnant Women
These fruits are good for pregnant women because they are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and other nutrients that prevent unborn babies from developing food allergies.
Omega-3 fatty acid is an important fatty acid contained in African walnuts helps to improve baby's cognitive development and vision, and also lower some allergy risks.
The leaves of African walnuts are also used by traditional medicine professionals to treat miscarriages and pregnancy-related issues.
13. Prevents Sleep Disorder
African walnuts contain melatonin in the nuts which make them better for consumption mainly before going to bed in other to aid better sleep and tackle some sleep disorders which are likely to occur at night.
Tryptophan is also present in African walnuts which are the major source of neurotransmitter, melatonin and serotonin which control sleep-wake cycles and prevent insomnia.
Walnuts have natural contents that help to promote quality sleep. People who find it difficult to sleep well at night or during the day should eat a reasonable amount of African walnuts before going to bed so as to help to suppress sleep disorder and its related causes.
4. Prevents Liver Damage
Contain effective antioxidants such as tannin, tellimagrandin, flavonol morin, quinine juglone and polyphenols that help to prevent the liver from damage against food chemicals and terminate free radicals from the body system.
And some other antioxidants that act as anti-ageing properties like ellagic acid, melatonin and others.
5. Helps in Weight Management
Walnuts are good for weight loss and management when added to the daily diet. It has been proven that an ounce of walnut contains quality fibre, protein and fat that helps makes the stomach to feel full.
The presence of vitamin B-7 works in hand with fibre to improve the metabolism process of the body and appropriate checking of body weight.
6. Prevents Cancerous Diseases
Regular consumption of walnut fruits like two or more times a week can prevent cancers of different types such as breast cancers and pancreatic cancer.
The above theory has been proven by scientific researchers through the presence of natural antioxidants in it as well as phytosterols and ascorbic acid which all contributed to inhibiting the growth of cancer in the body.
7. Boosts Fertility
These fruits are regarded as fertility boosters and it has been seen as well from medical research that men who eat African walnuts on daily basis are prone to have increased sperm quality.
However, some of the foods we eat have a great role to play in our sex life which on the negative sides can limit fertility.
African walnut is one of the organic fruits that has proven its effectiveness in boosting the rate of sperm production in men and as well prevents infertility.
The presence of healthy fatty acids in these nuts such as omega-3 fatty acid among others plays a great role in sperm development and fertility boosting in women as well as men.
8. Good for the Heart
Walnuts contain L-arginine which are amino acids needed for the biosynthesis of protein and promotion of a healthy heart.
Arginine is a natural dietary supplement which changes into nitric oxide (NO) in the body.
Nitric oxide has a specific attention to the heart. It helps to combat heart diseases that lead to hypertension, coronary artery problems and nitric oxide imbalance.
Omega-3 fatty acid, phytosterols and other natural antioxidants that have a positive link to the heart are also present in these nuts.
Specifically, alpha-linolenic acid is the type of plant-based omega-3 fatty acid found in walnut fruit that prevents heart and blood vessel diseases.
People who consume foods and fruits that are rich in alpha-linolenic acid as African walnuts are less likely to have a heart attack.
9. Moderates Cholesterol Level
Regular consumption of these nuts contributes to the reduction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) that is bad cholesterol in the body.
African walnuts are edible single-seeded stone drupe fruits known for its white-cream seed enclosed by a black thick wall.
The plant is mostly cultivated for its nuts which are cooked and sold in most Nigerian markets and primarily serves as snacks.
10. Good for Immune System Health
Manganese is a trace mineral in the body which occurs naturally in African walnuts alongside zinc, copper and iron that are effective on immune development and functions.
Again, vitamin C is an essential vitamin and antioxidants that play different vital roles in the body.
Various immune system cells such as phagocytes cells and others need vitamin C for proper functioning and prevention against disease organisms.
11. Improve Menstrual Flow
African walnut is completely healthy for men and women. When I say African walnuts, I mean the nuts and all the derivatives.
Walnut leaf extract is another natural antioxidant that plays a good role in regulating menstrual flow.
It helps to improve proper menstrual flow and inhibit menstrual flaws experienced by several women while menstruating.
12. Reduces The Risk Of Diabetes
Eating African walnuts on daily basis helps to reduce the risk of hyperglycemia, high blood sugar which is the major cause of type-1 and type-2 diabetes mellitus.
Experiments have shown that African walnut is one of the best fruit for people that want to maintain a healthy blood sugar level and prevent the risk of obesity.
A scientific nutrient database shows that 100 grams of shelled African walnuts contain 13.14g of carbs and zero cholesterol which makes it very good for reducing the causes and effects of overweight.
13. Good For Bone health
African walnut contains anti-inflammatory properties that help to prevent bone inflammatory diseases.
Other nutrients such as calcium and potassium are important bone-density minerals that help to improve bones strength and limit the risks of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
Nutritional Values of African Walnuts
Nutrients
Amount
Calories
315kcal
Carbohydrates
13.14g
Protein
24.01g
Fats
17.39g
Dietary Fiber
5.99g
Walnuts are rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and phytonutrients needed for the health improvement such nutrients include thiamine, vitamin C, folates, riboflavin, cyanocobalamin, niacin, vitamin E and B vitamins such as B-1, B-2, B-3, B-5, B-6, B-9 and B-12.
They are actually the powerhouse of nutrition containing essential nutrients such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol, pantothenic acid, healthy fats, plant sterols, pyridoxine and cyanocobalamin.
Also traces of essential minerals such as iron, zinc, sodium, manganese, selenium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and copper.
Origin of African Walnut
African walnuts are organic seasonal fruits mainly grown in West African countries. It is gotten from the mother tree, African walnut tree.
It has black coloured pericarp covering the milk coloured round nut inside.
They are scientifically called Tetracarpidium conophorum (botanical name).
In Edo language, it is called Okhue or Okwe; Asala or awusa in Yoruba, Ukpa in Igbo, arinsa in Igbira and Kaso or ngak in Cameroon.
The entire plant compounds are nutritious and are associated with potential benefits to human health such that they help in warding off malaria attack, treatment of toothache problems and others as mentioned above.
How much African walnuts can be eaten in a day?
African walnuts are good to be consumed on daily basis to help ward off some life-threatening diseases.
There are no proven side effects associated with eating African walnuts. But good foods are always good to be eaten in moderation.
Therefore, two handfuls of black African walnuts per day is quite safe and can supply your body with numerous benefits.
African Walnut Tree
African walnut tree or Nigerian walnut tree is known as Coulaedulis belonging to the plant family of Coula.
It originated from the tropical West African countries, Sierra Leone to Angola and then to Nigeria and other countries in West Africa. African walnut mother tree produces the nuts that we eat.
How to cook African walnut
African walnut is cooked with its shell at boiling temperature above the boiling point of water and left for up to 10 minutes on fire. It is served with its shells which must be removed before eating.
In a similar way, it can be baked in an oven by placing the raw nuts on a pan and put in an oven for 15 to 20 minutes. They can as well be served roasted as healthy snacks.
Uses of African Walnuts
African walnuts are used in making soup. In this way, they serve as a substitute for egusi.
To do this, remove the shells of the nuts then grind the nuts into a paste then apply the same method used in making egusi soup.
They are also used for quick fry dish recipes. To make this Nigerian recipe, remove the shells of the walnuts then cut the nuts into quarter sizes. Heat up little quantity of red oil in a frying pan, add sliced onions and red pepper sauce to your taste and stir very well.
Add the nuts and stir up for some minutes then combine with salt and other condiments and allow for 5 to 8 minutes. You can add steamed vegetable or salad if you wish.
Serve the delicious meal with fish, chicken or any meat of your choice for lunch or dinner.
Walnut season in Nigeria
African walnuts is a seasonal fruit in Nigeria that is cultivated annually mainly in the western parts of Nigeria. Yoruba is the major Nigeria tribe that grows these nuts most, among Igbo and Hausa.
Conclusion
African walnut has proven evidence that leads to general acceptability to its protective effects against certain diseases majorly the cardiovascular disease (CDV).
Eating of this fruit is not only effective for the health of man but contributes to other lifestyle characteristics backed up by evidence from certain scientific investigations.
It is advised to be included as part of the daily diet because it has a range of balanced nutrition such as vitamins, dietary fibre, essential minerals and vitamins as well as some plant compounds.
Food Profile - African Walnuts
African walnuts (botanical name - tetracarpidium conophorum) are fruits of a woody perennial climber plant, found mostly in the dense rain-forest of Africa. (some also found in India). Locally referred to as asala, ewusa/awusa (Yoruba) ekporo in the Efik dialect and ukpa in Igbo.
Description: The fruits come in a hard kernel casing which releases a whitish round nut when cracked open. The shell colour often black but can be any shade of gray.
The entire plant including leaves and roots have nutritional and medicinal properties, for which it is cultivate. The fruits (which are basically a type of nut) are the most commonly used part of the plant, significantly used for food and also to extract its oil which has a very high value especially in medicine and pharmaceutical.
Taste:
The fruit has a firm and crunchy texture with no overpowering flavours. But upon drinking water after consumption, one may experience an unusual bitter taste/sensation in the mouth. This is believed to be attributed to the presence of some variants of chemical alkaloids, tannins or phytochemicals. This however has no toxicity and of no danger to human consumption.
Nutritional Data based on 100g of shelled walnut kernels
Calories - 315kcal
Carbohydrates -13.14g
Protein - 24.01
Fats - 17.39
Fibre - 5.99
Vitamins: - C, E, B6, B7, thiamin, folate
Minerals: - Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium, Copper, Iron, Zinc, Sodium
Fatty Acids - Omega 3 & 6
Health Use/Benefits
There are so many claims about the health benefits of African walnuts, some of which have been scientifically proven. However, I am more drawn towards the impressive nutritional profile of the fruit especially the amount of essential fatty acids and anti-oxidants it possesses. For this reason, I am of the opinion that this fruit should feature regularly in my diet, and I am exploring ways of achieving this aim. In my opinion, it is a super fruit / super food... and we should be eating more of it.
How to Cook/Eat African Walnuts
I love walnuts and I generally eat them boiled as a snack, though they can also be roasted. My mum and her mum assure me that boiled walnuts are a good substitute for egusi and can be used to make a dish similar to egusi soup(...yet to try that out, but will share with you once I do...!). I am of the opinion that the fruits are too good and healthy to only eat as a snack. So I decided to create a couple of salad dishes with them, with really good outcome. Find an example here...
Boiling requires cooking the unshelled fruits in water for a while and draining off before serving. Similarly the unshelled fruits can be baked or roasted in an oven. To cook in soups, the partially boiled fruits are shelled, milled into a paste and cooked as usual using an egusi soup recipe.
ealth Benefits Of African Walnut by acies360: 9:52pm On Dec 28, 2017
The African walnut, known as Plukenetia conophora, belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae and is found commonly in Nigeria and Cameroon. In Nigeria, it is called ukpa (igbo language) or awusa or asala (Yoruba language). It is a perennial climbing shrub. The nut, which is usually white, is house in a brown-black hard shell which may house one or two nuts. The plant is usually cultivated for its nut which is eaten as a snack either roasted or boiled. Drinking water immediately after eating the nut usually gives a bitter taste. This has been attributed to the presence of alkaloids in walnut seeds. The high nutritional value and numerous health benefits of walnut plant make it an important food source.
Walnut seed oil is a rich source of essential dietary fatty acids –oleic, linoleic and alpha-linoleic acids – which are omega- 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are called essential dietary fatty acids because they are not manufactured by the human body and must therefore be obtained through the diet, again highlighting the usefulness of this plant.
The plant has been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties due to the presence of tannins and may thus be useful in asthma and pain management. It is also used as a male fertility agent because of the vitamin E content of the seed. It also consists of antioxidants that have tendency to increase sperm count, motility, and enhance sperm morphology. Antioxidants have been thought to mop up free radicals that accumulate in the body, promoting the general health of the male reproductive system. Some have even claimed that consumption of walnut seed can contribute to reducing the tendency to develop cardiovascular diseases by lowering cholesterol, reducing inflammation and improving the function of blood vessels. The leaf has been used traditionally in treating various skin diseases such as eczema and psoriasis because of its high vitamin C content.
THE AFRICAN WALNUT; WHY YOU NEED IT AND HOW MUCH YOU SHOULD TAKE!
Yes! It’s that time of the year again when the African walnuts are seen everywhere in the market. For those who love this nut, I’ve got something interesting to let you know about it and for those who don’t like it, maybe this article would give you a reason to try it out tonight!
The African walnut (king of nuts) is mostly found in Nigeria and some other parts of Africa. In the Western part of Nigeria, it is known as “ASALA” while in the Southern part, it is called “UKPA”. It is one of the well packaged nuts that Mother Nature has blessed us with! But guess what? Most people consume it without knowing why and exactly how much they need per serving!
LET’S SEE WHY YOU NEED THIS SPECIAL NUT!
The African walnut has been noted for its remarkable benefits to human health and proven to be an excellent source of essential minerals, vitamins, fiber and phytonutrients needed for healthy functioning of the human body. Let’s see some examples.
HEART DISEASES SUCH AS HYPERTENSION AND HEART ATTACK: Have you heard of L-arginine before? It’s very vital for those suffering from hypertension and other heart diseases! And guess what? African walnuts have loads of it!
SPERM PRODUCTION AND INFERTILITY IN MEN: This special nut is also known to boost sperm production, sperm health, sperm development and sperm count. For instance, taking a serving of this nut for over 8 weeks has been shown to boost men’s fertility. This is mind-blowing!!!
WEIGHT LOSS CREW: To shed off that excess body weight, belly fat and reduce body cholesterol, the African walnut is a top choice snack for you. But know that you must stick to the serving size because they are quite high in calories.
SLEEP DISORDERS: For those having disturbed sleep especially at night, taking this special nut before bedtime might be that magic pill you need because it increases your melatonin which acts on your brain and signal your body to give you a sound sleep.
IRREGULAR MENSTRUAL FLOW AND OVULATION PROBLEMS: African walnuts are rich in omega 3 Fatty acids which aid to regulate hormone levels and manage menstrual cramps (pains). Its high iron content (14%DV per serving) is vital to replenish blood and energy supplies while menstruating.
DIABETES: African walnut is a healthy snack to help reduce the risks of type 2 diabetes.
COGNITIVE (BRAIN) FUNCTIONING: the healthy fats and pyridoxine in African walnuts are key facilitators to improving cognitive function. Growing kids should tap from this benefit as well!
ANAEMIA AND IMMUNE SYSTEM: With the high antioxidant and iron content of African walnut, you are sure to ward off infections, anaemia and even eye related problems by just consuming a serving of this nut daily!
CANCER: African walnuts have been shown to play a vital role in reducing the risks of prostate and breast cancer in humans.
NOW HOW MUCH SHOULD YOU EAT? WHAT IS A SERVING OF THIS NUT?
To obtain maximum benefit from African walnuts, you must learn to stick to the serving size as overdoing it might not bring desired results especially for the watch watchers,yes o!
A serving size is about 30g = 7 whole piece or 14 halves of shelled African walnuts!
Nutrient breakdown of a serving size (7 shelled walnuts) is:
Calories 189.9kcal
Total fat 18g
Carbohydrate 3g
Protein 7g
Fiber 2g (9% DV for a 2000kcal/day)
Sodium 0mg (now you see why it’s perfect for hypertension)
Iron 1.1mg (14%DV; good for anaemia)
Now you see all you stand to gain by taking just 7 walnuts! As long as you stick to this serving per day, you need not worry about the “Forgivable fats” in this walnut,yes they are forgivable fats because they are good fats that help reduce cholesterol levels!
HOW CAN I THESE WALNUTS
Yes, I know most people are used to the boiled walnut as a snack but other super ways of enjoying this nut include;
• Chopping it into your salad dishes
• Blending it into your fruit smoothies
• Have you tried taking it with soaked Garri (like you do with groundnuts)?
• It can be roasted too just like we have roasted groundnut…yeah!
• Using it in soups. Just boil, shell and mill it into a paste then use for cooking (just like the recipe you use for your yummy Egusi soup)
• Tell me which other method you have tried or think we can try?
I guess walnuts are cheap in price compared to their health benefits.
Now Start Masticating Those Nuts Anytime You See Them.
African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) modulates hepatic lipid accumulation in obesity via reciprocal actions on HMG-CoA reductase and paraoxonase.
Uti DE, et al. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2019.
Show full citation
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Obesity is characterized by increased body fat and involves an imbalance between synthesis and degradation of lipids.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of African walnuts (Tetracarpidium conophorum) on storage lipids and the regulatory enzymes of hepatic lipid metabolism in obese rats.
METHODS: The nuts were extracted in ethanol (WE) and further separated to obtain the ethyl-acetate fraction (ET) and the residue (RES). These were administered orally to 3 groups of monosodium glutamate-obese rats (n = 6), respectively, for 6 weeks. Other groups in the study were the normal (NC), obese control (OC) and standard control (SC) which received orlistat. Hepatic total lipids, total phospholipids, triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TCHOL), 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and paraoxonase were studied.
RESULTS: Total lipids, TG and TCHOL which increased in OC compared to NC group, were decreased. HMG-CoA reductase activity decreased in the 3 study groups relative to OC. Paraoxonase activity which decreased in OC, was up-regulated, while the magnitude of hepatic cholesterol decreased from 94.32 % in OC to 52.19, 65.43 and 47.04 % with WE, ET and RES, respectively. Flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and saponins were detected in the nut. GC-MS analysis revealed 16, 18 and 10 volatile components in WE, ET and RES, respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids (linolenic acids: 33.33, 47.95 and 50.93 %, and α-linolenic acids: 25, 19.66 and 26.63 %) in WE, ET and RES, respectively, being most abundant, and likely responsible for the observed activity.
CONCLUSION: African walnuts can prevent hepatic lipid accumulation through reciprocal actions on HMG-CoA reductase and paraoxonase in obesity.
Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.
AbstractFormulae display:?
In this research about 1,700 samples of the African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) were measured for their axial dimensions, mass, geometric mean, sphericity index, surface area, aspect ratios, angle of repose on steel, wood and glass, porosity, bulk and true density of the nut, kernel and shell at five moisture levels and three size ranges. Various equations linking the nut moisture content with other physical properties for nut and kernel were established using regression models. The studies showed that at initial moisture content of 28.2% w.b, the African wild walnut fall mostly within the mass (m) range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g with shell thicknes of 0. 135 ± 0.04 cm, kernel mass of 4.22 ± 0.26 g, kernel moisture content of 28.9% w.b, porosity of 45%, nut true density of 0.815 g/cm3, nut bulk density of 0.45 g/cm3, nut aspect ratio of 76% and nut surface area of 15.41 cm2. This various properties are affected by increase in moisture contents and change in nut mass.
Keywords: nut size, nut mass, moisture contents, sorting, regression modeling
View correction statement:
Corrigendum
Public Interest Statement
With the recent dwindling revenue from crude oil, Nigeria is turning to all this undocumented crops in the wild like walnut, domesticating and commercializing them to boast its export revenue. However understanding the physical properties will aid in machine design for planting and processing to enhance its mass production but literature on physical properties of wild walnut cultivar from tropical Africa in particular is very rare. This physical properties is majorly affected by moisture content.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interest.
1. Introduction
Persian Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is known to be rich in oil, vitamins, minerals and proteins (Ozcan, 2009; Özcan, İman, & Arslan, 2010) and is mostly produced in orchards in temperate zones like Turkey, China, Iran and USA (Erturk & Dalkilic, 2011; FAO, 2013). Less is known about the African walnut (Ogunsua & Adebona, 1983), gotten from the wild in Nigeria, and it might differ in physical characteristics from Persian walnuts found in these countries. This is because researchers (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010; Asma, 2012; Cerović, Gološin, Todorović, Bijelić, & Ognjanov, 2010; Keles, Akca, & Ercisli, 2014; Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005) have shown that several genotypes and cultivars of the walnut family abound from different regions with their physical properties modified by the environment and climatic condition (Cosmulescu, 2013; Ebrahimi, Zarei, Fatahi, & Varnamkhasti, 2009). Very few open literature exist in physical properties of the African walnut and focused on the Persian walnut from USA, Iran and Turkey (Altuntas & Erkol, 2009, 2010; Ebrahimi et al., 2009, Heydari, Jafari, Mobli, Rafee, & Portahmasi, 2011; Khir, Pan, Atungulu, Thompson, & Shao, 2011; Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005), while the study of wild walnut from Nigeria or Africa is scarce. Research has shown that the adaptability of agro processing machines is crop and most cases cultivar specific and mostly affected by physical properties of the particular crop. This has led to the studies of physical properties of several crops and crops of the same species but different genotype and cultivars (Dash, Pradhan, Das, & Naik, 2008; Jahromi et al., 2008; Khir, Atungulu, Pan, Thompson, & Zheng, 2014; Khir et al., 2011; Kılıçkan & Güner, 2008; Sessiz, Esgici, & Kızıl, 2007; Seyed & Taghizadeh, 2007). Lack of this knowledge might lead to the underperformance of these machines and equipment for the intended purpose. Therefore the objective of the present research is to characterize some physical properties of the African walnut from Nigeria at different moisture content in order to establish physical properties data for designing and production of planting processing and material handling equipment.
Materials and methods
2.1. Sample preparations
This study was carried out at the post harvest and processing engineering laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike Nigeria. In total 1,700 samples of walnut were obtained from the open market in South Eastern Nigeria because there is no known walnut orchard in the area. The walnuts were sorted and graded according to three mass ranges of m < 5.5, 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 and m > 6.5 g. The grading of the walnut is because it has been established that there is enormous variations in moisture contents of individual walnut of the same cultivar (Ebrahimi et al., 2009; Khadivi-Khub & Ebrahimi, 2015; Khir et al., 2011). For each experiment 150 samples of walnut were randomly selected and used.
2.2. Determination of physical properties
The summary of the measured and calculated physical properties and the various equations used in determining them is shown in Table 1. The moisture contents of nut, kernel and shell were determined by using a laboratory oven (UMB 500 Sehutzart, DIN EN 60529-IP 20, Memmert, Germany) at an isothermal temperature of 100°C for 24 h (Khir et al., 2014). The mass of the nut, kernel and the shell was measured using electronic weighing balance (Scout Pro SPU 405, China) with a sensitivity of 0.01 g. Variation of the moisture contents and the masses were achieved by soaking the entire nut in water between 6 and 30 h (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010). The soaked samples were removed from the water and stored with black polyethylene bag in the refrigerator for 2 days. Each sample was removed from the fridge 24 h before each experimental evaluation to achieve moisture equilibrium within the sample and thawing. Also the axial dimensions were determined with a venire caliper (mitutoyo, JIS.B.7502.). True density measurement was carried out by water immersion method as described by Jahromi et al. (2008) and water displacement method as described by Spreer and Müller (2011). The bulk density was determined with the methods described by Jahromi et al. (2008) and Ndukwu (2009). This was done by loosely filling a container of known volume and mass with the nut, kernel or shell from a constant height. Also the angle of repose on wood, glass and steel were determined by the method of inclined plane as described by Jahromi et al. (2008). All other derived physical properties were determined quantitatively as presented in Table 1. Microsoft Excel 2007 was used to run the statistical analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the level of significance of data at different moisture contents at 95% confidence limit.
Determined physical properties of nut, shell and kernel of the wild walnut
Display Table
2.3. Regression curve fitting equations
It is very important to have the knowledge of the moisture contents and mass of the walnut in relationship with the kernel to avoid over drying of the kernel. Regression modeling was done by curve fitting some physical properties with the moisture contents of the nut (n/mc) into two, two parameter logarithm function (positive and negative coefficient), a linear function and an allometric power function using Levenberg Marquardt iteration algorithm (Table 2). This is because from literature (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010; Jahromi et al., 2008; Khir et al., 2011), most moisture content relationships with other physical properties follow any of this functions. “y” represents the physical properties while “x” is the nut moisture content. Where a, b and n are constants in the predicting equations. The four equations are expressed as in Table 2. In each case the four equations were generally tested and the predictor with higher coefficient of determination (R2) was chosen to predict the relationship between the moisture contents and the physical properties. The modeling tool is ORIGIN PRO 9.1 data analysis and graphing software.
Figure 1, presents the frequency distribution of the walnut. The frequency distribution depicts a Guassian model, with nut in the mass range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g depicting the modal class. About 3.14% of the whole nut was found to be either cracked or with a decayed kernel. This group of nuts were classified as bad nuts and shown in Figure 1. The initial moisture content difference for the three groups varied from 1.5–3.8% (w.b). Table 3 shows that the increment of the moisture content of the whole nut by 16.4% (w.b) resulted in the increment of the moisture content of the kernel by 14.4% (w.b) for mass range m > 6.5 g while Table 4 shows increment of 23.1% (w.b) resulted in 14.9% (w.b) increase in kernel moisture content for mass range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g. Table 5 also showed that 19.4% (w.b) nut moisture increase for the mass size of m < 5.5 g led to 10.6% (w.b) moisture increase for the kernel. There is considerable difference between the moisture content of the whole nut and the kernel. This is significant in the drying process of walnut to avoide over drying and loss of essesntial oils from the kernel. Furthermore, increase in moisture level affected the overall size of the nut and kernel as expected (Tables 3–5). This is in agreement with various researchers (Gharibzahedi, Etemad, Mirarab-Razi, & Foshat, 2010; Sessiz et al., 2007) which reported that water uptake into the intracellular pores within the nut or kernel of crops resulted in the swelling or enlargement of the nut and kernel (Tables 3–5).
Figure 1. The frequency distribution curve of the walnut samples.
Nut and kernel dimensions and shapes
3.1.1. Axial dimensions
The axial dimensions and masses in Tables 3–5 showed that the African walnut from Nigeria is smaller than the Kaman, Buyuk Oba, DE and 32.YS Persian walnut genotype from Turkey (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010; Dogan et al., 2005; Özcan et al., 2010; Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005). Tables 3–5 shows that at initial moisture content of 24.4–28.2% (w.b) the major diameter ranged from 2.48 to 2.73 cm while the minor diameter ranged from 1.85–2.17 cm. Table 3 shows that when the nut moisture content rose from 24.4–38.8% (w.b) for the size of m > 6.5 g, the geometric mean diameter (ndg) of the nut increased by 5.98% while that of the kernel (kdg) increased by 8.95%. Also for the size of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g, increase of moisture from 28.2–43.3% (w.b) resulted in a geometric mean diameter increase of 4.98% for the nut and 2.15% for the kernel as shown in Table 3. The same trend was observed for the size of m < 5.5 g where its ndg and kdg increased by 2.84 and 5.39% respectively as shown in Table 4. The regression equation depicting the relationship between the nut geometric mean (nde) and moisture content (n.mc) is shown in Equations (1)–(3).
ndg=2.321+7.249×10−8n.mc3.96739(m>6.5g,R2=0.92225)
ndg=2.321+7.249×10-8n.mc3.96739m>6.5g,R2=0.92225
(1)
ndg=2.321+7.249×10−8n.mc3.96739(5.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.96359)
ndg=2.321+7.249×10-8n.mc3.967395.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.96359
(2)
ndg=2.1076+4.2458×10−14n.mc7.7927(m<5.5g,R2=0.84540)
ndg=2.1076+4.2458×10-14n.mc7.7927m<5.5g,R2=0.84540
(3)
Furthermore, the nut moisture content and kernel moisture content (k.mc) is best predicted by two term negative coefficient logrithimic function (Table 2) as shown in Equations (4)–(6). This results is similar to that obtained for Tulare, Howard, and Chandler walnut genotype from California (Khir et al., 2011).
k.mc=13.693ln(n.mc−18.071)(m>6.5g,R2=0.90462)
k.mc=13.693lnn.mc-18.071m>6.5g,R2=0.90462
(4)
k.mc=15.7066ln(n.mc−23.533)(5.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.96832)
k.mc=15.7066lnn.mc-23.5335.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.96832
(5)
k.mc=21.530ln(n.mc−15.926)(m<5.5g,R2=0.99703)
k.mc=21.530lnn.mc-15.926m<5.5g,R2=0.99703
(6)
3.1.2. Nut and kernel mass
Tables 3–5 also shows that at initial nut moisture content of 24.4–28.2% (w.b) and kernel moisture content of 23.1–25.8% (w.b), the nut mass ranged from 4.76 to 7.41 g while the kernel mass ranged from 3.32 to 4.77 g. The nut and kernel mass also increased linearly with moisture content. The data obtained above showed that the African walnut has lower nut mass range than the 32.YS, Buyuk Oba and Persian genotype group from Turkey (Özcan et al., 2010; Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005). However when the kernel mass is compared, it is similar to the 32.YS.051, 32.YS. 098, 32.YS .075, 32.YS .031 and Kaman-2 genotype. The difference can be found in the shell mass because of the temperate nature of turkey, the 32.YS genotype has thicker shell (Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005) compared to the tropical wild walnut from Nigeria with thinner shell.
The fitting of the curve through the plot of nut mass (N) with kernel mass (K) at different mass sizes and moisture content in Tables 3–5. The prediction of measured and estimated kernel mass is given in Equation (7)–(9) for m > 6.5 g, 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g and m < 5.5 g respectively.
It was observed that there was very large variations in shell thickness and mass among individual walnuts of the same mass size and mosture content. High coeffifficient of variation (CV) for shell thickness has also been observed by Khadivi-Khub and Ebrahimi (2015) on Iranian walnuts. One of the reasons might be the diversity of the nuts from different trees (Khadivi-Khub & Ebrahimi, 2015). Therefore the measurement of the shell thickness and shell mass presented a wide range of values. However the shell thicknes and shell mass ranged from 0. 121–0.144 cm and 2.58–2.79 g respectively for m > 6.5 g while for 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g, they ranged from 0.123 to 0.135 cm and 1.83–1.99 g respectively. Also for m < 5.5 g, the shell thickness and shell mass ranged from 0.109 to 0.145 cm and 1.42–1.83 g respectively. The values of the shell thickness determined were lower than the 32.YS Persian walnut genotype from Turkey (Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005). However, it is in the same range with the G-570 genotype from Iran (Ebrahimi et al., 2009). The shell on the Nigerian wild walnut is smooth and very thin and can be classified as fine walnut. The thinner nature of the shell makes it easy to crack. Infact locally these wild walnut is cracked with human teeth to remove the kernel for consumption. The result obtained is useful in designing the cracking machine.
3.1.4. Sphericity, aspect ratio and surface area
The sphericity index and aspect ratio defines the shape of the nut and kernel. For all sizes, the sphericity index was above 0.81 (81%) and increased with moisture contents for the nut and kernel as shown in Tables 3–5. Furthermore, Tables 3–5 show that the aspect ratios ranged from 0.74–0.80 to 0.66–0.79 for the nut and kernel respectively. Garnayak, Pradhan, Naik, and Bhatnagar (2008) described seed with sphericity above 70% as spherical, therefore the wild walnut and kernel has spherical shape and can roll down the hopper during processing. Comparetively, nut with mass greater than 6.5 g is less spherical while the mass range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g is more spherical (Tables 3–5). There surface area can be calculated as that of equivalent sphere with there values ranging from 12.17–19.32 cm2 for nut and 8.99–12.21 cm2 for kernel. The difference in spherity index show a very low variations among moisture contents for all sizes with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 1.39 × 10−5 − 5.81 × 10−4 for the nut and 2.47−5.22 × 10−4 for kernel. Lowest CV was observed for mass size below 5.5 g while highest value was for mass size of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g.
Frictional property
The angle of repose (for all surfaces) increased with moisture content (Tables 3–5). This is the tendency of nut beign more cohesive at higher moisture content (Malik & Saini, 2016). However wood surface consistently presented a higher angle of repose than steel and glass in that order. The maximum angle of repose of 64.26° occurred at the highest moisture content of 36.4% moisture cotent for m < 5.5 g.
3.3. Gravimetric properties
3.3.1. Porosity and densities
The bulk densities increased with moisture content while the true density and porosities decreased as shown in Tables 3–5. The porosity of the nut and shell, were not statististicall different at all sizes for the initial moisture contents but its statistically significant at the same size at different moisture level. When the initial moisture content is considered, nuts with mass greater than 6.5 g has the highest initial true density of 1.05 g/cm3 while the modal size range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g has the lowest initial true density of 0.819 g/cm3. The bulk density at the initial moisture contents for all sizes ranged from 0.45 to 0.49 g/cm3 and increased with moisture content. The bulk and true density is lower than G-500 walnut genotype group from Iran (Ebrahimi et al., 2009) but higher than Yalova walnut from Turkey (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010). The porosity of the walnut is lower than the Yalova from Turkey (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010). Equations (10)–(15) depicts the variation of nut true density (δT) and porosity (nε) at different moisture content (X) and sizes.
δT=1.32−0.11X(m>6.5g,R2=0.9247)
δT=1.32-0.11Xm>6.5g,R2=0.9247
(10)
nε=ln(2.152−0.017X)(m>6.5g,R2=0.8469)
nε=ln2.152-0.017Xm>6.5g,R2=0.8469
(11)
δT=0.83−7.07−21X11.61(5.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.7693)
δT=0.83-7.07-21X11.615.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.7693
(12)
nε=0.48−1.24−12X−6.8(5.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.6303)
nε=0.48-1.24-12X-6.85.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.6303
(13)
δT=5.06X−0.48(m<5.5g,R2=0.7101)
δT=5.06X-0.48m<5.5g,R2=0.7101
(14)
nε=−0.017X+1.017(m<5.5g,R2=0.8585)
nε=-0.017X+1.017m<5.5g,R2=0.8585
(15)
Conclusion
Several physical properties of African walnut was investigated and reported at five moisture levels and three size range. Among the physical properties investigated, only the true density and porosity decreased with moisture content while the rest increased. The physical properties show that the African walnut Nigeria cultiva is smaller in nut dimensions and mass compared to Persian walnuts from Turkey, Serbia, Romanian, USA and Iran but their range of true density and sphericity did not vary much. Also despite the smaller size of the whole nut, the kernel mass fall within the same range in some cases. Therefore the larger size of the walnut from these temperate zones might be as a result of thicker shell and not necessarily the kernel size. The shell on the African walnut is smooth and very thin, similar to G-570 genotype from Iran and can be classified as fine walnut. This is important for industrial application for shelling and drying purposes. In addition, due to the smaller sizes they have higher bulk density which is important for packaging and transportation purposes.
Corrigendum
This article was originally published with errors. This version has been corrected. Please see Corrigendum (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.12
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Additional information
Author information
M.C. Ndukwu
Dr M.C. Ndukwu is a senior lecturer in agricultural and bio-resources engineering. He specialized in crop processing and storage engineering with special interest in processes, machines and equipment for processing undomesticated indigenous crops to achieve sustainable food production and quench hunger in sub Saharan Africa.
C. Ejirika
C. Ejirika is a student studying for post graduate diploma in agricultural and bioresources engineering under supervision by Dr Ndukwu.
Funding
Funding. The authors received no direct funding for this researc
Physical properties of the African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) from Nigeria
M.C. Ndukwu & C. Ejirika | Manuel Tejada Moral (Reviewing Editor)
Article: 1232849 | Received 15 Jul 2016, Accepted 01 Sep 2016, Accepted author version posted online: 08 Sep 2016, Published online:20 Sep 2016
In this research about 1,700 samples of the African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) were measured for their axial dimensions, mass, geometric mean, sphericity index, surface area, aspect ratios, angle of repose on steel, wood and glass, porosity, bulk and true density of the nut, kernel and shell at five moisture levels and three size ranges. Various equations linking the nut moisture content with other physical properties for nut and kernel were established using regression models. The studies showed that at initial moisture content of 28.2% w.b, the African wild walnut fall mostly within the mass (m) range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g with shell thicknes of 0. 135 ± 0.04 cm, kernel mass of 4.22 ± 0.26 g, kernel moisture content of 28.9% w.b, porosity of 45%, nut true density of 0.815 g/cm3, nut bulk density of 0.45 g/cm3, nut aspect ratio of 76% and nut surface area of 15.41 cm2. This various properties are affected by increase in moisture contents and change in nut mass.
Keywords: nut size, nut mass, moisture contents, sorting, regression modeling
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Corrigen
Public Interest Statement
With the recent dwindling revenue from crude oil, Nigeria is turning to all this undocumented crops in the wild like walnut, domesticating and commercializing them to boast its export revenue. However understanding the physical properties will aid in machine design for planting and processing to enhance its mass production but literature on physical properties of wild walnut cultivar from tropical Africa in particular is very rare. This physical properties is majorly affected by moisture content.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interest.
1. Introduction
Persian Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is known to be rich in oil, vitamins, minerals and proteins (Ozcan, 2009; Özcan, İman, & Arslan, 2010) and is mostly produced in orchards in temperate zones like Turkey, China, Iran and USA (Erturk & Dalkilic, 2011; FAO, 2013). Less is known about the African walnut (Ogunsua & Adebona, 1983), gotten from the wild in Nigeria, and it might differ in physical characteristics from Persian walnuts found in these countries. This is because researchers (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010; Asma, 2012; Cerović, Gološin, Todorović, Bijelić, & Ognjanov, 2010; Keles, Akca, & Ercisli, 2014; Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005) have shown that several genotypes and cultivars of the walnut family abound from different regions with their physical properties modified by the environment and climatic condition (Cosmulescu, 2013; Ebrahimi, Zarei, Fatahi, & Varnamkhasti, 2009). Very few open literature exist in physical properties of the African walnut and focused on the Persian walnut from USA, Iran and Turkey (Altuntas & Erkol, 2009, 2010; Ebrahimi et al., 2009, Heydari, Jafari, Mobli, Rafee, & Portahmasi, 2011; Khir, Pan, Atungulu, Thompson, & Shao, 2011; Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005), while the study of wild walnut from Nigeria or Africa is scarce. Research has shown that the adaptability of agro processing machines is crop and most cases cultivar specific and mostly affected by physical properties of the particular crop. This has led to the studies of physical properties of several crops and crops of the same species but different genotype and cultivars (Dash, Pradhan, Das, & Naik, 2008; Jahromi et al., 2008; Khir, Atungulu, Pan, Thompson, & Zheng, 2014; Khir et al., 2011; Kılıçkan & Güner, 2008; Sessiz, Esgici, & Kızıl, 2007; Seyed & Taghizadeh, 2007). Lack of this knowledge might lead to the underperformance of these machines and equipment for the intended purpose. Therefore the objective of the present research is to characterize some physical properties of the African walnut from Nigeria at different moisture content in order to establish physical properties data for designing and production of planting processing and material handling equipment.
Materials and methods
2.1. Sample preparations
This study was carried out at the post harvest and processing engineering laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike Nigeria. In total 1,700 samples of walnut were obtained from the open market in South Eastern Nigeria because there is no known walnut orchard in the area. The walnuts were sorted and graded according to three mass ranges of m < 5.5, 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 and m > 6.5 g. The grading of the walnut is because it has been established that there is enormous variations in moisture contents of individual walnut of the same cultivar (Ebrahimi et al., 2009; Khadivi-Khub & Ebrahimi, 2015; Khir et al., 2011). For each experiment 150 samples of walnut were randomly selected and used.
2.2. Determination of physical properties
The summary of the measured and calculated physical properties and the various equations used in determining them is shown in Table 1. The moisture contents of nut, kernel and shell were determined by using a laboratory oven (UMB 500 Sehutzart, DIN EN 60529-IP 20, Memmert, Germany) at an isothermal temperature of 100°C for 24 h (Khir et al., 2014). The mass of the nut, kernel and the shell was measured using electronic weighing balance (Scout Pro SPU 405, China) with a sensitivity of 0.01 g. Variation of the moisture contents and the masses were achieved by soaking the entire nut in water between 6 and 30 h (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010). The soaked samples were removed from the water and stored with black polyethylene bag in the refrigerator for 2 days. Each sample was removed from the fridge 24 h before each experimental evaluation to achieve moisture equilibrium within the sample and thawing. Also the axial dimensions were determined with a venire caliper (mitutoyo, JIS.B.7502.). True density measurement was carried out by water immersion method as described by Jahromi et al. (2008) and water displacement method as described by Spreer and Müller (2011). The bulk density was determined with the methods described by Jahromi et al. (2008) and Ndukwu (2009). This was done by loosely filling a container of known volume and mass with the nut, kernel or shell from a constant height. Also the angle of repose on wood, glass and steel were determined by the method of inclined plane as described by Jahromi et al. (2008). All other derived physical properties were determined quantitatively as presented in Table 1. Microsoft Excel 2007 was used to run the statistical analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the level of significance of data at different moisture contents at 95% confidence limit.
Table 1. Determined physical properties of nut, shell and kernel of the wild walnut
Regression curve fitting equations
It is very important to have the knowledge of the moisture contents and mass of the walnut in relationship with the kernel to avoid over drying of the kernel. Regression modeling was done by curve fitting some physical properties with the moisture contents of the nut (n/mc) into two, two parameter logarithm function (positive and negative coefficient), a linear function and an allometric power function using Levenberg Marquardt iteration algorithm (Table 2). This is because from literature (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010; Jahromi et al., 2008; Khir et al., 2011), most moisture content relationships with other physical properties follow any of this functions. “y” represents the physical properties while “x” is the nut moisture content. Where a, b and n are constants in the predicting equations. The four equations are expressed as in Table 2. In each case the four equations were generally tested and the predictor with higher coefficient of determination (R2) was chosen to predict the relationship between the moisture contents and the physical properties. The modeling tool is ORIGIN PRO 9.1 data analysis and graphing software.
Table 2. Regression equations
Results and discussion
Figure 1, presents the frequency distribution of the walnut. The frequency distribution depicts a Guassian model, with nut in the mass range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g depicting the modal class. About 3.14% of the whole nut was found to be either cracked or with a decayed kernel. This group of nuts were classified as bad nuts and shown in Figure 1. The initial moisture content difference for the three groups varied from 1.5–3.8% (w.b). Table 3 shows that the increment of the moisture content of the whole nut by 16.4% (w.b) resulted in the increment of the moisture content of the kernel by 14.4% (w.b) for mass range m > 6.5 g while Table 4 shows increment of 23.1% (w.b) resulted in 14.9% (w.b) increase in kernel moisture content for mass range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g. Table 5 also showed that 19.4% (w.b) nut moisture increase for the mass size of m < 5.5 g led to 10.6% (w.b) moisture increase for the kernel. There is considerable difference between the moisture content of the whole nut and the kernel. This is significant in the drying process of walnut to avoide over drying and loss of essesntial oils from the kernel. Furthermore, increase in moisture level affected the overall size of the nut and kernel as expected (Tables 3–5). This is in agreement with various researchers (Gharibzahedi, Etemad, Mirarab-Razi, & Foshat, 2010; Sessiz et al., 2007) which reported that water uptake into the intracellular pores within the nut or kernel of crops resulted in the swelling or enlargement of the nut and kernel (Tables 3–5).
Figure 1. The frequency distribution curve of the walnut samples.
Nut and kernel dimensions and shapes
3.1.1. Axial dimensions
The axial dimensions and masses in Tables 3–5 showed that the African walnut from Nigeria is smaller than the Kaman, Buyuk Oba, DE and 32.YS Persian walnut genotype from Turkey (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010; Dogan et al., 2005; Özcan et al., 2010; Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005). Tables 3–5 shows that at initial moisture content of 24.4–28.2% (w.b) the major diameter ranged from 2.48 to 2.73 cm while the minor diameter ranged from 1.85–2.17 cm. Table 3 shows that when the nut moisture content rose from 24.4–38.8% (w.b) for the size of m > 6.5 g, the geometric mean diameter (ndg) of the nut increased by 5.98% while that of the kernel (kdg) increased by 8.95%. Also for the size of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g, increase of moisture from 28.2–43.3% (w.b) resulted in a geometric mean diameter increase of 4.98% for the nut and 2.15% for the kernel as shown in Table 3. The same trend was observed for the size of m < 5.5 g where its ndg and kdg increased by 2.84 and 5.39% respectively as shown in Table 4. The regression equation depicting the relationship between the nut geometric mean (nde) and moisture content (n.mc) is shown in Equations (1)–(3).
k.mc=13.693ln(n.mc−18.071)(m>6.5g,R2=0.90462)
k.mc=13.693lnn.mc-18.071m>6.5g,R2=0.90462
(4)
k.mc=15.7066ln(n.mc−23.533)(5.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.96832)
k.mc=15.7066lnn.mc-23.5335.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.96832
(5)
k.mc=21.530ln(n.mc−15.926)(m<5.5g,R2=0.99703)
k.mc=21.530lnn.mc-15.926m<5.5g,R2=0.99703
(6)
3.1.2. Nut and kernel mass
Tables 3–5 also shows that at initial nut moisture content of 24.4–28.2% (w.b) and kernel moisture content of 23.1–25.8% (w.b), the nut mass ranged from 4.76 to 7.41 g while the kernel mass ranged from 3.32 to 4.77 g. The nut and kernel mass also increased linearly with moisture content. The data obtained above showed that the African walnut has lower nut mass range than the 32.YS, Buyuk Oba and Persian genotype group from Turkey (Özcan et al., 2010; Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005). However when the kernel mass is compared, it is similar to the 32.YS.051, 32.YS. 098, 32.YS .075, 32.YS .031 and Kaman-2 genotype. The difference can be found in the shell mass because of the temperate nature of turkey, the 32.YS genotype has thicker shell (Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005) compared to the tropical wild walnut from Nigeria with thinner shell.
The fitting of the curve through the plot of nut mass (N) with kernel mass (K) at different mass sizes and moisture content in Tables 3–5. The prediction of measured and estimated kernel mass is given in Equation (7)–(9) for m > 6.5 g, 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g and m < 5.5 g respectively.
N=4.49623+1.245×10−5K4.013(R2=0.8949)
N=4.49623+1.245×10-5K4.013R2=0.8949
(7)
N=Ln(49.59K−229.86)(R2=0.9687)
N=Ln49.59K-229.86R2=0.9687
(8)
N=3.311+6.902×10−23K37.63(R2=0.8949)
N=3.311+6.902×10-23K37.63R2=0.8949
(9)
3.1.3. Shell thickness and shell mass
It was observed that there was very large variations in shell thickness and mass among individual walnuts of the same mass size and mosture content. High coeffifficient of variation (CV) for shell thickness has also been observed by Khadivi-Khub and Ebrahimi (2015) on Iranian walnuts. One of the reasons might be the diversity of the nuts from different trees (Khadivi-Khub & Ebrahimi, 2015). Therefore the measurement of the shell thickness and shell mass presented a wide range of values. However the shell thicknes and shell mass ranged from 0. 121–0.144 cm and 2.58–2.79 g respectively for m > 6.5 g while for 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g, they ranged from 0.123 to 0.135 cm and 1.83–1.99 g respectively. Also for m < 5.5 g, the shell thickness and shell mass ranged from 0.109 to 0.145 cm and 1.42–1.83 g respectively. The values of the shell thickness determined were lower than the 32.YS Persian walnut genotype from Turkey (Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005). However, it is in the same range with the G-570 genotype from Iran (Ebrahimi et al., 2009). The shell on the Nigerian wild walnut is smooth and very thin and can be classified as fine walnut. The thinner nature of the shell makes it easy to crack. Infact locally these wild walnut is cracked with human teeth to remove the kernel for consumption. The result obtained is useful in designing the cracking machine.
3.1.4. Sphericity, aspect ratio and surface area
The sphericity index and aspect ratio defines the shape of the nut and kernel. For all sizes, the sphericity index was above 0.81 (81%) and increased with moisture contents for the nut and kernel as shown in Tables 3–5. Furthermore, Tables 3–5 show that the aspect ratios ranged from 0.74–0.80 to 0.66–0.79 for the nut and kernel respectively. Garnayak, Pradhan, Naik, and Bhatnagar (2008) described seed with sphericity above 70% as spherical, therefore the wild walnut and kernel has spherical shape and can roll down the hopper during processing. Comparetively, nut with mass greater than 6.5 g is less spherical while the mass range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g is more spherical (Tables 3–5). There surface area can be calculated as that of equivalent sphere with there values ranging from 12.17–19.32 cm2 for nut and 8.99–12.21 cm2 for kernel. The difference in spherity index show a very low variations among m
(15)
4. Conclusion
Several physical properties of African walnut was investigated and reported at five moisture levels and three size range. Among the physical properties investigated, only the true density and porosity decreased with moisture content while the rest increased. The physical properties show that the African walnut Nigeria cultiva is smaller in nut dimensions and mass compared to Persian walnuts from Turkey, Serbia, Romanian, USA and Iran but their range of true density and sphericity did not vary much. Also despite the smaller size of the whole nut, the kernel mass fall within the same range in some cases. Therefore the larger size of the walnut from these temperate zones might be as a result of thicker shell and not necessarily the kernel size. The shell on the African walnut is smooth and very thin, similar to G-570 genotype from Iran and can be classified as fine walnut. This is important for industrial application for shelling and drying purposes. In addition, due to the smaller sizes they have higher bulk density which is important for packaging and transportation purposes.
Corrigendum
This article was originally published with errors. This version has been corrected. Please see Corrigendum (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1275086).
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Additional information
Author information
M.C. Ndukwu
Dr M.C. Ndukwu is a senior lecturer in agricultural and bio-resources engineering. He specialized in crop processing and storage engineering with special interest in processes, machines and equipment for processing undomesticated indigenous crops to achieve sustainable food production and quench hunger in sub Saharan Africa.
C. Ejirika
C. Ejirika is a student studying for post graduate diploma in agricultural and bioresources engineering under supervision by Dr Ndukwu.
Physical properties of the African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) from Nigeria
Article (PDF Available) in Cogent Food And Agriculture 2016(2: 1232849):1-11 · September 2016 with 532 Reads
DOI: 10.1080/23311932.2016.1232849
Cite this publication
Ndukwu m. c.
19.77Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike
C. Ejirika
Abstract
In this research about 1,700 samples of the African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) were measured for their axial dimensions, mass, geometric mean, sphericity index, surface area, aspect ratios, angle of repose on steel, wood and glass, porosity, bulk and true density of the nut, kernel and shell at five moisture levels and three size ranges. Various equations linking the nut moisture content with other physical properties for nut and kernel were established using regression models. The studies showed that at initial moisture content of 28.2% w.b, the African wild walnut fall mostly within the mass (m) range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g with shell thicknes of 0. 135 ± 0.04 cm, kernel mass of 4.22 ± 0.26 g, kernel moisture content of 28.9% w.b, porosity of 45%, nut true density of 0.815 g/cm3, nut bulk density of 0.45 g/cm3, nut aspect ratio of 76% and nut surface area of 15.41 cm2. This various properties are affected by increase in moisture contents and change in nut mass.
Nutrition
Food and Nutrition
African walnut shows evidence in boosting fertility, immunity
It is naturally enclosed in a small spherical shell, but its teeny size does not limit its potency in any way, as researches continue to validate the efficacy of the African walnut as a fertility booster, immunity booster, as well as containing antiviral and inflammatory agents.
In the most recent study, Dada and Aguda, in the Journal of Aquatic Sciences, highlighted the fertility-aiding ability of the phytochemicals found in the black-shelled nut. Findings in the study titled, “Dietary effects of African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) on the reproductive indices in male African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) broodstock, showed that supplementation of African walnut seed powder resulted in improved reproductive performance of male African catfish.
This indeed is a promising window of opportunity for health researchers and practitioners to conduct similar studies on humans with the prospect of curbing the rampant cases of infertility with the natural panacea in this nutrition powerhouse – especially as this is the season of the natural snack.
Another study conducted by researchers from the Department of Applied Biochemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, suggested that the African walnut is an excellent food material with the potential of combating nutritional insecurity in rural communities where they are found. The research, titled: “Comparative proximate analyses of raw and cooked Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut)” showed that the nut is an interesting source of nutrient, being rich in fat with moderate values of crude protein and carbohydrate; while the ash and fibre content was shown to be very low. This explains why it is capable of warding off various viral infections and diseases.
Description
The African walnut, scientifically known as Tetracarpidium conophorum (T. conophorum), belongs to the family Euphorbiaceas. It is a woody perennial climber found in the forest regions of Africa and India. African walnut has a long history as food plant and is grown by peasant farmers across West African rain forest. The climber bears capsules which are greenish in colour when young and greenish yellow when fully ripe. The walnut kernel consists of two bumpy lobes that look like abstract butterflies. The lobes are off white in colour and covered by a thin, light brown skin.
They are particularly attached to each other, while the kernel is enclosed in round or oblong shells that are brown or black in colour and they are hard. They contain four shelled seeds. The seeds take four to six months to mature and are found in the local markets between the months of June and September.
Conophorum plant is cultivated principally for the nuts which are cooked and consumed as snacks. The cooked nuts, containing the edible seeds, are common articles of trade in Nigeria. A bitter taste is usually felt upon drinking water immediately after eating the nuts. This is attributed to the presence of chemical substances such as alkaloids.
Nutritional content of walnut
According to scientists from the Department of Applied Biochemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, the proximate compositions of raw and cooked nuts of T. conophorum were quantitatively evaluated, using the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). They found that raw and cooked walnuts contain 2.0 per cent and 31.0 per cent moisture and 19.39 per cent and 15.90 per cent carbohydrate respectively.
They also contain crude protein of 23.01 per cent and 28.00 per cent, crude fat of 52.1 per cent and 21.1 per cent, crude fibre of 1.0 per cent and 2.0 per cent and ash of 2.0 per cent for raw and cooked walnut respectively. The energy value for raw and cooked walnut was 638.5 and 365.5 Kcal respectively.
Another report succinctly puts the nutritional value of the nut as follows: Omega-3 Fatty Acids 94.6 per cent; Copper 20.0 per cent; Manganese 42.5 per cent and Tryptophan 15.6 per cent.
Phytochemical analysis of the African walnut revealed a high preponderance of phytochemicals, especially saponins and flavonoids in both the dried and wet samples. The high level of antioxidants in this nut has also been severally reported. Many researchers have equally reported on the level of polyphenolic compounds, such as Ellagic and Gallic acids.
Other phenolic acids have been found in African walnuts, such as phenylacetic acid, a strong antisickling agent, protocatechoic acid, syringic, vanillic acid and caffeic acid. These phenolic acids found have been associated with astringency, discolouration and inhibition of some enzyme activity.
Other health benefits of walnut
Prevents cardiovascular diseases: Omega-3 is a very important nutrient, which can prevent many diseases. Walnuts have a high concentration of these good fats, which lower the risks of cardiovascular diseases and promote better cognitive function.
Anti-inflammatory: Walnut has anti-inflammatory properties that protect against asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and other skin diseases related to inflammation like psoriasis and eczema.
Lowers cholesterol level: Walnuts can lower the cholesterol level, due to the nutrients it contains, like antioxidants, phenols, vitamin E, gallic acid and ellagic acid
Immunity booster: Ellagic acid in walnuts is an antioxidant compound that boosts the immune system. In a study titled, ‘“Anti-microbial potential of extracts and fractions of the African walnut – Tetracarpidium conophorum”, published in African Journal of Biotechnology by E. O. Ajaiyeoba and D. A. Fadare of the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, it was found that extracts of the walnut plant are strong antibiotic.
Helpful for the brain: Walnuts are great brain food. It is not only due to the wrinkled appearance of their shell that resembles the brain, but also due to the fact that they contain high levels of omega-3 fatty acids which plays an important role in the process of important nutrients entering the brain cells, and the exit of waste cells. Nearly 60 per cent of our brain is structural fats which are primarily omega-3 fatty acids.
Sound sleep: Melatonin which is a powerful antioxidant and also induces a good night’s sleep, is present in walnuts in the bio-available form. Hence having a handful of walnuts before going off to bed helps in getting a sound sleep.
Anti-aging agents: Most nuts are good for the skin. Benefits of walnuts for skin are due to the antioxidants they contain. As nuts contain vitamins A and E, they protect the skin against free radical damage, thus preventing the signs of aging. Also, the good fats which are omega-3 in walnuts help to maintain a nourished and smooth complexion.
Helps prevent cancer: A research carried out in the Department of Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomosho, found that the high ascorbic acid content found in the walnut indicates that the plant can be used to prevent or at least minimise the formation of carcinogenic substances from dietary material.
Fertility booster: In addition to latest findings on the fertility boosting potential of the nut, a study published by the Nigeria Natural Medicine Development Agency (NNMDA), noted that walnut seeds are used in the treatment of fibroid. It also indicated that chewing the walnut improves sperm count in men.
Reference
Dada and Aguda 2015 Journal of Aquatic Sciences 30(1A): 107-118 Dietary effects of African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) on the reproductive indices in male African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) broodstockPhytochemical and nutrient evaluation of Tetracarpidium Conophorum (Nigerian walnut)root. P.B.Ayoola, A. Adeyeye, O.O.Onawumi2 & O.O.P. Faboya
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology,P.M.B.4000, Ogbomoso,Oyo State, Nigeria.2Department of Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B.4000,Ogbomoso,Oyo State, Nigeria.
Phytochemical and biochemical compositions of African Walnut ( Tetracarpidium conophorum) ®Nwaoguikpe R N1, Ujowundu CO1, Wesley. Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526,Owerri,Imo State,Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
Comparative Proximate Analyses of Raw and Cooked Tetracarpidium conophorum (African Walnut) *Udedi, S.C., Ani, O.N., Anajekwu, B.N., Igwilo,I.O., Ononamadu,C.J., Adindu, C.S. and Okafor, U.M.Department of Applied Biochemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
Biochemical and biomedical studies on African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum -Mull. Arg.) – a postharvest perspective
Nkwonta, Chikere Godwin
URI: http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/12260
Date: 2015-10
Abstract:
African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum- Mull. Arg) is a perennial climbing shrub
which grows mainly in the Western region of Africa. It is found mainly in Nigeria,
Gambia, Sierra Leone, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon as well. The nuts are
encased in pods which may contain between 2 to 5 nuts. The seed is enclosed in a hard
shell-like case. The nuts are commonly processed by boiling or roasting and consumed
as a snack or used as soup thickener. In ethnobotanical medicine, the nut extract is
extensively used in decoctions for treatment and/or management of common and chronic
ailments such as malaria, dysentery, high blood pressure, diabetes and cancer. The nuts
are generally exposed to high temperatures (25 – 37 °C) and relative humidity (RH) which
increases susceptibility to fungal contamination and nutrient degradation, hence, raising
concerns over product quality and safety. Experiment simulating the common retail
postharvest storage and processing practices was conducted to: (i) determine the effects
on the fatty acid profile; (ii) assess the impact on the fungal population contaminating the
nut shells at different maturity stages, and potential mycotoxigenic implications; (iii)
evaluate the cytotoxicity of four extract of the nut on lung cancer (A549) cells; and finally
(iv) assay the total phenolic content and profile potential individual phenolic components
of the nut.
Results indicated the presence of essential and non-essential fatty acids namely;
palmitate, oleate, stearate, linoleate, arachidate and α-linolineate with α-linolineate being
the most abundant (1.1 – 8.2 mg/g freeze-dry weight). Boiling and roasting generally
improved the concentration of the fatty acids best when nuts are cold stored at 5 °C for
maximum of 10 days.
Potential mycotoxigenic species - Aspergillus section Nigri, Aspergillus
flavus/Parasiticus, Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. - were frequently isolated from
cultured shell pieces of stored nuts. When compared with unprocessed nuts, roasting
completely prevented fungal contamination in shell pieces from nuts in the non-stored
(NSN) group at early maturity stage, while boiling significantly reduced the level of
contamination to about 58 % (P < 0.05). Simulating open market conditions caused 100% fungal contamination in all boiled samples and roasted samples at early maturity.
Mycotoxin analysis using Yeast Extract agar (YES) and High Performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC) - Fluorescence detector (FLD) showed that Aflatoxins - G1
(AFG1), B1 (AFB1), G2 (AFG2), and B2 (AFB2) were produced by 20 isolates with both
AFG1 and AFB1 being predominant at concentration ranges 4 – 32,200 and 4 – 22,700
ng/g plug weight, respectively. No Ochratoxin A (OTA) was detected.
Phenolic component analysis indicated unprocessed (20.79 ± 1.0 mg gallic acid
equivalent per gram freeze-dry weight – GAE/g FDW) samples showed the highest value
for total phenolics while both boiling (9.90 ± 1.8 mg GAE/g FDW), and roasting (9.32 ±
2.7 mg GAE/g FDW) reduced the amount by more than 50 % when compared with
unprocessed. Potential individual phenolic compounds were unambiguously separated
using high performance liquid chromatography – diode array detector (HPLC-DAD).
There were no differences between chromatograms of defatted and non-defatted
unprocessed, roasted and boiled samples. Cytotoxicity evaluation showed no decrease in
cell densities in plates treated with extracts from unprocessed nuts at all concentrations.
Diethyl ether-ethyl acetate (10 µg/mL) and n-butanol (1000 and 500 µg/mL) extracts of
roasted nuts as well as dichloromethane and water (1, 10 µg/mL) of boiled nuts caused a
non-significant decrease of < 10 % in cell densities when compa
Socio-economic potentials and threats to the African walnut in tropical lowland rainforests of southwest Nigeria
T.O. Amusa, L.L. Adefalu, S.A. Aderinoye-Abdulwahab
Abstract
The African walnut, Plukenetia conophora Mull-Arg (Syn. Tetracarpidium conophorum) is an important climber species that contributes immensely to food security and poverty alleviation in communities within the humid tropical forests of West and Central Africa. However, the challenges facing its year-round availability have not been fully documented and precise data on its contributions to livelihoods of forest dependent households is lacking. Therefore, this work was carried out to fill this knowledge gap as well as make suggestions on ways to promote the use and sustainable development of this valuable product. Snowball and simple random sampling techniques were used to collect data from harvesters (8) and marketers (51) within and around Omo and Shasha Forest Reserves, Southwest Nigeria. Data obtained were analysed by means of descriptive and inferential test statistics. An estimated 30.01kg of African walnut was extracted per month between May-September each year in Omo and Shasha Forest Reserves, contributing about ₦615,833.30 to the rural economies of both areas. About 17.0% of respondents generated income between ₦11,000.00 - ₦20,000.00 per month, representing up to 50.0% of their monthly income during production period. Factors and threats affecting product availability were: seasonality (64.3%), destruction of parent plants (28.6%), consumption of nuts by wild animals (28.6%), pest and diseases infestation (7.1%), and spoilage during storage (7.1%). Income generated by respondents were impacted by sex (χ2 = 7.714, df = 2, p = 0.021), level of education (χ2 = 8.476, df = 2, p = 0.014) and trading experience (r = 2.413; p = 0.019). An improvement in the production, processing and marketing of African walnut will better the living conditions and enhance the status of both harvesters and marketers. These will have multiplier effects on the conservation of the available germplasm in the wild.
Keywords: African walnut; NTFPs; household income; tropical lowland rainforest
Name: -African Walnut.
Sources: -West Africa.
Colour: - Bronze, yellow-brown with irregular dark lines.
Advantages: - Works fairly well, has an attractive dark appearance and is available in large sizes.
Disadvantages: - Planing and finishing can be difficult because of the cross grain.
Uses: - Expensive, high-class furniture, veneers, internal and external joinery.
FRICAN MAHOGANY
AFRICAN WALNUT
AFRORMOSIA
ALBIZZIA
BELI
BERLINIA
BUBINGA
CELTIS LIGHT
CELTIS MEDIUM
CELTIS NATURAL LIGHT
CELTIS NATURAL MEDIUM
DANTA
DOUSSIE
IROKO
IZOMBE
KOSIPO
MAKORE
MANSONIA
MOABI
MOVINGUI
MUKULUNGU
MUTENYE
OKAN
OPEPE (BILINGIA)
OVANGKOL
PADAUK
PANGA PANGA
PLANTATION TEAK
SAPELE
TALI
WAWABIMA
WENGE
ZEBRAWOOD
African Walnut - Lovoa trichiliodes
Janka Hardness = 940
Photosensitivity = No
Brenco Exotic Woods, when the ordinary will not do!!!
Scientific Name = Lovoa trichiliodes
Trade Name = African Walnut
Family Name = Meliaceae
Synonyms =
Common Names = African walnut, Alona wood, Anamenila, Apopo, Benin walnut, Bibolo, Bombulu, Congowood, Dibetou, Dubin biri, Embero, Eyan, Ghana walnut, Lifaki muindo, Lovoa, Lovoa wood, Mpengwa, Nigerian golden walnut, Nigerian walnut, Nivero, Noy
Regions of Distribution = Africa
Countries of Distribution = Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Zaire
Numerical Strength Properties and Data:
Bending Strength = 11,079 psi or 778 kg/cm2
Density = 34 Lbs/Ft3 or 512 kg/m3
Janka Hardness = 940
Hardness = 921 lbs. or 412 kg
Impact Strength = 25 inches or 63 cm
Maximum Crushing Strength = 6,576 psi or 462 kg/cm2
Shearing Strength = 1,250 psi or 87 kg/cm2
Stiffness = psi or kg/cm2
Specific Gravity = 0.46
Work to Maximum Load = inch-lb/in3 or cm-kg/cm3
Weight = 32 Lbs/Ft3 or 512 kg/m3
Fiber Saturation Point = %
Radial Shrinkage = 3.7%
Tangential Shrinkage = 5.9%
Volumetric Shrinkage = 10.8%
T/R Ration = 1.6
General Characteristics = Heartwood yellowish brown, sometimes marked with dark streaks or veins; sapwood buff or light gray, narrow, clearly demarcated. Texture fine to medium; grain usually interlocked with an attractive ribbon figure; lustrous cedarlike scent.
Grain = Grain is usually slightly interlocked, but is sometimes straight.
Texture = Medium, uniform texture, with a high level of natural luster.
Movement in Service =
Photosensitivity = Low
Color =
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Home > Articles > All About African Walnut
All About African Walnut
Coula Edulis is a tree in the genus Coula, native to tropical West Africa from Sierra Leone to Angola. It is plentiful in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. It prefers tropical regions and is tolerant of light shade. It can be found in the top canopy of forest as well as the lower story and has no special soil requirements.
It is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 25-38 meters (approx. 82-125 ft.), and has a dense crown that can cast deep shade.
Read more on crossed leg dining table
Common names include Gabon Nut, African Walnut, Congowood, Tigerwood. It is not related to the Walnut, being so named because its nuts bear a superficial resemblance to the Walnut.
Every part of the tree is used in both raw and finished states. Its timber and nuts are used extensively. The bark is used locally to produce rinses or enemas for loin pains or kidney problems. The wood is used to make pilings for bridges and railway ties in addition to charcoal and standard construction. It is also used for furniture and cabinetwork construction, decorative veneers, paneling, fixtures and joinery.
972-3-9607636info@wishes-tree.com
Home > Articles > All About African Walnut
All About African Walnut
Coula Edulis is a tree in the genus Coula, native to tropical West Africa from Sierra Leone to Angola. It is plentiful in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. It prefers tropical regions and is tolerant of light shade. It can be found in the top canopy of forest as well as the lower story and has no special soil requirements.
It is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 25-38 meters (approx. 82-125 ft.), and has a dense crown that can cast deep shade.
Read more on crossed leg dining table
Common names include Gabon Nut, African Walnut, Congowood, Tigerwood. It is not related to the Walnut, being so named because its nuts bear a superficial resemblance to the Walnut.
Every part of the tree is used in both raw and finished states. Its timber and nuts are used extensively. The bark is used locally to produce rinses or enemas for loin pains or kidney problems. The wood is used to make pilings for bridges and railway ties in addition to charcoal and standard construction. It is also used for furniture and cabinetwork construction, decorative veneers, paneling, fixtures and joinery.
African Walnut – Technical Info
The wood is bronze-colored, with irregular lines of dark gray, yellow, green and brown, which is how the name Tigerwood was derived. It is extremely hard, heavy, close-grained, and resists water well, making it a valuable hardwood. Increasing that value is the fact that it can come in large sizes, has an attractive appearance and easy to shape with tools.
African walnut is not very expensive (a little more than maple), and very common, but there is a difference between trunks of different trees which might impede furniture planning – it’s important to always see the boards and carefully choose (whether the planner or the woodworker) the raw materials for each project. Some very interestingly patterned veneers can be made from African walnut, or else, a pattern less section of the tree can be isolated and made into a light, pattern less veneer.
Read more on solid oak dining table and chair
972-3-9607636info@wishes-tree.com
Home > Articles > All About African Walnut
All About African Walnut
Coula Edulis is a tree in the genus Coula, native to tropical West Africa from Sierra Leone to Angola. It is plentiful in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. It prefers tropical regions and is tolerant of light shade. It can be found in the top canopy of forest as well as the lower story and has no special soil requirements.
It is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 25-38 meters (approx. 82-125 ft.), and has a dense crown that can cast deep shade.
Read more on crossed leg dining table
Common names include Gabon Nut, African Walnut, Congowood, Tigerwood. It is not related to the Walnut, being so named because its nuts bear a superficial resemblance to the Walnut.
Every part of the tree is used in both raw and finished states. Its timber and nuts are used extensively. The bark is used locally to produce rinses or enemas for loin pains or kidney problems. The wood is used to make pilings for bridges and railway ties in addition to charcoal and standard construction. It is also used for furniture and cabinetwork construction, decorative veneers, paneling, fixtures and joinery.
African Walnut – Technical Info
The wood is bronze-colored, with irregular lines of dark gray, yellow, green and brown, which is how the name Tigerwood was derived. It is extremely hard, heavy, close-grained, and resists water well, making it a valuable hardwood. Increasing that value is the fact that it can come in large sizes, has an attractive appearance and easy to shape with tools.
African walnut is not very expensive (a little more than maple), and very common, but there is a difference between trunks of different trees which might impede furniture planning – it’s important to always see the boards and carefully choose (whether the planner or the woodworker) the raw materials for each project. Some very interestingly patterned veneers can be made from African walnut, or else, a pattern less section of the tree can be isolated and made into a light, pattern less veneer.
Read more on solid oak dining table and chair
eneral Information
African walnut is an evergreen, medium-size to large tree reaching up to 25 metres tall, with a large, dense crown casting a deep shade[303
]. The bole is generally short, bossed, branched low down, and sometimes slightly swollen at the base, not usually exceeding 6 metres in length and 80cm in diameter[418
].
The edible seeds are harvested from the wild for local use, whilst the tree is in much demand for its high quality timber[303
].
Known Hazards
None known
Botanical References
Range
Western Tropical Africa - Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Sierra Leone.
Habitat
It has its main distribution in the rain forest. Tolerates moderate shade and is normally a constituent of the upper reaches of the lower storey but is also found in the upper canopy. Semi-gregarious, it does not appear to be selective about sites[303
].
Properties
Edibility Rating
Other Uses Rating
Habit Evergreen Tree
Height 20.00 m
Cultivation Status Wild
Cultivation Details
A plant of the hot, humid, lowland tropics. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 25 - 35°c, but can tolerate 20 - 40°c[418
]. It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 1,000 - 2,000mm, but tolerates 800 - 2,500mm[418
].
Succeeds in full sun and in partial shade[418
]. Shading is beneficial when plants are young[303
]. The tree has no special soil requirements[303
]. Prefers a well-drained soil[418
]. Prefers a pH in the range 5 - 6.5, tolerating 4.5 - 7[418
].
Fruit is normally borne plentifully in the wild[303
].
Edible Uses
Seed - raw or cooked[46
, 63
]. A good dessert nut with a pleasant taste[63
]. The oily kernel has a taste comparable to that of a chestnut or hazelnut[303
]. It can be eaten raw, grilled or boiled[303
]. The seed contains 50% oil, of which 87% is oleic acid[63
, 303
]. The seed is also fermented and used as a condiment[46
]. The spherical fruit is about 3cm long[335
].
Medicinal
None known
Other Uses
The heartwood is dark red or violet brownish-red with dark brown veins; it is clearly demarcated from the 3 - 4cm wide band of pinkish-brown sapwood. The texture is fine; the grain straight or interlocked, sometimes wavy. The wood is very hard, very heavy, elastic, and very durable, resisting water well and resistant to fungal and insect attack, particularly termites and marine borers. It seasons slowly, with a high risk of distortion and checking; once dry it is moderately stable in service. The wood has a fairly high blunting effect upon tools, stellite-tipped and tungsten carbide are recommended; it polishes well; is easy to work, but has the disadvantage of being liable to shake and crack; it takes nails and screws well so long as it is pre-bored; gluing is correct for interior use only. In great demand, the wood is used in turnery and as a substitute for mahogany, as well as for heavy carpentry, industrial flooring, piles for bridges and railway ties[46
, 63
, 303
, 418
, 848
].
The wood produces a suitable charcoal[303
].
Propagation
Seed - Because of the hard integument, germination is rather poor and may take up to a year[303
].
Cite as: Tropical Plants Database, Ken Fern. tropical.theferns.info. 2019-12-21. <tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Coula+edulis>
akistan Journal of Nutrition
Year: 2010 | Volume: 9 | Issue: 9 | Page No.: 909-911
DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2010.909.911
Some Physicochemical Characteristics of Defatted Flours Derived from African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conoforum): An Underutilized Legume
E.C. Ndie, C.V. Nnamani and H.O. Oselebe
Abstract: The nuts of African Walnut were processed into flour and a portion defatted and the samples were analyzed for proximate composition, water absorption capacity, solubility, bulk density and rapid visco characteristics. Results showed that the flour is rich in protein and fat (21.6 and 47.7%) respectively. The defatted samples have higher solubility, water absorption capacity, peak viscosity breakdown values, final viscosity and set back values when compared with undefatted sample. This result indicates that defatting of African Walnut flour improves the pasting characteristics of the flour whose high protein content makes a good protein supplement.
13 Proven Health Benefits of Walnuts
Written by Marsha McCulloch, MS, RD on July 9, 2018
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To say that walnuts are a nutritious food is a bit of an understatement.
Walnuts provide healthy fats, fiber, vitamins and minerals — and that’s just the beginning of how they may support your health.
In fact, there’s so much interest in this one nut that for the past 50 years, scientists and industry experts have gathered annually at the University of California, Davis, for a walnut conference discussing the latest walnut health research.
The most common variety of walnut is the English walnut, which is also the most studied type.
Here are 13 science-based health benefits of walnuts.
Walnuts have higher antioxidant activity than any other common nut (1Trusted Source, 2Trusted Source).
This activity comes from vitamin E, melatonin and plant compounds called polyphenols, which are particularly high in the papery skin of walnuts (2Trusted Source, 3Trusted Source, 4Trusted Source).
A preliminary, small study in healthy adults showed that eating a walnut-rich meal prevented oxidative damage of “bad” LDL cholesterol after eating, whereas a refined-fat meal didn’t (3Trusted Source).
That’s beneficial because oxidized LDL is prone to build up in your arteries, causing atherosclerosis (3Trusted Source, 5Trusted Source).
SUMMARY
Walnuts are an excellent source of antioxidants that can help fight oxidative damage in your body, including damage due to “bad” LDL cholesterol, which promotes atherosclerosis.
2. Super Plant Source of Omega-3s
Walnuts are significantly higher in omega-3 fat than any other nut, providing 2.5 grams per 1-ounce (28-gram) serving (6, 7Trusted Source).
Omega-3 fat from plants, including walnuts, is called alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). It’s an essential fat, meaning you have to get it from your diet.
According to the Institute of Medicine, adequate intake of ALA is 1.6 and 1.1. grams per day for men and women respectively. A single serving of walnuts meets that guideline (8Trusted Source).
Observational studies have shown that each gram of ALA you eat per day lowers your risk of dying from heart disease by 10% (9Trusted Source).
May Decrease Inflammation
Inflammation is at the root of many diseases, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease and cancer, and can be caused by oxidative stress.
The polyphenols in walnuts can help fight this oxidative stress and inflammation. A subgroup of polyphenols called ellagitannins may be especially involved (4Trusted Source).
Beneficial bacteria in your gut convert ellagitannins to compounds called urolithins, which have been found to protect against inflammation (5Trusted Source).
ALA omega-3 fat, magnesium and the amino acid arginine in walnuts may also decrease inflammation (10Trusted Source, 11Trusted Source).
SUMMARY
Several plant compounds and nutrients in walnuts may help decrease inflammation, which is a key culprit in many chronic diseases.
Promotes a Healthy Gut
Studies suggest that if your gut is rich in health-promoting bacteria and other microbes (your gut microbiota), you’re more likely to have a healthy gut and good overall health.
An unhealthy composition of your microbiota can contribute to inflammation and disease in your gut and elsewhere in your body, increasing your risk of obesity, heart disease and cancer (12Trusted Source).
What you eat can significantly influence the makeup of your microbiota. Eating walnuts may be one way to support the health of your microbiota and your gut.
When 194 healthy adults ate 1.5 ounces (43 grams) of walnuts every day for eight weeks, they had an increase in beneficial bacteria, compared to a period of not eating walnuts (13Trusted Source).
This included an increase in bacteria that produce butyrate, a fat that nourishes your gut and promotes gut health (14Trusted Source).
SUMMARY
Eating walnuts not only nourishes you but also the beneficial bacteria that live in your gut. This promotes the health of your gut and may help reduce disease risk
May Reduce Risk of Some Cancers
Test-tube, animal and human observational studies suggest that eating walnuts may reduce your risk of certain cancers, including breast, prostate and colorectal cancers (15Trusted Source, 16Trusted Source, 17Trusted Source).
As noted earlier, walnuts are rich in the polyphenol ellagitannins. Certain gut microbes can convert these to compounds called urolithins (5Trusted Source, 18Trusted Source).
Urolithins can have anti-inflammatory properties in your gut, which may be one way that eating walnuts helps protect against colorectal cancer. Urolithins’ anti-inflammatory actions could also help protect against other cancers (5Trusted Source).
What’s more, urolithins have hormone-like properties that enable them to block hormone receptors in your body. This may help reduce your risk of hormone-related cancers, specifically breast and prostate cancers (5Trusted Source).
More human studies are needed to confirm the effects of eating walnuts on decreasing the risk of these and other cancers, as well as to clarify all the ways or mechanisms by which they may help.
SUMMARY
The polyphenols in walnuts may reduce your risk of certain cancers, including breast, prostate and colorectal cancers. However, more human studies are needed to confirm this.
6. Supports Weight Control
Walnuts are calorie dense, but studies suggest that the energy absorbed from them is 21% lower than would be expected based on their nutrients (19Trusted Source).
What’s more, eating walnuts may even help control your appetite.
In a well-controlled study in 10 obese people, drinking a smoothie made with about 1.75 ounces (48 grams) of walnuts once a day for five days decreased appetite and hunger, compared to a placebo drink equal in calories and nutrients (20Trusted Source).
Additionally, after five days of consuming the walnut smoothies, brain scans showed that the participants had increased activation in a region of the brain that helped them resist highly tempting food cues, such as cake and French fries.
Even though larger and longer-term studies are needed, this provides some initial insight as to how walnuts may help control appetite and weight.
SUMMARY
Though they’re calorie-dense, you may not absorb all of the calories in walnuts. Additionally, they may even help you control appetite and hunger.
May Help Manage Type 2 Diabetes and Lower Your Risk
Observational studies suggest that one reason walnuts are linked to a lower risk of type 2 diabetes is that they help control weight. Excess weight increases your risk of high blood sugar and diabetes (21Trusted Source).
Yet, eating walnuts may help control blood sugar by mechanisms beyond their influence on weight control.
In a controlled study in 100 people with type 2 diabetes, consuming 1 tablespoon of cold-pressed walnut oil a day for 3 months, while continuing their usual diabetes medication and balanced diet, resulted in an 8% decrease in fasting blood sugar (22Trusted Source).
Additionally, the walnut oil users had about an 8% decrease in hemoglobin A1C (3-month average blood sugar). The control group showed no improvement in A1C or fasting blood sugar. Neither group had a change in their weight.
SUMMARY
Eating walnuts may help control type 2 diabetes and reduce your risk of the disease, as the nut may help control your weight. Walnuts might have more direct effects on blood sugar control as well.
8. May Help Lower Blood Pressure
High blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke.
Some studies suggest that eating walnuts may help lower blood pressure, including in people with high blood pressure and in healthy people when under stress. Other studies did not observe this effect (23Trusted Source, 24Trusted Source, 25Trusted Source).
Among other diets, the four-year PREDIMED study in about 7,500 adults at high risk of heart disease tested a Mediterranean diet supplemented with 1 ounce (28 grams) of mixed nuts daily, of which half were walnuts.
At the end of the study, people on the nut-enriched Mediterranean diet had a 0.65 mmHg greater decrease in diastolic blood pressure (bottom number) than people on a similar heart-healthy control diet who weren’t given nuts (25Trusted Source).
This suggests that nuts may slightly improve the blood pressure benefits of a heart-healthy diet. This is important, as small differences in blood pressure are thought to have a big impact on your risk of heart disease death (25Trusted Source).
SUMMARY
Some studies suggest that eating 1 ounce (28 grams) of nuts daily, including walnuts, as part of a heart-healthy diet may help improve blood pressure.
9. Supports Healthy Aging
As you age, good physical functioning is essential for maintaining your mobility and independence.
One thing that may help maintain your physical abilities is healthy eating habits.
In an observational study over 18 years in more than 50,000 older women, scientists found that those with the healthiest diets had a 13% lower risk of physical impairment. Walnuts were among the foods that made the strongest contribution to a healthy diet (26Trusted Source).
Though high in calories, walnuts are packed with essential vitamins, minerals, fiber, fats and plant compounds that may help support good physical functioning as you age (27Trusted Source).
SUMMARY
A healthy diet that includes walnuts may help preserve physical function, such as walking and self-care abilities as you age.
10. Supports Good Brain Function
It may be just a coincidence that the shell of a walnut looks like a tiny brain, but research suggests that this nut may indeed be good for your mind (1Trusted Source).
Animal and test-tube studies found that the nutrients in walnuts, including polyunsaturated fat, polyphenols and vitamin E, may help reduce oxidative damage and inflammation in your brain (28Trusted Source).
In a 10-month study of Alzheimer’s disease, mice fed 6–9% of their calories as walnuts (equal to 1–1.5 ounces or 28–45 grams daily in people) had significant improvements in learning skills, memory and anxiety reduction, compared to a walnut-free control group (29Trusted Source).
Observational studies in older adults have linked eating walnuts to better brain function, including faster processing speed, more mental flexibility and better memory (28Trusted Source).
Though these results are encouraging, more studies testing the effects of walnuts on brain function in humans are needed to draw firm conclusions.
SUMMARY
Walnuts contain nutrients that may help protect your brain from damaging inflammation and support good brain function as you age.
Supports Male Reproductive Health
Typical Western diets — high in processed foods, sugar and refined grains — have been linked to reduced sperm function (30Trusted Source).
Eating walnuts may help support sperm health and male fertility.
When 117 healthy young men included 2.5 ounces (75 grams) of walnuts daily in their Western-style diet for three months, they had improved sperm shape, vitality and mobility, compared to men not eating nuts (31Trusted Source).
Animal research suggests that eating walnuts may help protect sperm by reducing oxidative damage in their membranes (30Trusted Source).
Further studies are needed to confirm these benefits, but if you’re a man concerned about fertility, eating walnuts is a simple thing to try.
SUMMARY
Eating walnuts regularly may help counteract potential harmful effects of less-than-ideal eating habits on sperm health.
12. Improves Blood Fats
Elevated levels of “bad” LDL cholesterol and triglycerides have long been linked to an increased heart disease risk.
Regularly eating walnuts has been consistently shown to decrease cholesterol levels (32Trusted Source).
For example, in a recent study in 194 healthy adults, eating 1.5 ounces (43 grams) of walnuts daily for eight weeks produced a 5% decrease in total cholesterol, 5% decrease in LDL cholesterol and 5% decrease in triglycerides, compared to not eating walnuts (33Trusted Source).
The walnut eaters also had nearly a 6% decrease in apolipoprotein-B, which is an indicator of how many LDL particles are in your blood. When elevated, apolipoprotein-B is a major risk factor for heart disease (33Trusted Source).
SUMMARY
A daily 1.5-ounce (43-gram) serving of walnuts may help lower harmful cholesterol and triglyceride levels, which contribute to heart disease risk.
13. Widely Available and Easy to Add to Your Diet
You can find walnuts in any grocery store. Check for raw walnuts in the baking aisle, roasted walnuts in the nut aisle and cold-pressed walnut oil in the specialty oils section.
It’s helpful to understand how to convert the serving sizes used in studies, so you know how your portion sizes compare.
Each of the following are essentially equivalent servings, providing about 190 calories:
1 ounce shelled walnuts = 28 grams = 1/4 cup = 12–14 halves = 1 small handful (6).
Though it's simplest to eat walnuts one by one as a snack, there are plenty of tasty ways to use them in dishes.
Try walnuts:
Sprinkled on leafy green or fruit salads.
Finely ground in dips and sauces.
Chopped and used in whole-grain breads and scones.
Crushed to use as a coating on fish or chicken.
Served atop oatmeal or yogurt.
Chopped and added to wraps or pita sandwiches.
Roasted and added to a homemade trail mix.
Lightly browned in your favorite stir-fry recipe.
Roasted, chopped and used on pasta or vegetables.
As an oil in a vinaigrette dressing.
Or scout the Internet for additional tasty recipe ideas.
If you’re cooking for guests, make sure no one is allergic to walnuts before adding them to your dishes.
SUMMARY
Walnuts are easy to add to your diet since they’re widely available in stores and a great addition to countless dishes.
Walnuts are easy to add to your diet since they’re widely available in stores and a great addition to countless dishes.
The Bottom Line
Walnuts are an exceptionally nutritious nut. They have higher antioxidant activity and significantly more healthy omega-3 fats than any other common nut.
This rich nutrient profile contributes to the many health benefits associated with walnuts, such as reduced inflammation and improved heart disease risk factors.
Scientists are still uncovering the many ways that walnuts’ fiber and plant compounds, including polyphenols, may interact with your gut microbiota and contribute to your health.
It’s likely you’ll keep hearing more about walnuts in the years to come as more studies will research their beneficial health effects.
Still, there are plenty of reasons to include them in your diet already today.
African walnuts: “the emperor of all nuts”
Have you ever considered the capacity of any fruit towards reducing your hair fall, strengthening your hair, and improving your hair growth? African walnut – a fruit extremely rich in vitamin B7 (biotin), is a good hair food.
African walnut is an edible single seeded stone fruit botanically called Tetracarpidium conophoram and Coula edults – a black-shelled nut popularly eaten as snacks among many Nigerians, and popularly known as asala, awusa, ukpa, kasoor, and ngak in parts of the country.
Unfortunately, this fruit is only famous for roadside sales which currently serves as its major distribution point to consumers.
African Walnut is a rich source of vitamins (vitamin B6, B7, E, thiamin, and foliate), and encompasses Minerals (magnesium which is highly needed by the body daily), proteins, fibre, health fats, plant sterols and antioxidant, at immeasurable level. In comparison to other nuts, it is considered the ‘emperor’ of nuts due to the numerous health benefits it has to offer.
In addition, it has the ability to prevent heart disease (coronary heart disease) as it contains amino acid 1-arginine, lowers the risk of sudden cardiac death, and supports healthful cholesterol level. Also, it contains very powerful antioxidant such as flavonol morin, quinine juglone, and tannin tellimagrandin that are rare in most foods and fruits – this effective antioxidant helps to control aging heart problems.
The presence of omega 3 fats helps for optimum brain function, vitamin E and folate which is highly needed by the brain as it supports the area of memory, enhance cognitive functions, and increase inferential reasoning in adults.
It contains cancer fighting properties like phytosterols, omega 3 fatty-acid, and antioxidant that helps to reduce the risk of prostate and breast cancer in humans.
Furthermore, consuming this walnut enriches the body with Omega 3 & 6 Fatty Acid, which is vital for disease prevention in the body, blood clothing, cell growth, and immune infection. Moreover, the capacity of it in lowering the risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity cannot be over-emphasised.
Walnut is also helpful in terms of maintaining your ideal weight, as it contains proteins, fibre, and Omega 3 that helps provide satiety. Walnut can be used as a herb to tackle asthma, detoxifying the kidney, curing constipation, and finally the bark is used in tea as laxative and chewed for toothache problems.
Effects of postharvest storage and processing techniques on the main fatty acids in the profile of oil extracted from African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. Arg.)
Author links open overlay panelChikere G.NkwontaabLeon A.Terrya
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2015.10.001
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Highlights
•
For the first time the major fatty acids in Nigerian African walnut oil were profiled.
•
The fatty acid profile included three saturated and three unsaturated fatty acids.
•
Linolenic acid (C18:3, cis-9, 12, 15) is the most abundant fatty acid in African walnuts.
•
Retail processing and storage conditions enhanced concentrations of main fatty acids.
Abstract
African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. Arg.) is a perennial climber which grows in the western and central regions of Africa. The nuts are processed by boiling and roasting and are sold within 1–5 days to consumers through the open market system. During processing, storage and distribution, the nuts are typically exposed to high temperatures raising concerns over nutrient quality and safety. Although African walnut, like several other nuts, contains high amount of oil, there is no study reporting on how the common processing methods (boiling and roasting) affect the fatty acid profile. Nut samples (n = 702) at both early and late maturity were harvested and stored at 5 °C. Randomized sampling was done (0, 10 and 20 days) and nuts grouped according to treatments (boiling, roasting, unprocessed). Nuts were then held for 3 and 7 days at either 25 °C or 37 °C to simulate normal retail practices. Oil was extracted and analysed as fatty acid methyl esters using gas chromatography flame ionization detection and gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry. Retention times were compared with known standards. Results indicated the presence of C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 cis-9, C18:2, cis-9, 12, C20:0, C18:3 with C18:3 being the most abundant (1.1–8.2 mg g−1 dry matter). In general, postharvest storage at 25 °C or 37 °C for 3 or 7 days after boiling and roasting significantly increased concentrations of the fatty acids (>50%) in nuts stored for 10 days compared to unprocessed. Current processing methods and retail storage practices improved concentrations of the fatty acids in African walnut stored up to 10 days at 5 °C.
Journal of Food Processing
Volume 2014, Article ID 418380, 4 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/418380
Research Article
Effect of Thermal Processing on the Nutritional, Antinutritional, and Antioxidant Properties of Tetracarpidium conophorum (African Walnut)
S. Olanrewaju Arinola and Kunle Adesina
Department of Food Technology, Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti, Ado Ekiti 360231, Ekiti State, Nigeria
Received 29 May 2014; Revised 11 October 2014; Accepted 11 October 2014; Published 9 November 2014
Academic Editor: Franco P. Pedreschi
Copyright © 2014 S. Olanrewaju Arinola and Kunle Adesina. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The effect of thermal processing (roasting and boiling) on the nutritional, antinutritional, and antioxidant properties of African walnut was studied. Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) was subjected to thermal treatment of roasting (RWIS), boiling with shell (BWIS), and boiling without shell (BWOS). The resulting samples with raw nut (RAAW) which served as control were analysed for proximate composition, antinutritional components, and antioxidant activity. The protein, fat, and ash contents of the samples on dry basis were 29.14%, 54.14%, and 3.32% (RAAW); 24.13%, 61.75%, and 2.77% (BWIS); 22.47%, 62.65%, and 2.16% (BWOS); and 24.25%, 60.52%, and 2.48% (RWIS), respectively. Thermal processing had significant effect on all the proximate principles; boiling and roasting generally reduced the protein and ash contents of the nut. Boiling with or without shell reduced the phytate and tannin contents of the nut while roasting increased the level of these two antinutritional components; walnut boiled without shell however, had the lowest phytate and tannin contents of 0.815 mg/100 g and 0.239 mg/100 g, respectively. The antioxidant activities of the samples were 8.47% (RAAW), 13.82% (BWIS), 14.96% (BWOS), and 7.29% (RWIS). This study reveals that thermal processing has a significant effect on the proximate principles, bioavailability, and antioxidant activity of African walnut.
1. Introduction
Tetracarpidium conophorum is a woody perennial climbing plant which is commonly cultivated for the production of nuts (African walnut); it is usually found in some states of south-west and south-south geopolitical regions of Nigeria. African nut which is usually cooked and consumed as snacks has been identified to possess both nutritional and medicinal values. Enujiugba [1] and Ogunsua and Adebona [2] have reported on the high nutritional potential of the nut. African walnut has been known to possess antioxidant property [3] which is as a result of its constituent bioactive polyphenols. There is evidence that phenolic substances act as antioxidant by preventing the oxidation of LDL-lipoprotein, platelet aggregation, and damage of red blood cells [4]; this explains the reason that made the nut to be listed among the plant foods that are of great health benefit to human body. The nut has also been used as a male fertility agent in the southern part of Nigeria. African walnut is also known to contain some antinutritional chemical components such as phytate and tannin which have been reported to be responsible for the bitter taste usually observed upon drinking of water immediately after consumption of the nut.
Food materials are usually processed in order to improve palatability and reduce toxicity and as a means of preservation [5]. Processing methods such as thermal processing, refrigeration, freezing, and fermentation have been applied to various food materials to achieve these purposes. Thermal or heat processing is one of the most important methods developed by man; during thermal processing antinutritional components are reduced or eliminated. However, heat processing also has a detrimental effect on the nutritional and functional properties of foods. It is therefore important that after processing there must be scientific evidence that nutritional and other useful properties are still of significant value and that antinutritional components have been reduced considerably. El Gharras [6] reported that the health effects of polyphenols vis-à-vis antioxidant property depend on their respective intakes and their bioavailability which can vary greatly. The objective of this research work was to evaluate the effect of thermal processing (roasting and boiling) on the nutritional, antinutritional, and antioxidant properties of African walnut.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Sample
African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) was purchased at a local market in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria. The nuts were sorted, cleaned thoroughly with water, and divided into four lots. The first lot was boiled for 1.5 hrs, shelled, sliced, ground using electric blender, packaged in a polythene bag, and then stored in the refrigerator (BWIS). The second lot was shelled, boiled for 1.5 hrs, sliced, ground, packaged, and stored as above (BWOS). The third lot was roasted by continuous stirring in hot sand for 1 hr; it was then shelled, sliced, ground, packaged, and stored as above (RWIS). The last lot was used as control; the raw nut was shelled, sliced, ground, packaged, and stored as above (RAAW).
2.2. Proximate Analysis
The four samples of African walnut were subjected to proximate analysis using Official Methods of Analysis [7].
2.3. Antinutritional Analysis
Tannin content was determined by the method described by Pearson [8] while phytate was determined according to the method described by Oberlease, [9] with some modifications.
2.4. Antioxidant Activity Determination
The determination of the antioxidant activity of the samples was based on the ability of the extract of the samples to inhibit stable diphenyl picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH). Exactly 0.5 mL of methanolic solution of DPPH (1 mM) was added to 0.05 mL of 10% aqueous extract of the various walnut samples followed by the addition of 2 mL methanol; the mixture was placed in the dark for 30 mins. The absorbance of the solution was read at 517 nm usin
where = absorbance.
2.5. Statistical Analysis
Analytical determinations were done in triplicates and the results were expressed as mean score ± standard deviation. The statistical significance of the observed differences among the means of triplicates was evaluated with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) while means were separated using Duncan’s Range Test using SPSS 17.0 software package (Statistical Package for Social Scientists, Michigan, USA).
3. Result and Discussion
The result of the effect of thermal processing on the proximate composition of African walnut is shown on Table 1. The proximate composition of the raw nut which was comparable to that reported by Odoemelam [10] confirmed the nut as a rich source of fat and protein. There was significant difference in the protein content of the samples; boiling and roasting reduced the protein content of the nuts from 29.14% for raw nuts to 24.13%, 22.47%, and 24.25% for nuts boiled with shell, nuts boiled without shell, and roasted nuts, respectively. As indicated in the result, boiling with shell and roasting preserve the protein content better than boiling without shell. Ijeh et al. [11] reported similar reduction in the protein contents of boiled and roasted African breadfruit (Treculia africana) seeds. The reduction in the protein content of African walnut during boiling and roasting may be due to denaturation and/or solubilisation of some nitrogenous compounds during processing.
The crude fiber contents of the samples ranged from 7.30% for nuts boiled with shell to 9.23% for raw nuts. The two processing methods employed in this study caused a significant reduction in the crude fiber content of African walnut; the values of crude fiber reported for all the walnut samples in this study were higher than 3.2% reported for cashew nut [12]. Crude fiber in diet is known to enhance digestibility, slow down the release of glucose into blood stream, aid bowel movement, and prevent bowel cancers. Expectedly the fat contents of processed nut samples with a range of 60.52% to 62.65% were significantly higher than that of raw nut sample (54.14%); there was, however, no significant difference between the fat contents of processed nuts, sample boiled without shell had the highest fat content of 62.65%. Application of dry heat has been known to facilitate release and extraction of oil in oilseed. The ash content of the nuts boiled without shell was the lowest; this may be as a result of leaching of some mineral nutrient during hydrothermal processing. The ash content of the raw nuts was significantly higher than that of other samples; however, there was no significant difference between the ash contents of sample boiled without shell and roasted sample. Boiling without shell and roasting significantly increased the carbohydrate content of raw African walnut from 4.17% to 4.60% and 5.50% for sample boiled without shell and roasted sample, respectively. This could probably be due to the relative reduction in protein content and hydrolysis effect on the carbohydrate store in the nuts making it readily available. This pattern of results has equally been reported by other researchers on the starch content of raw and cooked peas as well as other legumes [13].
The antinutritional components and the antioxidant activity of the four samples of African walnut are presented in Table 2. Antinutritional components are known to reduce the bioavailability of nutrients in the body; phytate chelates mineral elements and makes them metabolically unavailable [14] while tannin forms insoluble complexes with protein thereby reducing protein bioavailability. Boiling significantly reduced the phytate contents of the nuts; the reduction in phytate content may partly be due to leaching into the cooking medium, degradation by heat, and formation of insoluble complexes between phytate and other components such as protein and minerals [15]. Boiling of African walnut also resulted in reduction of tannin content of the nuts; this reduction can be attributed to the leaching out of phenols into the cooking medium under the influence of concentration gradient [16]. Tannins are polyphenols and all polyphenolic compounds are known to be water soluble in nature. Udensi et al. [17] had reported similar result of loss of phytate and tannin contents of vegetable cowpea (Sesquipedalis) seeds during boiling. Boiling without shell resulted in higher reduction of both antinutritional components than boiling with shell. Roasting generally led to increase in the level of these antinutritional components in the nuts; this pattern of results was similar to what was reported by Enujiugba [1]. Ekwe and Ihemeje [18] have also reported that toasting caused an increase in the phytate and tannin content of African walnut. This result shows that boiling especially without the shell can significantly improve the bioavailability of nutrients in African walnut. Thermal processing has a major effect on the antioxidant activity of African walnut as there was significant difference in the antioxidant activity of all of the four samples. Lima et al. [19] have reported that domestic processing such as boiling and roasting seems to have a dramatic effect on phenolic content of foods and as a consequence on antioxidant activity. While boiling, either with or without shell, increases the antioxidant activity significantly, roasting reduces the antioxidant activity of the nut. This
. Conclusion
This study established the fact that thermal processing especially boiling without shell can significantly improve the bioavailability of nutrients and antioxidant activity of Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut). It also confirmed previous report that Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) is a rich source of protein and fat; however, thermal processing reduced the protein, ash, and crude fiber content of the nut.
Conflict of Interests
The authors have no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
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frican Walnut - Nomenclature
Common Name: African Walnut
Scientific Name: Lovoa trichilioides
Family: Meliaceae
Local Names: Anamemila, Apopo, Sida, Bombulu, Mpengwa
Dialect Names: Akiouhia, Atsan, Bogüe, Howôtou, Ouatou, Séatou, Sratou
Other Names: Congowood, Dibetou, Tigerwood, Gabon Nut
African Walnut - Geography
Distribution: West Tropical Africa
Countries: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo
Habitat: Evergreen and deciduous forests, moist areas, preferring deep, humid soils
General: Large, discontinuous patches centered on the equatorial belt and between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, Tropical and Subtropical Moist Forests (TSMF) are characterized by low variability in annual temperature and high levels of rainfall (>200 centimeter annually). Forest composition is dominated by semi-evergreen and evergreen deciduous tree species.
Local West Africa Tree Mythos: Every big tree has a spirit. Some trees house many spirits. Whether a tree is a spirit or is inhabited by a spirit is not an easy question. The people will say: The tree has a spirit, or: in the tree there is a spirit. The spirit has a voice which the careful listener can hear and even understand if he knows the language of the spirits. This voice has to be preserved carefully by the drum maker. The boat-maker too, wants to keep the spirit of the tree in the wood so that it will protect the boatman against drowning in the treacherous rivers, when the tree has become a boat. The appearance changes, the spirit remains. Together in a forest, the trees have a collective spirit, powerful enough to be revered as a god. In Honor of this majestic tree, Akashic Grove retains that spirit of the jungle in each of its unique pieces, offering the spirit a continued existence within this new form as your furniture centerpiece.
African Walnut Tree - Characteristics
Tree Size: 100-150 ft (30-46 m) tall
Trunk Diameter: 2-4 ft (.6-1.2 m)
Heartwood Color: Golden Yellow to Reddish Brown
Sapwood Color: Medium Yellow to Light Gray
Color/Appearance: Heartwood is a golden yellow to reddish brown, sometimes with darker streaks and veins. Color tends to darken upon exposure and with age. Sapwood is a medium yellow to light gray,and is generally narrow: it can be up to 3 inches (7.5 cm) wide, and is clearly demarcated from heartwood; a narrow transition zone is sometimes present between heartwood and sapwood. African Walnut also displays a ribbon-stripe figuring on quartersawn surfaces, similar to Sapele. Comments: Although Lovoa trichilioides is commonly called “African Walnut,” it is not related to true walnuts in the Juglans genus, but is actually more closely related to Mahogany, being in the Meliaceae family, which contains both the Swietenia and Khaya genera, as well woods such as Spanish Cedar and Sapele.
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The Anatomy of The African Walnut
by Kitchen Butterfly on May 18, 2017
I’ve always associated these walnuts with road trips since I was a child. Now, I see them on trays, little bags tied in cones, part black, part glistening.
While in traffic a few weeks ago, I purchased a bag, tore it open and cracked a shell after ‘cleaning” it. It split in half, and I discovered for the first time a leaf at the centre. I call it a leaf for want of a better name…
It tastes no different from the whole nut – maybe a tad more delicate.
I imagined dressing small bites with it.
So, the anatomy
The Shell
Dark brown – black, inedible shell, a couple of centimetres diameter. Rough to the touch and easy to break by teeth…
The Nut
Off-white to creamy. Reminds me of an acorn with a defined ‘bottom’. Sometimes, lightly covered in brown/ bronze fluff from the inside of the shell
Inside the nut
As I discovered, once the nut was broken in this perfect half, right down the centre lives a leaf of sorts
And that, ladies and gentlemen is really all there is to I know about the anatomy of the African black walnut.
Have you seen the ‘leaf’ below? Anything else to add? Share, share. Thank you.
0 likesNigerian Cuisine
in seasonNigerian fruits & vegetables in seasonNigerian seasonal produceSeasonal produce
Kitchen Butterfly
Passionate about food in its entirety – cooking, eating, dreaming, writing and photographing it. ‘Traveller, by plate’, using foodways – the social, cultural and economic practices relating to the production and consumption of food to explore Nigerian cuisine & the world for ‘food is more than eating’.
IN SEASON
NIGERIAN FRUITS & VEGETABLES IN SEASONNIGERIAN CUISINE
New Yam Bake
Nigerian Seasonal Produce: Ebelebo #13
Round-up: The Nigerian Seasonal Produce Column, 2017
Nigerian Seasonal Produce: Soursop #12
In Season: Bambara Groundnuts
Nigerian Seasonal Produce: Guava #11
Wood type Hardwood
Environmental Not listed in CITES. Believed available from well-managed sources. Check certification status with suppliers.
Introduction African walnut is not a true walnut; it belongs to the mahogany family and is very similar in many respects to African mahogany.
Distribution Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroons, Zaire, Gabon.
The Tree It is a tall tree reaching 36m to 39m in height, 1.2m diameter having a cylindrical bole with a small buttressed or fluted base. Frequently has a clean bole of 18m or more.
The Timber It is of a golden brown colour, marked with black streaks (caused by secretory tissue or ‘gum lines’), which have given it the name ‘walnut’. When planed the surface is distinctly lustrous The sapwood is narrow, buff or light brown in colour and normally sharply defined from the heartwood, although a narrow transitional area is sometimes seen. It has usually interlocked grain, giving a marked ‘stripe’ when cut on the quarter. It averages about 560 kg/m3 when dried.
Drying Its drying properties are fairly good, although existing shakes may extend slightly and some distortion occur.
Strength For its weight the strength of the timber is good, and is equal to American black walnut in hardness and in compression along the grain.
Working Qualities Medium – Medium
Durability Slightly durable
Treatability Extremely difficult
Moisture
Movement Small
Density
(mean, Kg/m³) 560
DensityText Denisty can vary by 20% or more
Texture Variable
Availability Regular
Price Medium
Use(s) Exterior joinery, Furniture
Colour(s) Yellow brown (sometimes with dark streaks)
frican walnut
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Noun 1. African walnut - tropical African timber tree with wood that resembles mahogany
Lovoa klaineana
genus Lovoa, Lovoa - genus of African timber trees
tree - a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms
Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.
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References in periodicals archive
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There was no significant difference in SBP, DBP, MAP, heart rate and body weights of experimental animals with salt-induced high blood pressure that was treated with water extract of African walnut and those treated with lisinopril, a conventional hypertensive medication.
African Walnut, Beetroot Protect Against Salt-Induced Hypertension -Scientists
African Walnut Resistant to everyday scuffs and spills, ideal for busy lives.
FLOORING project; Get more from your floor with Celebrity expert Donald Sheridan aka DIY Donny
WE USED: Helen's African walnut decking stain pounds 15.98 for 1 litre (www.sadolin.co.uk, 0870 240 1127).
DECKS FACTOR; We might still be a little way off barbecue season but the lighter evenings are putting us in the mood for summer.Spruce up your garden now and you'll be raring to go when the warmer months arrive FRANCESCA COOKNEY
The 45,000 square ft Aspers boasts silk-lined walls, African walnut finishes, 27 plasma screen television and tanks of tropical fish.
All bets are on
ICCG's new finishes are Kensington Maple, Monticello Maple, Amber Cherry, Biltmore Cherry, Fonthill Pear, African Walnut, and Solar Oak.
Updated casegoods
They also contrast nicely and create a perfect balance by giving the room a lift to ensure it doesn't become too dark.``Unusual dark wood finishes such as zebra no and African walnut are very much en vogue,'' says Hugh.``But strong colours are used as accents in a room, rather than all over, which could be too moody and depressing.''
Midweek Home: Trends: Hot chocolate; It's so easy to spice up your home this spring
The main focus of the refurbishment is the hotel's three front doors, which will replaced by a single double door made out of sustainable African walnut.
'Tradition' pledge as hotel gets facelift
A Have your attorney send a letter clearly stating that there is no record indicating that African walnut was specified and that unless such evidence can be produced, you as the client expect and are entitled to immediate payment.
A woodworker at wit's end
The designers have invested in silk-lined walls, African walnut finishes and even mother of pearl gates at the entrance to the venue.
Phenolic analysis and erectogenic function of African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) seeds: The impact of the seed shell on biological activity
Adedayo O. Ademiluyi Sunday I. Oyeleye Opeyemi B. Ogunsuyi Ganiyu Oboh
First published: 10 March 2019
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12815
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Abstract
This study investigated the erectogenic potential of African walnut seed (AWS). The extract from AWS cooked with/without shell interacted with phosphodiesterase‐5 (PDE‐5), arginase, angiotensin‐I converting enzymes (ACE), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE); enzymes associated with erectile dysfunction (ED) and Fe2+‐induced malonaldehyde (MDA) production in the isolated penile tissue. The results showed that the extracts inhibited the enzymes and MDA production, but Walnut cooked with shell had the highest effect. This agreed with increased phenolic acids and flavonoids, found in the AWS cooked with the shell, compared with that cooked without shell. The inhibition of enzymes and antioxidative potentials could be among the possible mechanisms of actions of AWS in the management/treatment of ED. However, cooking walnut seed with the shell seem to be a contributing factor, as this could prevent possible leaching out of the phytochemicals that could be responsible for these biological effects.
Practical applications
Walnut seed possesses a high content of phenolic compounds and inhibit enzymes relevant to the management of erectile dysfunction. Traditionally, Walnut seed is being cooked with/without the shell and consumed for the purpose of alternative medicine in folklore. Our investigation revealed the possible mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect Walnut seed in the management of ED, but the impact of the shell during cooking contributes to this effect. This result will inform the consumers and food scientist on the importance of cooking Walnut seed with the shell in order to maximize its nutraceutical values.
AFRICAN WALNUT
Lovoa spp.
Lovoa trichilioides (syn. Lovoa klaineana); possibly also contributing is one (or two) other Lovoa spec. of the family Meliaceae, the mahogany family. Not a true (genus Juglans) walnut. The international trade name for this is dibetou and other common names are lovoa and benin.
my samples:
NOTE: these pics were all taken in very bright incandescent lighting ("soft white" at 2700K)
colors will vary under other lighting conditions
both sides of a sample plank of dibetou / Lovoa trichilioides --- HUGE enlargements are present. This sample was loaned to me by Mark Peet whom I thank for this and other contributions to the site.
African Walnut - Lovoa trichilioides
African Walnut is versatile, beautiful and underused. A great general joinery timber for both external and internal applications.
OriginWest AfricanAvailabilitySquare edged kiln dried boardsGrade'Sykes Grade' from FASColourGolden brownUsageGeneral exterior/interior joinery and cabinetmakingDurabilityModerately durableDensity550 kg/m3Movement in ServiceSmallThicknesses Available26mm, 38mm, 52mm, 63mm & 76mmSpecification100mm & wider, 1.8m & longerBasic Price LevelLowSummaryFlexible and consistent timbe
INOVAR AC4/W32 SPECIFICATIONS:
Size of panel: 1216 x 196 x 8mm
Fit for use grading: AC4/W32
Heavy Domestic/General Commercial Grade
Average board Density greater than 880/890 kg/m3
Thickness swelling test less than 8%
Lifetime guarantee against termites
Warranty: 25 years Heavy Domestic use /
5 years General Commercial use
8 Health Benefits Of African Walnut
By Titilayo Ilori
July 26, 2019 at 6:14 PM
African Walnut, also known as Asala, is a nut that has many health benefits. This nut is found mostly in Nigeria and other parts of Africa.
African walnut is known for its ability to cure diseases. Most people consume it without knowing the health benefits. Below are the reasons you must eat African walnuts daily.
1. Good for sperm production
According to research, walnut helps to boost sperm quality because it contains omega 3 and healthy fatty acids which play an important role in sperm production. It is also good for women and helps to boost fertility.
2. Helps the heart
African walnut contains L arginine that helps people who are suffering from hypertension and other heart diseases.
3. It is good for weight loss
African walnut helps to burn unwanted fat in the body. You must be careful, though, because it is high in calories.
4. Helps deal with sleep disorder
People who have a problem sleeping at night should try African walnut. It helps cure the sleeping disorder. All you need to do is eat some before going to bed and be rest assured.
5. It reduces diabetes
African walnut helps to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.
6. Helps the brain function properly
African walnut contains lots of vitamins which in turn help the eyes and the brain function properly. The walnut also helps to protect people from several diseases.
7. Reduces the risk of cancer
According to research, African walnut plays an important role in reducing the risk of cancer in both the male and female sexes.
8. Controls menstrual flow and corrects ovulation problems
African walnut helps to regulate the hormones because it is rich in omega 3 fatty acids. The leaf is another remedy for menstrual cramps. You can boil the leaf and drink it to get some relief from the pains.
Evaluation of Biscuit Produced from Composition of Wheat and Africa Walnut Flour
Olanipekun Bosede Folake, Adelakun Oluyemisi Elizabeth*, Anie Precious I and Fajuyi Folasade O
Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University, Nigeria
*Corresponding author:Adelakun Oluyemisi Elizabeth, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University, PMB 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
Submission: July 16, 2018;Published: July 31, 2018
DOI: 10.31031/NTNF.2018.02.000539
Abstract
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Nigeria depends majorly on wheat grain importation to meet the need of the wheat- based products industry. In order to conserve foreign exchange earnings of the government there has been an increasing effort to encourage domestic wheat production. Presently, about 10% of the total wheat requirements are produced locally while the remaining is imported. However, in recent times efforts have been focused on the use of locally available unfertilized cereals, legumes and tubers for the production of wheat-based products such as biscuits and bread. This study is aimed at production and evaluation of biscuit from locally available food materials.
Composite flour was produced using varying proportion of wheat flour to African walnut flour in the proportion of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 50:50 and then analyzed for chemical properties, functional properties and microbial properties. Biscuit was produced from the composite flours and analyzed for sensory attribute. All data generated in the study were analysed statistically. The chemical composition result indicated increasing level of moisture, protein, fat and crude fibre while there was decrease in carbohydrate as the proportion of walnut increases. Functional analysis result indicated an increasing level of bulk density, swelling index and water absorption. The microbial analysis showed absence of E. coli in the samples. Sensory evaluation of the biscuit showed that the samples produced from 90:10 wheat-walnut flour was comparable to the sample produced from 100% wheat flour in terms of the overall acceptability.
keywords: Wheat; African walnut; Composite flour; Biscuit; Sensory properties
Introduction
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In recent times, most school children and adults rely on snacks as they can hardly wait for breakfast before leaving early in the morning for schools and office work respectively. This has necessitated in producing highly acceptable snack foods with high nutritional quality that are also affordable by potential consumers. Biscuit, a common snack has become a traditional and significant food in many countries [1]. Their varieties in form and taste combined with long shelf-life and convenience of use have perpetuated their popularity. Biscuits enriched with protein have been developed for special feeding programmes, usually for children in developing countries [2]. Biscuits also as a deliberate source of energy are made and stored for use as a food supplement for disaster relief [3] and as a strategic store for military emergencies. Traditional biscuits are all made from wheat flour. Small quantities of other meals or starches may have been added to give a special flavour or structural properties. However, as biscuit making is spreading to countries where wheat is not in abundance or constitutes an expensive imported material, it is necessary or desirable to consider other materials that may be used to make biscuits or biscuit like products. In research to finding alternative flour, there is an equally important need to supplement the cereal flour with flours from legumes to improve the protein intake of the consumers.
Tetracarpidium conophorum, known as ‘Asala or Awusa’ by the Yorubas in western part of Nigeria is a woody perennial climber that belongs to the family Euphorbiacea. Its common name is African walnut. It is found in Uyo, Akamkpa, Akpabuyo, Lagos, Kogi, Ajaawa-Ogbomoso and Ibadan. T. conophorum plant is cultivated principally for the nuts which are cooked and consumed as snacks [4]. A bitter taste is usually felt upon drinking water immediately after eating the nuts which could be attributed to the presence of chemical substances such as alkaloids. It is contained in a pod which may house one to three shelled nuts. The shells could be black or brown from the plant, the nut is whitish upon cracking from the shell and the nut has a thin layer in between two halves of the nut. African walnut is listed as one of the lesser known food stuff (Achievement, 1998), even though it was reported to be high in protein (22.8-23.5) and fat (41.5-50) contents [5].
The amino acid and fatty acid components of the nut and the use of its leaf juice for the treatment of prolonged and constant hiccups has been reported [6] while the impact of traditional processing on the nutrient and sensory qualities of the nut has also been reported [7]. Though the nuts are generally eaten in Nigeria, much work has not been reported on its use as composite flour in various baked product. Therefore, African walnut, with its inherent nutritional and therapeutic advantage, could serve as good alternative to cassava in baking industry. With the progressive increase in the consumption of biscuit, bread and other baked products in many countries, the composite flour programme, especially in developing countries, has the potential to conserve foreign exchange, provide nutritious food to more people at affordable cost and widen the utilization of indigenous crops in food formulation. Thus, this study evaluated the proximate composition and physico-chemical of flour and sensory properties of biscuit produced from wheat -African walnut composite flour at varying levels of African walnut substitution (10-50%).
Materials
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African walnut was purchased at Oja-oko market, Ogbomoso, Oyo state. Wheat flour and other principal ingredients like yeast, sugar, fat and salt were also obtained from a local market at Oja- Wazo Market, Oyo state, Nigeria.
Production of walnut flour
The whole African walnut was washed thoroughly to remove any adhering contaminants, cooked in a steel pot for two hours to remove the shells. The de-shelled walnuts were reduce into smaller sizes with the aid of stainless steel knife, then blanched in hot water for 5 minutes before draining. After blanching, the walnuts were dried in a cabinet dryer at 60 ˚C for 5 hours to remove moisture, then milled and sieved to produce the African walnut flour.
Production of biscuit
Five blends of flour were prepared by mixing African walnut flour with wheat flour in the percentage proportions of 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, and 50:50 (Table 1). Biscuit was produced from the five blend formulations as described below.
Table 1: Formulation of wheat and African walnut composite flour
The biscuits were prepared using each ratio of mixed wheat flour and African walnut flour. 100% wheat flour was used as control. All samples of biscuits contained 30g sugar, 25g fat (margarine), 1.5g baking powder, 4g vanilla flavour, 0.5g salt, 30g whole egg and small quantity of water. Each sample was mixed with sugar, margarine and salt manually for 3-5 minutes to get creamy dough. The other ingredients except water were then incorporated. The measured amount of water was added gradually using continuous mixing until good textured, slightly firm dough was obtained. The dough was kneaded on a flat clean stainless metal table for 4 minutes. The mixture was manually rolled into sheets and cut into shapes using biscuits cutter. The dough was baked in an oven at 180 OC for 10mins. The biscuit was allowed to cool and then packaged [8].
Analysis
The Chemical analysis of the composite flour mixes were analyzed for moisture content, crude protein, crude fat, ash and crude fibre content according to the method described by [9]. The carbohydrate content of the flour mixes was determined by difference. The bulk densities of the composite flour mixes were determined by the method of [10], swelling capacity was determined by the method described by [11] and the method described by [12] was employed in determining the water absorption capacity of the flour mixes.
Sensory evaluation
Sensory attributes evaluated include flavour, colour, crispiness, appearance, sweetness, after taste attributes, texture, and overall acceptability. The biscuit samples were served to 20 panellists comprising the students and staffs of the Department of food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. The panellists were asked to score each sample on the nine-point hedonic scale.
Chemical composition
The effect of walnut flour substitution at different proportion on the proximate composition of wheat flour is shown in Table 2. It could be seen that the moisture content of the samples ranged from 8.12% to 10.68%. The low moisture observed for the five formulations was a good indicator of their potential to have longer shelf life. It is believed that materials such as flour and starch containing more than 12% moisture have less storage stability than those with lower moisture content, for this reason, a water content of 10% is generally specified for flours and other related products [13]. As the walnut flour was added to the wheat flour, it tended to bind moisture, thereby reducing the moisture content of the composite flour samples as seen in Table 2.
Table 2: Proximate properties of wheat-walnut flour.
Means with the same superscript along the same column are not significantly different (p< 0.05)
Sample A=100% Wheat flour; B=90% wheat flour+10% African walnut flour; C=80% wheat flour+20 African walnut flour; D=70% wheat flour+30% African walnut flour; E=50% wheat flour+50% African walnut flour
The crude protein content of the flour samples ranged from 10.34% to 18.44%. The crude protein content of the five formulations was significantly different (p< 0.05) from each other. Sample E (50% wheat flour and 50% walnut flour) had the highest crude protein content (18.44%) followed by sample D (70% wheat flour and 30% walnut flour) (14.56%). Sample A (100% wheat flour) had the least crude protein content (10.34%). This could be attributed to the high percentage of protein content of the walnut flour as reported in literature which are 35.6% [14] 21.6% [15], and 21.65 [16]. This result indicated that the aim of supplementation which was to increase the protein content was achieved while producing a more shelf stable product due to its lower moisture content.
The ash content of the flour samples ranged from 1.32% to 1.86%., with sample A having the least percentage while sample E has the highest percentage. High ash content as a result of walnut flour addition to the wheat flour could imply increase quantity of minerals in the flour samples. The fat content ranged from 1.59% to 15.57%. The fat content for the five samples were significantly different (p < 0.05) from each other. Sample E (50% wheat flour and 50% walnut flour) had the highest fat content of 15.57% followed by sample D (70% wheat flour and 30% walnut flour) which had a fat content of 10.02% and sample A (100% wheat flour) had the least fat content (1.32%). This could be attributed to the high percentage of oil in African walnut flour. N die et al. [15] had reported a level of 47.7% in African walnut.
The crude fibre content of the flour samples ranged from 0.13% to 1.00% and was significantly different from each other at 0.05% level significance. From Table 2, it could be seen that sample A had the highest percentage of fibre (1.00%) compared to other samples, but at 10% substitution of walnut flour to the wheat flour, it tended to reduce to 0.84%. The carbohydrate content ranged from 55.90% to 75.09%. The carbohydrate content for the five samples was significantly different (p< 0.05) from each other. Sample A (100% wheat flour) showed a very high percentage of carbohydrate content of 75.09%. As the walnut flour addition to the wheat flour increased, corresponding decrease in carbohydrate content were observed in the composite flour samples. A lower content of carbohydrate (16.9%) in African walnut could be responsible for this [15].
Functional Properties
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The effect of walnut flour substitution at different proportion on the functional properties of wheat flour is shown in Table 3. The bulk density of the flour samples was found to range from 0.4503% to 0.4224%. Sample E (50% wheat flour and 50% walnut flour) (0.4503%), was significantly different from other samples because it had the highest bulk density, closely followed by sample D (70% wheat flour and 30% walnut flour) (0.4503%). Sample A (100% wheat flour) had the least value (0.4224%). The change in bulk density is generally affected by the particle size and the density of the flour [17].
The swelling capacity of the flour blends ranged from 0.544%g to 0.692%. Sample E (50% wheat flour and 50% walnut flour) was significantly different from other flour samples at (p< 0.05) and had the highest value (0.692%) while Sample A (100% wheat flour) (0.544%) had the lowest value. Walnut flour tended to increase the swelling capacity of the flour samples at different levels of substitution. Moorthy & Ramanujam [18] reported that the swelling capacity of flour granules is an indication of the extent of associative forces within the granule. The variation in the swelling capacity indicates the degree of exposure of the internal structure of the starch present in the flour to the action of water [19].
Table 3 the result obtained for water absorption capacity ranged from 0.978% to 1.414%. Water absorption capacity is the ability of flour to absorb water and swell for improved consistency in food. It is desirable in food systems to improve yield and consistency and give body to the food [20]. Sample E (50% wheat flour and 50% walnut flour) was significantly different from other samples at (p< 0.05) because it had the highest capacity to absorb water and also sample A (100% wheat flour) was significantly different from the other samples at (p< 0.05) because it has the least capacity of absorbing water. The effect of low water absorption capacity of the flour samples was probably due to the loose association of amylase and amyl pectin in the native granules of starch and weaker associative forces maintaining the granules structure [21].
Table 3:Functional properties of wheat-walnut flour.
Means with the same superscript along the same column are not significantly different (p< 0.05)
Sample A=100% Wheat flour; B=90% wheat flour+10% African walnut flour; C=80% wheat flour+20 African walnut flour; D=70% wheat flour+30% African walnut flour; E=50% wheat flour+50% African walnut flour
Microbial Analysis
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The result of the microbiological analysis of the sample is shown in Table 4, no visible growth was observed in sample A and sample B. Total Viable Count showed growth for sample C, D and E after 48hrs this could be as a result of the increasing level of protein and fat as shown in Table 2. Adams & moss [22] reported that spoilage organisms grow faster in medium that is highly nutritious.
Table 4:
Means with the same superscript along the same column are not significantly different (p< 0.05)
Sample A=100% Wheat flour; B=90% wheat flour+10% African walnut flour; C= 80% wheat flour+20 African walnut flour; D=70% wheat flour+30% African walnut flour; E=50% wheat flour+50% African walnut flour
Consumer Acceptability Study
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Figure 1:Sample A.
The data obtained from the sensory evaluation was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The attributes evaluated for sensory are flavour, colour, crispiness, appearance, sweetness, taste, texture, and overall acceptability. The most accepted sample by the panellist was determined from the result. This was done based on the panellist response in Table 5. The panellists showed preference for (Figure 1) sample A followed by (Figure 2-5) sample B, C, D and E in terms of flavour, texture, taste, crispiness, colour, appearance and sweetness. The inherent aftertaste flavour of the composite biscuit may have accounted for the lower rating by the panellists. For the overall acceptability sample B had the highest percentage next to control sample A, Sample B therefore, competed favourably with sample A. Table 5: Sensory evaluation of wheat-walnut biscuit.
Table 5:Sensory evaluation of wheat-walnut biscuit.
Means with the same superscript along the same column are not significantly different (p< 0.05)
Sample A=100% Wheat flour; B=90% wheat flour+10% African walnut flour; C=80% wheat flour+20 African walnut flour; D=70% wheat flour+30% African walnut flour; E= 50% wheat flour+50% African walnut flour
Conclusion
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The result obtained from the study has shown that supplementing wheat flour with walnut flour resulted in considerable improvement in the protein and fat content of the flour. The result also indicates that biscuit sample produced from formulation of 90% wheat flour and 10% walnut flour was accepted by the consumer. In conclusion, the work has revealed that supplementing wheat flour with walnut flour considerably increased the protein and fat contents. Hence, they can find useful application in pastries like biscuit and other snacks.
References
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Manley DJR (1996) Technology of biscuits, crackers and cookies. Duncan Manley Limited, Stanford, USA.
Water L (1987) Studies on the proximate composition and effect of flour particle size of acceptability of biscuits produced from blends of soybeans and plantain flours. J Namoda Technol 3(2): 17-22.
Young AS, William CV, Victor GI (1985) Physico-chemical and nutritional properties of cereal-pulse blends for bread making. Nutrition and Health 16(3): 183-194.
Oke OL (1995) Leaf protein research in Nigeria Ibadan, University Press Ibadan, Nigeria.
Osogie AU, Okoye WL, Oluwagose BO, Dowodu OA (1986) Chemical quality parameters and fatty acid composition of oils of some underexploited tropical seeds. Nigerian Journal of Applied Sciences 4: 151- 162.
Oyenuga VA (1997) Nigeria Food and Feeding Stuffs. University Press, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Nwokolo EA (1987) Composition and availability of nutrients in some tropical legumes. Ibadan Phacco Publishers, USA.
Whitley PR (1970) Biscuits manufacture. Applied Science Publishers Ltd, London.
AOAC (2005) Association of official analytical chemists, (15th edn.) Wincosin, USA, p. 1298.
Okaka JC, Okorie PA, Ozo ON (1991) Quality evaluation of sun dried yam chips. Tropical Sci 31: 265-275.
Leach HW, Maccowen LD, Schoch TJ (1989) Structure of starch granules. I-Swelling and Solubility Pattern of Various Starches. Cereal Chemistry 36: 533-544.
Lawal OS, Adebowale KO (2005) Physico-chemical characteristics and thermal properties of chemically modified Jack bean (Canavalia ensiforms) starch. Carb Polym 60: 331-341
Eddy NO, Udofia PG, Eyo D (2007) Sensory evaluation of wheat/cassava composite bread and effect of label information on acceptance and preference Journal of Biotechnology 6: 2415-2418.
Edem CA, Dosumu MI, Bassey FI (2008) Determination of proximate composition, ascorbic acid and heavy metal content of African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum). Afr J Environ Pollut Health 6 (1): 59-60.
Ndie EC, Nnamani CV, Oselebe HO (2010) Some physicochemical characteristics of defatted flours derived from African walnut (Tetracarpidium conoforum): An underutilized legume. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 9(9): 909-911.
Ayoola PB, Onawumi OO Faboya O
Diamond Wood African Walnut Medium Table
$1,160.00Price
A F R I C A N W A L N U T │ M E D I U M C O F F E E T A B L E
This stunning wood can be found in tropical and subtropical regions of West Africa. The tone ranges from a dark, golden-yellow to a reddish-brown, often with a gorgeous high contrasted pattern.
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Handmade with carefully selected wood and grain of the highest quality, these tables are lightweight yet extremely sturdy. You can quite literally dance on them - each table can hold a maximum weight of up to 100 kg │ 220 lbs.
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Please note that due to the natural grain and tone changes in wood, each table will differ slightly and no two will ever be identical.
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Handmade to order: 6 weeks
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Dimensions:
D 50 cm x H 40.5 cm
D 27.5" x H 16"
Quantity
ऊपर दिए गए वेदियो पर क्लिक करके देखें और डाउनलोड करें [वीडियो] ज़िनोलेस्की - जोरोमी
BABALAWO ओबनिफा-ओबनिफा चरम वृत्तचित्रों द्वारा अफ्रीकी वाल्नम्स की योजनाएं

बाबलाव ओबनिफा इस काम के दस्तावेज़ के माध्यम से योरूबा संस्कृति और आध्यात्मिकता के परिप्रेक्ष्य से सपने में अफ्रीकी अखरोट देखने के कुछ अर्थों के माध्यम से होगा। योरूबा भाषा में अफ्रीकी अखरोट का शब्द आवुसा / असला है। अफ्रीकी अखरोट कई अफ्रीकी पौधों के लिए एक सामान्य नाम है और इसका उल्लेख हो सकता है:
कुआला एडुलिस, परिवार ओलाकेसी में
Lovoa trichilioides, परिवार में Meliaceae
प्लुकेनेतिया कॉनफोरा, परिवार यूफोरबिएसी में
फैबेशिया में स्कोतिया ब्राचीपेटाला
लेकिन इस काम के संदर्भ में। अफ्रीकी अखरोट को संदर्भित किया गया है, टेट्राकार्पिडियम कॉनफोरम (अफ्रीकी अखरोट) जो परिवार यूफोरिबिएसी से संबंधित है। यह एक खाद्य बीज है जिसकी व्यापकता के लिए इसकी खेती की जाती है। पौधे के सभी भागों का जातीय रूप से उपयोग किया गया है। अफ्रीकी अखरोट अंग्रेजी अखरोट से अलग है। अयेनी ई। अयोधजी के अनुसार, नूहू अलियु ने अपने काम में, टेट्राकार्पिडियम कोनफोरम (अफ्रीकी अखरोट) हच शीर्षक से लिखा। और Dalziel: नृवंशविज्ञान का उपयोग करता है और इसकी चिकित्सीय गतिविधियों। वह इस प्रकार अंग्रेजी दीवार अखरोट और अफ्रीकी अखरोट के बीच अंतर करता है: अखरोट खाद्य बीज हैं जो व्यापक रूप से उनकी नाजुकता के लिए खेती की जाती हैं। प्रमुख प्रजातियों में जुग्लान रेजिया (एल) शामिल हैं, जिन्हें अंग्रेजी अखरोट के रूप में जाना जाता है और परिवार जुग्लैसे (बर्किल 1985) से संबंधित है। उष्णकटिबंधीय अफ्रीकी अखरोट, जिसे टेट्राकार्पिडियम कॉनफोरम या प्लुकेनेतिया कॉनफोरा (ऑयकेले एट अल। 2015) के रूप में जाना जाता है, परिवार यूफोरिबिएसी (एडेम, डोसेनमु और बस्सी 2009) के अंतर्गत आता है। Adebona, Ogunsua और Ologunde (1988) ने कहा कि अखरोट की कुछ प्रजातियाँ परिवार Olacaceae में पाई जाती हैं। अखरोट को आम तौर पर शंकुधारी वृक्ष या शंकुधारी अखरोट (जनिक और पॉल 2008) के रूप में जाना जाता है। यह पौधा अफ्रीकी अखरोट, काले अखरोट और नाइजीरियाई अखरोट (एकवे और इहमेजे 2013; न्वाईची, ओसूओहा और मोनानु 2017) के नाम से प्रसिद्ध है। नाइजीरिया में, योरूबा जनजाति के बीच, अखरोट को आवुसा या असाला, उकपा, या इग्बो में ओके ओकोपिरिन्या और हौसा में गावुडी बैरी के रूप में जाना जाता है; और इसे एडो स्टेट की बिनी जनजाति (चिजोके, एनोसाइक एंड एनी 2015; कानू एट अल 2015) के बीच ओखू या ओके के रूप में जाना जाता है। सिएरा लियोन में, इसे मुशायबा कहा जाता है और पश्चिमी कैमरून में, इसे अन्य स्थानीय नामों (बुर्किल 1985) के बीच कासो या नगक के रूप में जाना जाता है।

अफ्रीकी दीवार अखरोट के बारे में आपकी समझ के बारे में बताते हुए कि मैं इस काम के संदर्भ को वापस लेने की बात कर रहा हूं। अब मैं सपने में इसे अफ्रीकी संस्कृति और आध्यात्मिकता के दृष्टिकोण से देखने के कुछ आध्यात्मिक अर्थों पर आगे बढ़ूंगा। सपने में अफ्रीकी अखरोट देखना किसी भी अन्य सपने के प्रतीक के मामले में सकारात्मक या नकारात्मक अर्थ हो सकता है। किसी भी अफ्रीकी अखरोट के सपने को देने या विशेषता देने का अर्थ आमतौर पर सपनों की सामग्री और संदर्भ पर निर्भर करेगा। नीचे कुछ अफ्रीकी अखरोट के सपने और बबालावो ओबनिफा द्वारा दस्तावेज के रूप में उनकी कुछ व्याख्याओं का विस्तार से वर्णन किया गया है।
TI A BA LALA RI OKO ASALA TI O PO (यदि आप अपने सपने में दक्षिण पश्चिम की योजना बना रहे हैं): किसी भी तरह के सपने में जहां आप अफ्रीकी दीवार अखरोट के पौधे या अफ्रीकी अखरोट के पौधे देखते हैं। इस तरह का सपना सपने देखने वाले के लिए महान आशीर्वाद और आसन्न खुशी को दर्शाता है। यह एक सकारात्मक सपना है।
TI एक बीए LALA RI PADI / PALADI ASALA / AWUSA (यदि आप अपने सपने में AFRICAN वालनॉट का एक पोड देखें): किसी भी तरह के सपने में जहां आप सपने में अफ्रीकी अखरोट की फली देखते हैं। यह एक चेतावनी का सपना है। यदि बच्चों के साथ माता-पिता अपने सपने में अफ्रीकी अखरोट की एक फली देखते हैं। यह इस तरह के व्यक्ति को बता रहा है कि जब तक वह उचित शारीरिक और आध्यात्मिक निवारक उपाय नहीं करता। वे बच्चे एक दूसरे के साथ अच्छे समय पर नहीं होंगे, उनकी निकटता और रक्त द्वारा संबंधित होने के बावजूद। वे एक-दूसरे के साथ मित्रतापूर्ण शर्तों पर व्यवहार नहीं करेंगे। अफ्रीकी अखरोट की एक फली आमतौर पर परिवार के सदस्यों के बीच मैत्रीपूर्ण बातचीत के खिलाफ एक चेतावनी है।
TI A BA PA AWUSA / ASALA SISE TI OMO INU KO DARA (यदि आप अपने सपने में कूच किए गए AFRICAN WALNUT का उपयोग करते हैं और जो आपके IT SPEN या ROTTEN के INNER CONTENT से बाहर हैं): किसी भी तरह के सपने में जहाँ आप अपने सपने में देखते हैं आप अपने सपने में अफ्रीकी अखरोट तोड़ रहे हैं और आपको पता चलता है कि सामग्री सड़ गई है। इस तरह का सपना निराशा और असफलता को दर्शाता है। इसका मतलब है कि कुछ चीजें हैं, प्रस्ताव, व्यक्ति, कि यह व्यक्ति पर भरोसा करता है। वह / वह निराश हो जाएगा। वह / वह भरोसा नहीं करता। यदि युवा व्यक्ति जो शादी करना चाहता है और पहले से ही शादी की योजना बना रहा है, तो इस तरह का सपना है। निराशा को रोकने के लिए उसे हर आवश्यक उपाय करने की आवश्यकता है। समान व्याख्या प्रस्ताव, अनुबंध या वादे की अपेक्षा करने वालों पर लागू होती है।
TI OBINRIN BA LALA WIPO EEPO AWUSA YI OHUN LOWO (अगर एक LADY या WOMAN SEE IN HER DREAM THAT DECAY या DECOMPOSED POD OF AFRICAN WalNUT): इस तरह के सपने देखने वाले को प्रार्थना करने की जरूरत नहीं है, तो उसे सपने देखने की जरूरत नहीं होगी। एक और महिला प्रेमी के लिए पुरुष प्रेमी।
TI A BA LALA TI A N SA ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA (अगर आप खुद को देख रहे हैं, तो आप सपने में अफ्रीकी वासियों से बात कर रहे हैं): किसी भी सपने में जहां आप सपने में खुद को अफ्रीकी अखरोट देखते हैं। सपने में अफ्रीकी दीवार अखरोट चुनना वित्तीय लाभ और समृद्धि को दर्शाता है। इस प्रकृति का सपना भी इस्तेमाल की जाने वाली या संभावित क्षमता के उपयोग को दर्शाता है जिसे टैप करने की आवश्यकता होती है। यह एक निर्देशात्मक संदेश सपना है।
TI OKUNRIN BA LALA WIPE OHUN JE AWUSA / ASALA (यदि उसका एक आदमी इस सपने में है कि वह खाने के बाद खाना खा रहा है): यदि आप सपने में अखरोट खा रहे हैं। इस तरह का सपना एक सपने देखने वाला सपना है जो सपने देखने वाले को बताता है कि उसे प्रजनन समस्या की देखभाल करने की आवश्यकता है या आसन्न स्वास्थ्य मुद्दा है जो उसकी प्रजनन क्षमता को प्रभावित कर सकता है।
TI A BA LALA TI A N RA AWUSA / ASALA (अगर आप खुद को देख रहे हैं, तो आप सपने में किसी भी तरह के सपने देख रहे हैं): जहां आप सपने में खुद को अफ्रीकी अखरोट खरीदते हुए देखते हैं। इस तरह के सपने का अनुमान है कि सपने देखने वाले को उसके स्वास्थ्य की देखभाल करने की आवश्यकता है। स्वास्थ्य संबंधी समस्या है कि सपने देखने वाले को उससे जटिल स्थिति की मांग करने से पहले ध्यान रखना चाहिए।
TI A BA LALA TI AN ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA SUGBON TI A KO JE (यदि आप इस बात को स्वीकार करते हैं कि आप अपने भोजन के बिना अपने जीवन में अफ्रीकी वासियों को आकर्षित कर रहे हैं): आप अपने आप को टूटते और टूटते हुए देख सकते हैं उन्हें खाने के बिना अपने सपने में अखरोट का। इस तरह के सपने का अर्थ है कि सपने देखने वाले बर्बाद हो रहे हैं और संसाधन के असाधारण उपयोग में अनावश्यक रूप से संलग्न हैं। यह सपने देखने वाले को संसाधनों के अपव्यय को रोकने के लिए चेतावनी देने वाला सपना है। वही व्याख्या तब लागू होती है जब आप किसी को अपने करीब देखते हैं जैसे कि आपके बच्चे, पति या पत्नी या दोस्त सपने में भी ऐसा ही करते हैं।
TI A BA LALA TI A N JE AWUSA TUTU (अगर आप खुद को खाने की आदत डालते हैं / UNCOOKED WalNUT): यदि आप अपने सपने में देखते हैं कि आप कच्ची दीवार अखरोट खा रहे हैं, तो सपने का प्रकार एक चेतावनी सपना है और इसके आमतौर पर दो अर्थ होते हैं। सबसे पहले, इसका मतलब है कि सपने देखने वाला बहुत जल्दी या जल्दबाजी में है और परिणामस्वरूप। उसे अप्रिय परिणाम मिल रहा है। दूसरी बात यह है कि इस तरह का सपना सांप के काटने के कारण सपने देखने वाले को अपने पर्यावरण का ध्यान रखना चाहिए।
कॉपीराइट: बबालावो पेले ओबासा ओबनिफा, फोन और व्हाट्सएप संपर्क: 13:48166343145, स्थान इले इफ ओसुन राज्य नाइजीरिया।
महत्वपूर्ण सूचना: जैसा कि ऊपर दिए गए लेख के अनुसार, सभी अधिकार सुरक्षित हैं, इस लेख का कोई भी भाग किसी भी रूप में या किसी भी तरह से इलेक्ट्रॉनिक या मैकेनिकल द्वारा फोटोकॉपी और रिकॉर्डिंग या किसी भी जानकारी के भंडारण या पुनर्प्राप्ति प्रणाली से पूर्व लिखित अनुमति के बिना दोबारा तैयार या नकल नहीं किया जा सकता है। कॉपीराइट धारक और लेखक बबालावो ओबनिफा से, ऐसा करना गैरकानूनी माना जाता है और कानूनी परिणामों को आकर्षित करेगा

انقر فوق Vedio أعلاه لمشاهدة وتنزيل [فيديو] Zinoleesky - Joromi
معنى أحلام الجوز الإفريقي بقلـم بابلو أبانيفة - أبانيفة

سوف يقوم Babalawo Obanifa من خلال هذا العمل بتوثيق بعض معاني رؤية الجوز الأفريقي في المنام من منظور ثقافة اليوروبا والروحانية. كلمة الجوز الأفريقي في لغة اليوروبا هي Awusa / Asaala. الجوز الأفريقي هو اسم شائع للعديد من النباتات الأفريقية وقد يشير إلى:
Coula edulis ، في عائلة Olacaceae
Lovoa trichilioides ، في الأسرة Meliaceae
Plukenetia conophora ، في عائلة الفربيون
Schotia brachypetala ، في عائلة Fabaceae
ولكن في سياق هذا العمل. الجوز الأفريقي الذي تمت الإشارة إليه هو Tetracarpidium conophorum (الجوز الأفريقي) الذي ينتمي إلى عائلة الفربيون. إنها بذرة صالحة للأكل تزرع على نطاق واسع بسبب طعامها الشهي. وقد تم استخدام جميع أجزاء النبات عرقيًا. الجوز الأفريقي يختلف عن الجوز الإنجليزي. وفقا لأيني إي Ayodeji ، نهو Aliyu في عمله ، بعنوان Tetracarpidium conophorum (الجوز الأفريقي) هاتش. & Dalziel: الاستخدامات الإثنية والطبية وأنشطتها العلاجية. إنه يميز بين جوز الجوز الإنجليزي والجوز الأفريقي: الجوز هي بذور صالحة للأكل يتم زراعتها على نطاق واسع بسبب طعامها الشهي. الأنواع البارزة تشمل Juglans regia (L.) ، والمعروفة باسم الجوز الإنجليزي وتنتمي إلى عائلة Juglandaceae (Burkill 1985). ينتمي الجوز الأفريقي المداري ، المعروف باسم Tetracarpidium conophorum أو Plukenetia conophora (Oyekale et al. 2015) ، إلى عائلة Euphorbiaceae (Edem، Dosunmu & Bassey 2009). ذكرت Adebona و Ogunsua و Ologunde (1988) أن بعض أنواع الجوز موجودة في عائلة Olacaceae. يشار إلى الجوز عمومًا باسم شجرة conophor أو جوز conophor (Janick & Paul 2008). يُعرف المصنع باسم الجوز الأفريقي والجوز الأسود والجوز النيجيري (Ekwe & Ihemeje 2013؛ Nwaichi، Osuoha & Monanu 2017). في نيجيريا ، من بين قبيلة اليوروبا ، يُعرف الجوز باسم عوصة أو أصالة ، أو أوكبا ، أو أوك أوكيبورينييا في الإغبو وجاوي بيري في الهوسا ؛ والمعروف باسم okhue أو okwe بين قبيلة Bini في ولاية Edo (Chijoke ، Anosike & Ani 2015 ؛ Kanu et al. 2015). في سيراليون ، يطلق عليها اسم موسيباسا وفي غرب الكاميرون ، تُعرف باسم كاسو أو نجاك ، من بين أسماء محلية أخرى (Burkill 1985).

بعد أن أوضحت تفهمك للجدار الأفريقي الذي أشير إليه في سياق سياق هذا العمل. سأنتقل الآن إلى بعض المعاني الروحية لرؤية هذا في الحلم من منظور الثقافة والروحانية الأفريقية. رؤية الجوز الأفريقي في المنام كما هو الحال في أي رمز حلم آخر يمكن أن يكون لها معان إيجابية أو سلبية. عادة ما تعتمد معاني إعطاء أو عزو أي حلم من أحجار الجوز الإفريقية على محتوى الأحلام وسياقها. فيما يلي وثائق تفصيلية لبعض أحلام الجوز الأفريقي وبعض تفسيرها التفصيلي كوثيقة من إعداد Babalawo Obanifa.
TI a BA LALA RI OKO ASALA TI O PO (إذا كنت ترى خطة حائط الجوز الأفريقية في أحلامك): في أي نوع من الحلم حيث ترى نباتات الجوز الأفريقية على الجدار أو زراعة نباتات الجوز الأفريقية. هذا النوع من الحلم يدل على بركات كبيرة وفرحة وشيكة للحالم. إنه حلم إيجابي.
TI a BA LALA RI PADI / PALADI ASALA / AWUSA (إذا رأيت مجموعة من الأفارقة الجوز في أحلامك): في أي نوع من الحلم حيث ترى قرنة من الجوز الأفريقي في المنام. هذا حلم تحذير. إذا رأى أحد الوالدين مع أطفال في حلمه قرنة من الجوز الأفريقي. هذا النوع يخبر مثل هذا الشخص بأنه ما لم يتخذ هو / هي التدابير الوقائية البدنية والروحية المناسبة. لن يكون هؤلاء الأطفال على علاقة جيدة مع بعضهم البعض ، على الرغم من قربهم والدم. لن يتعاملوا مع بعضهم البعض بشروط ودية. قرنة من الجوز الأفريقي هو عادة تحذير من التفاعل غير الودي بين أفراد الأسرة.
TI a BA PA AWUSA / ASALA SIS TI OMO INU KO DARA (إذا كنت قد كسرت أفريقيًا مطبوخًا في أحلامك وتكتشف أن محتوى المحتوى الداخلي الخاص بك قد تفسد أو عذب) أنك تكسرت الجوز الأفريقي في حلمك وتكتشف أن المحتويات أصبحت فاسدة. هذا النوع من الحلم يدل على خيبة الأمل والفشل. هذا يعني أن هناك أشياء معينة ، عرض ، شخص ، يعتمد عليها هذا الشخص. هو / هي سوف تكون بخيبة أمل. هو / هي لا تعتمد. إذا كان الشاب الذي يريد الحصول على ويخطط بالفعل لحفل الزفاف لديك هذا النوع من الحلم. هو / هي بحاجة إلى اتخاذ كل التدابير اللازمة لتجنب خيبة الأمل. نفس التفسير ينطبق على أولئك الذين يتوقعون العرض أو العقود أو الوعد.
TI OBINRIN BA LALA WIPO EEPO AWUSA YI OHUN LOWO (إذا رأت سيدة أو امرأة في بلدها الحلم أن تكون مودعة أو موقوتة من أفريقي وولتوت): هذا النوع من الحلم كان يحتاج إلى الحالم أن يصلي حتى لا تتأثر عاشق ذكر لعشاق أنثى أخرى.
TI a BA LALA TI A N SA ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA (إذا رأيت نفسك تلتقط صغار الأفارقة في الحلم): في أي حلم حيث ترى نفسك تنتقي الجوز الأفريقي في الحلم. اختيار الجوز الجدار الأفريقي في الحلم ضمنا المكاسب المالية والازدهار. حلم من هذا القبيل يعني أيضا استخدام أو في ظل الاستفادة من الإمكانات التي تحتاج إلى تسجيل. إنه حلم رسالة تعليمية.
TI OKUNRIN BA LALA WIPE OHUN JE AWUSA / ASALA (إذا رأى رجل في أحلامه أنه يأكل صغار الأفارقة): إذا كنت رجلاً يرى نفسه يأكل الجوز في المنام. هذا النوع من الحلم هو حلم تحذيري يخبر الحالم أنه بحاجة إلى رعاية مشكلة الخصوبة أو أن هناك مشكلة صحية وشيكة يمكن أن تؤثر على خصوبته.
TI a BA LALA TI A N RA AWUSA / ASALA (إذا رأيت نفسك تشتري أفريقيًا الجوز في حلم): في أي نوع من الحلم حيث ترى نفسك تشتري الجوز الأفريقي في المنام. هذا النوع من الحلم يشير إلى أن الحالم بحاجة لرعاية حالته الصحية. هناك مشكلة صحية تحتاج الحالم إلى الاهتمام بها قبل أن يبدأ في المطالبة بوضع معقد منه.
TI a BA LALA TI AN ASALA / AWUSA LOJU ALA SUGBON TI A KO JE (إذا كنت تحلم أنك تخرق أو تفوح من صعاب أفريقية في أحلامك دون أن تأكلها): من الجوز في حلمك دون أكلهم. هذا النوع من الحلم يدل على أن الحالمين يهدرون ويشاركون في استخدامات البذخ للموارد. إنه تحذير يحذر الحالم من الحد من هدر الموارد. ينطبق نفس التفسير عندما ترى شخصًا قريبًا منك مثل أطفالك أو زوجك أو صديقك يحلم بنفس الشيء.
TI a BA LALA TI A N JE AWUSA TUTU (إذا رأيت نفسك تآكل / غير مطبوخة): إذا رأيت في حلمك أنك تأكل جوزًا خامًا على الحائط ، فإن هذا النوع من الحلم هو حلم تحذيري وعادة ما يكون له معنىان. أولاً ، هذا يعني أن الحالم كثير في عجلة من أمره أو يتعجل نتيجة لذلك. انه الحصول على نتيجة غير سارة. ثانياً ، يشير هذا النوع من الحلم إلى أنه يجب على الحالم الاهتمام ببيئته بسبب لدغات الثعابين.
حقوق الطبع والنشر: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa ، الهاتف واتس اب الاتصال: +2348166343145 ، موقع Ile Ife osun ولاية نيجيريا.
إشعار هام: فيما يتعلق بالمادة أعلاه ، جميع الحقوق محفوظة ، لا يجوز إعادة إنتاج أو نسخ أي جزء من هذه المادة بأي شكل أو بأي وسيلة ، سواء كانت إلكترونية أو ميكانيكية ، بما في ذلك التصوير والتسجيل أو أي نظام لتخزين المعلومات أو استرجاعها دون إذن كتابي مسبق من صاحب حقوق الطبع والنشر والمؤلف Babalawo Obanifa ، يعتبر القيام بذلك غير قانوني وسيؤدي إلى عواقب قانونية
Vide Below work of other authors on uses of African wall nut.
9 Health Importance Of African Walnut
The African walnut (king of nuts) is mostly found in Nigeria and some other parts of Africa. In the Western part of Nigeria, it is known as “ASALA” while in the Southern part, it is called “UKPA”.
It is one of the well packaged nuts that Mother Nature has blessed us with! But guess what? Most people consume it without knowing its health importance.
Here are some health importance of this fruit:
Good for the heart
Have you heard of L-arginine before? It’s very vital for those suffering from hypertension and other heart diseases! And guess what? African walnuts have loads of it!
Boosts Sperm production
These fruits are regarded as fertility boosters and it has been seen as well from medical research that men who eat African walnuts on daily basis are prone to have increased sperm quality. The presence of healthy fatty acids in these nuts such as omega-3 fatty acid among others plays a great role in sperm development and fertility boosting in women as well as men.
For instance, taking a serving of this nut for over 8 weeks has been shown to boost men’s fertility.
Weight loss
To shed off that excess body weight, belly fat and reduce body cholesterol, the African walnut is a top choice snack for you. But know that you must stick to the serving size because they are quite high in calories.
Helps manage sleep disorder
In addition, for those having disturbed sleep especially at night, taking this special nut before bedtime might be that magic pill you need because it increases your melatonin which acts on your brain and signal your body to give you a sound sleep.
Manages Irregular menstrual flow and ovulation problem
Also, African walnuts are rich in omega 3 Fatty acids which aid to regulate hormone levels and manage menstrual cramps pains . African walnut is completely healthy for men and women. When I say African walnuts, I mean the nuts and all the derivatives.
Walnut leaf extract is another natural antioxidant that plays a good role in regulating menstrual flow.
It helps to improve proper menstrual flow and inhibit menstrual flaws experienced by several women while menstruating.
Diabetes
African walnut is a healthy snack to help reduce the risks of type 2 diabetes.
Improves brain function
Walnut fruit is a good source of vitamin B-6 also known as pyridoxine which helps the human brain to function properly and improves cognitive ability.
The healthy fats and pyridoxine in African walnuts are key facilitators to improving cognitive function. Growing kids should tap from this benefit as well!
Boosts immune system
With the high antioxidant and iron content of African walnut, you are sure to ward off infections, anaemia and even eye related problems by just consuming a serving of this nut daily!
Cancer
African walnuts have been shown to play a vital role in reducing the risks of prostate and breast cancer in humans.
The medical information provided in this article is provided as an information resource only. This information does not create any patient-physician relationship and should not be used as a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment
.
WELLNESS
Five Health Benefits Of African Walnut
BY URENNA UKIWE
Walnuts are round shaped nuts with dark brown shells and whitish nuts encased within the shell. They are in season and have numerous health benefits. In the south-east region of Nigeria, it is called ‘Okpa’. Here are the reasons you should eat this nut more often.
Contains Vitamins
The African walnut contains vitamins such as B6, B7 and E. Vitamin E is an antioxidant which protects the body from free radicals that damage the body. Vitamin B6 helps in brain growth and function and vitamin B7 helps to metabolise carbohydrate and fat and all these are highly required by the body.
Lowers the risk of heart disease
Walnut contains amino acid 1 arginine which helps in cell division, healing of wounds, immune system function and the release of hormones. There is also the presence of antioxidants such as flavonol morin and quinone juglone that help to regulate the heart and prevent heart-related diseases.
Lowers the risk of cancer
Walnut contains polyphenol ellagitannins which certain microbes in the gut convert to urolithins. Urolithins is a property that has anti-inflammatory functions that protect against colorectal cancer.
Urolithins have properties that help them reduce the risk of hormone-related cancers like breast and prostate cancer.
Reduce the risk of diabetes
Walnuts help to control excess weight thereby reducing the risk of high blood sugar and diabetes.
Weight control
Walnut contains vitamins B7 which is essential for key metabolic process, contains fibres and protein which also help to check weight gain.
Review Article
Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) Hutch. & Dalziel: Ethnomedicinal uses and its therapeutic activities
Ayeni E. Ayodeji, Nuhu Aliyu
Received: 27 Nov. 2017; Accepted: 27 Feb. 2018; Published: 24 May 2018
Copyright: © 2018. The Author(s). Licensee: AOSIS.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The use of medicinal plants to cure many ailments has been a tradition in different parts of the world. Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is an edible seed that is widely cultivated for its delicacy. All parts of the plant have been used ethnomedically. This article reviewed the ethnomedicinal, nutritional, phytochemical and some pharmacological activities of T. conophorum, because medicinal plants are our hope in achieving sustainable global statutory of health for all and a last resort in healthcare management in African countries. This review reveals previous findings and other pharmacological benefits of the African walnut towards its potential as food and drug development.
Introduction
Walnuts are edible seeds that are widely cultivated for their delicacy. Prominent species include Juglans regia (L.), known as the English walnut and belonging to the family Juglandaceae (Burkill 1985). The tropical African walnut, known as Tetracarpidium conophorum or Plukenetia conophora (Oyekale et al. 2015), belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae (Edem, Dosunmu & Bassey 2009). Adebona, Ogunsua and Ologunde (1988) stated that some walnut species are found in the family Olacaceae. The walnut is generally referred to as the conophor tree or conophor nut (Janick & Paul 2008). The plant is popularly known as African walnut, black walnut and Nigerian walnut (Ekwe & Ihemeje 2013; Nwaichi, Osuoha & Monanu 2017). In Nigeria, among the Yoruba tribe, the walnut is known as awusa or asala, ukpa, or oke okpokirinya in Igbo and gawudi bairi in Hausa; and it is known as okhue or okwe among the Bini tribe of Edo State (Chijoke, Anosike & Ani 2015; Kanu et al. 2015). In Sierra Leone, it is called musyabassa and in western Cameroon, it is known as kaso or ngak, among other local names (Burkill 1985).
However, lack of storage facilities has hampered the market value of the walnut (Kanu et al. 2015) and the nuts must be consumed within 1–2 days when cooked or else they will become foul-smelling and unpleasant for sale and consumption (Kanu et al. 2015). The seeds are consumed as snacks and refreshments. During its season, hawkers relate their walnuts’ quality to kola nut maturity (asala – ogbo koko bi obi). The buyers also shake each seed nut to ensure that the seed is intact in the hard coat, and sometimes the quality of the seed nut can be seen from the nut colour and size. It is a perennial cash crop and an economic tree that is widely grown for its edible seed nut (Chijoke et al. 2017; Edem et al. 2009; Enujiugha & Ayodele 2003); it is also used as wood in the timber industry.
Morphology of Tetracarpidium conophorum
The plant is a small tropical flowering plant, a woody perennial climber or climbing shrub of about 6 m – 18 m long on attainment of the reproductive phase; its stem can be up to 16 cm in girth and dark grey when old, but is green and glabrous when young (Nwachoko & Jack 2015). The root is fasciculate and the leaf ranges between 10 cm long and 5 cm broad while the petiole may be up to 5 cm long (Ekwe & Ihemeje 2013; Janick & Paul 2008). Furthermore, the leaf is simple, crenate and ovate with a serrated margin. They are rounded at the base with alternate leaf arrangement and abruptly acuminate (Ekwe & Ihemeje 2013; Janick & Paul 2008). Usually, the walnut tree twines around other trees for support, especially the cocoa tree and kola nut tree (Oyekale et al. 2015). The immature fruits are usually green in colour but turn dark brown to black as they reach maturity (Oluwole & Okusanya 1993). The plants have swollen, fleshy, sparsely branched stems and are sometimes candle broid in appearance; the fruit is a capsule 6 cm – 10 cm long by 3 cm – 11 cm wide containing subglobular seeds (Janick & Paul 2008) as shown in Figure 1.
The African walnut is widely grown in the western and eastern parts of Nigeria and is also indigenous to Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon and Niger (Janick & Paul 2008). Sierra Leone and the lower Congo region also consume walnuts (Udedi et al. 2014). Its range in Nigeria includes Uyo, Akamkpa, Akpabuyo, Lagos, Akure, Kogi, Ajaawa, Ogbomosho, Ibadan (Obianime & Uche 2010; Oke 1995), Ife, Ekiti and Ijeshaland; it is abundant in all cocoa-producing states in Nigeria and in the southern part of Nigeria (Nwaichi et al. 2017; Udedi et al. 2014), as shown in Figure 2.
The tree grows on moist, deep, fertile, well-drained loam soils and in silt clay loam soils (Cogliastro, Gagnon & Bouchard 1997). The African walnut is usually cultivated in the hot and humid zones of tropical Africa around gardens and backyards, mainly for subsistence consumption (Oyekale et al. 2015). It grows in coves, bottomlands, abandoned agricultural fields and rich woodlands (Chijoke et al. 2015). The plant climbs up to the tops to benefit from full sunlight and it may bind trees together such that if one of the trees dies, it is held in position until it decays (Bailey 2006). The African walnut usually flowers between November and early January and fruits between February and September with peak production in July (Oyekale et al. 2015). The seed takes 4–6 months to mature (Akpuaka & Nwankwor 2000).
Botanical description of Tetracarpidium conophorum
Tetracarpidium conophorum is a monoecious plant that has separate male and female flowers on the same plant (Janick & Paul 2008). The male flowers are in a narrow raceme-like panicle that is as long as the leaves, with one or two female flowers near the base. The flowers are arranged alternately on the axis of the raceme inflorescence. The style is stout and quadrangular with four spreading stigmas. There are many stamens, about 40 in number (Janick & Paul 2008). They are found in the forest zones as climbers and the seed is surrounded by a thick, hard testa, while the seeds are round and dark brown at maturity. The plants are found in both primary and secondary forests (Okujagu et al. 2005). The seed is about 2.5 cm in diameter and the fruit (7 cm across) is light green to brown when ripe (Janick & Paul 2008).
Ethnomedicinal uses of Tetracarpidium conophorum
All parts of T. conophorum have been used ethnomedically, including the stem bark, leaves, seeds and roots. The bark is used by local people as a mild laxative (Janick & Paul 2008). The seed kernel, when eaten raw, has a bitter taste like the kola nut and is considered to be a tonic and aphrodisiac (Aiyeloja & Bello 2006). Customarily, drinking water immediately after eating the edible nut has a bitter taste principle, which might be due to the presence of some alkaloid-containing compounds in the plant. Nwauzoma and Dappa (2013) reported ethnobotanical uses of T. conophorum seed in the treatment of fibroids; the boiled seeds are also eaten to improve sperm count in men while the leaf juice is used to improve fertility in women and regulate menstrual flow.
Ayoola et al. (2011) reported the use of T. conophorum in the treatment of stomach disorders and for controlling high blood pressure. The bark is brewed as a tea for use as a laxative and is chewed for toothache. The fruits are edible and used for various purposes, including masticatory, thrush, anti-helminth, syphilis and also as an antidote against snake bites (Obianime & Uche 2010). They are said to tonify the kidneys, strengthen the back and knees and moisten the intestines. They are believed to stop asthma and are prescribed to be taken between bouts of asthma but not for acute asthma. They are used by the elderly to cure constipation and flatulence (Ayoola et al. 2011; Ogundolie et al. 2017). The leaves and young shoots are occasionally eaten with cooked rice in some parts of West Africa. The oil from the nut has been used in the formulation of wood varnish, stand oil, vulcanised oil for rubber and leather substitutes (Oyenuga 1997). Brown dyes have been extracted from the husk and the leaf extracts were used to reduce hiccups (Hogue 2000).
Chemical constituents of Tetracarpidium conophorum
The African walnut contains protein, vitamins, magnesium and is a good source of antioxidants (Kim & Lee 2002). The nut oil contains 48% – 50% dry weight of oil, is golden yellow in colour, with a taste and odour resembling linseed oil (Enujiugha 2003; Enujiugha & Ayodele 2003; Negi et al. 2011). The oil is highly rich in linolenic acid (64%), palmitic and stearic acids (15%) and oleic acid (11%). It is also rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids such as α-linolenic acid and it contains mono-saturated fatty acids (Kanu et al. 2015). Animashaun, Togun & Hughes (1994) used affinity chromatography techniques to isolate the agglutinin I and II of disulphide-bonded 70 kDa and 34 kDa of monomeric protein, respectively, which are referred to as isolectins from T. conophorum seed extracts. Asaolu (2009) quantified the amino acid composition of T. conophorum seed nuts and the total essential amino acid (274 mg/g) crude protein out of the total amino acids (573 mg/g). Glutamic acid (134 mg/g) had the highest amino acid and leucine (0.32) had the lowest essential amino acid score. Nkwonta (2015) indicated the presence of essential and non-essential fatty acids, namely palmitate, oleate, stearate, linoleate, arachidate and α-linoleate. The physicochemical characteristics, fatty acids and triglycerols (TG) of the nut oil (Type 1 and Type 2) content varied between 55.75% and 61.62%, while the ash values varied between 8.40% and 9.68% (Tchiegang, Kapseu & Parmentier 2001). The main fatty acid was linolenic acid (69.47% – 70.39%) as determined by capillary gas chromatographic analysis and the triacylglycerol profile obtained by reversed phase liquid chromatography showed 10 TG, with three major ones identified as trilinolenin (33.39% – 47.67%), dilinolenic-linoleic (12.19% – 27.15%) and dilinolenic-olein (18.46% – 37.71%) (Tchiegang et al. 2001).
Nutritional and phytochemical constituents
Nwaoguikpe, Ujowundu and Wesley (2012) established the phytochemical and biochemical composition of varieties of walnut (boiled and mashed wet nuts and dried powdered nuts). Saponins (8.37, 5.03 mg/kg) were the highest constituent of the mashed wet nuts and the dried powdered nuts, respectively. This suggested a role of the seed nuts in health and nutrition. Ekwe and Ihemeje (2013) reported the proximate composition of the African walnut (T. conophorum) on wet basis, which revealed protein (14.92%), oil (45.84%), crude fibre (1.14%), ash (3.52%) and carbohydrate (15.38%), while the anti-nutritional factors revealed tannins (0.89 mg/100 g), oxalate (1.28 mg/100 g), phytic acid (3.105 mg/100 g), trypsin inhibitors (1.84 mg/100 g), saponin (985.0 mg/100 g) and alkaloid (40.91 mg/100 g). Arinola and Adesina (2014) stated that the seed nut is a rich source of protein and fat but high heat could reduce the protein, ash and crude fibre content of the nut.
In addition, Akpoghelie et al. (2016) evaluated the nutritional content of walnut seed (P. conophora) and revealed that the raw seed contains ash (3.18%), moisture (39.27%), crude fibre (8.40%), fat (5.19%), protein (20.74%) and carbohydrate (23.22%), while the mineral content revealed K (4029.14 mg/kg), Na (3480.00 mg/kg), Ca (3014.28 mg/kg), Mg (726.11 mg/kg), Fe (68.00 mg/kg), Zn (24.01 mg/kg), Mn (19.00 mg/kg) and Cu (14.00 mg/kg). Chijoke et al. (2015) reported the seed nut contains alkaloids (2.29 mg/100 g), glycoside (2.19 mg/100 g), saponins (8.07 mg/100 g), flavonoids (0.02 mg/100 g), tannins (0.89 mg/100 g), reducing sugars (4.10 mg/100 g) and soluble carbohydrate (1.06 mg/100 g). The seed nut also revealed high moisture content (31.40%), ash (6.01%), fibre (8.66%), protein (28.85%), carbohydrate (21.30%) and high energy value (234.57 kcal). The mineral and vitamin constituents of the seed were also documented by Nnorom, Enenwa and Ewuzie (2013).
Udedi et al. (2013, 2014) reported comparative proximate analyses of raw and cooked walnut and noted that the nut is an excellent food material with potential in combating food insecurity in rural communities. They suggested the nut as a supplement to schoolchildren feeding programmes. The reported major bioactive compounds found in T. conophorum include phenols (7.44 mg/mL and 7.04 mg/mL), flavonoids (3.5 mg/mL and 1.66 mg/mL) and ascorbic acid (54.56 mg/kg and 44.00 mg/kg) for raw and cooked walnuts, respectively. Apeh et al. (2014) reported the effect of cooking on the proximate, phytochemical constituents and haematological parameters of T. conophorum in male rats. The results showed that the crude protein, carbohydrate and crude fibre contents of the raw seed were significantly higher than for cooked seed nuts but the hydrogen cyanide and steroid content of raw seed nuts was higher than for cooked seed nuts. The haematological parameters in the rats had a significant decrease in white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocytes when compared with the control group.
In a study, Oyekale et al. (2015) attempted to determine the bioactive agents groups that could be responsible for the diverse growth characteristics and medicinal uses of T. conophorum and the findings showed that alkaloid and saponin concentrations were highest in the foliage, terpene concentration was abundant in the regenerative hypocotyl segment while tannins, phenolic compounds and phlobatannin concentrations were abundant in the non-regenerative hypocotyl segment. The study concluded that the foliage can be used as an anti-venom agent based on its relatively high content of cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, saponins and phenols, which are active substances for detoxification of venoms in the human system (Bowsher, Steer & Tobin 2008). Chikezie (2017) also examined the phytochemical and proximate composition of boiled walnut seeds and the findings revealed a high concentration of alkaloids, steroids and a moderate concentration of tannins with no traces of saponins, phlobatannins, flavonoids, phenols or glycosides. Barber and Obinna-Echem (2016) assessed the nutritional composition, physical and sensory properties of wheat–African walnut cookies and recommended that the African walnut flour could be used successfully as a partial substitute for wheat flour at a range of 5% – 15%.
Onawumi, Faboya and Ayoola (2013) carried out proximate analysis on the leaf T. conophorum, which contained moisture (29%), fat (5.63%), fibre (14.92%), protein (16.62%), ash (12.89%) and carbohydrate (20.94%). The secondary metabolites revealed high alkaloid content (2.670 mg/kg) and low tannin content (0.56 mg/kg). Ayoola, Faboya and Onawumi (2013) reported on a comparative analysis of the phytochemical and nutrient composition of the leaves and seeds of T. conophorum and noted that the seeds have more nutritional and elemental composition than the leaves. The phytochemical constituents present in the seeds are also present in the leaves. Suara et al. (2016) evaluated the nutraceutical properties of the methanol extract of P. conophora leaves and reported some vital mineral elements; the proximate analysis revealed 6.86% moisture content, 11.78% protein, 8.57% total ash, 20.12% crude fibre, 1.56% total fat and 51.8% total carbohydrate. Uhunmwangho and Omoregie (2017) evaluated the nutrition and anti-nutrition as well as mineral content of walnut seed oil at different stages of fruit maturation. This study revealed the nutritional profile of the fruit-nut as a good source of plant protein, carbohydrate and fat, with a reduction in the level of some anti-nutrients in matured fruits. Findings from a study carried out by Isong, Alozie and Ekwere (2013) on conophor nut oil suggests that it is a non-drying oil suitable for paint and soap making as well as other industrial purposes. The results revealed that the oil has potential as a source of biofuel when compared with commercial graded diesel
. Also, the free fatty acid (9.47%) and ester (89.74 mg KOH g-1) content suggests its suitability as an edible oil while the high acid (87.22 mg KOH g-1) and low peroxide (9.67 meq O2 g-1) content indicates high susceptibility to rancidity and low antioxidant levels.
Some reported pharmacological activities of Tetracarpidium conophorum
Anti-diarrhoea activity
Nwachoko and Jack (2015) reported that the T. conophorum nut hot aqueous extract protected rats against castor oil-induced diarrhoea; the inhibitory effect was attributed to the presence of some secondary metabolites and also justified ethnomedicinal use.
Male fertility enhancing activities
Ikpeme et al. (2014) reported that T. conophorum seed extract increased the viability and sperm output of male albino rats and suggested that the seed should be included in the formulation of male fertility drugs. Results from a study conducted by Obianime and Uche (2010) on the effect of aqueous extract of T. conophorum seed on the hormonal parameters of male guinea pigs showed a significant dose–time-dependent increase (p ≤ 0.05) in the level of testosterone; the highest increase was recorded after the seventh day of the treatment (3.40 ng/mL) when compared with standard drugs (Proviron). However, Akpan and Anietie (2014) had contrary findings on the use of an aqueous extract of T. conophorum seed nut as a fertility enhancer in male albino Wistar rats. It was reported that 14.14 mg/kg and 21.21 mg/kg significantly decreased the percentage of sperm concentration but increased the follicle stimulating (FSH) and luteinising hormones (LH), which implies that it stimulates biosynthesis and secretion of fertility hormones and also is clear evidence of toxic damage to the spermatozoa. However, it was concluded that there is a need for caution on excessive consumption of T. conophorum seed nuts among males with infertility problems. Dada and Aguda (2015) reported that the T. conophorum seed powder has potential pro-fertility properties in male Clarias gariepinus that could be exploited in fish production as a feed additive for the improved reproductive performance of male African catfish.
Chijoke et al. (2017) stated that the leaf extract significantly increased testosterone levels and had an effect on the reproductive pathway of the rats that was dose-dependent and that the histopathological tissues were not distorted across the treatment groups.
Akomolafe et al. (2017a) established the modulatory effects of T. conophorum aqueous leaf extracts on oxidative stress-induced penile damage and key enzymes associated with erectile dysfunction. The highest inhibitory effect was obtained in the penis at a concentration of 0.50 mg/mL while the extract inhibited arginase activity in a dose-dependent manner and the IC50 (130.96 µg/mL) revealed higher inhibitory activity in the penile tissue than the testicular tissue homogenate (179.02 µg/mL). It was suggested that the inhibitory activities could be linked to the presence of phenolic constituents in T. conophorum.
In a similar study conducted by Akomolafe and Oboh (2017b), at the highest concentration the extract showed a more pronounced effect than the standard drug. The testicular biochemical parameters in all the treated groups showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6PDH), glycogen content, 3β and 17β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activity and testicular and epididymal Zn and Se content, with a significant decrease in cholesterol content. Also, a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of serum testosterone, LH, FSH, sperm count, motility, viability and a decrease in sperm abnormality were observed when compared with the control group, indicating useful effects on spermatogenesis and sperm parameters in rats. Akomolafe et al. (2017c) investigated the effects of T. conophorum aqueous leaf extract on ethanol-induced infertility in male rats. The ethanol treatment group showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in LDH activity, G-6PDH activity, glycogen content, 3β and 17β HSD activity and testicular and epididymal Zn and Se content; furthermore there was a decrease in testicular sperm count, viability and marked increment in total sperm abnormalities, rate of sperm analysis parameters and consequently decreased reproductive hormone levels. It was concluded that co-administration of ethanol with either T. conophorum extract or standard drug almost improved the toxic assault imposed by ethanol on the reproductive organs and seminal quality of the rats.
Antioxidant activities
Amaral et al. (2004) and Periera et al. (2007) reported that polyphenolic compounds identified in walnut leaf extract included 3-galactoside, lactoside, 3-pentoside, 3-arabinoside, quercetin, p-coumaric-acid and 3- and 5-caffeoylquinic acids, which could be responsible for its antioxidant activity. Amaeze et al. (2011) reported the in vitro antioxidant activity of T. conophorum leaf extract and revealed that the dried leaves have more antioxidant activity than fresh leaves but the methanol extract possesses a high amount of plant bioflavonoids that are responsible for the antioxidant activity of many plant families. Udedi et al. (2014) evaluated the antioxidant activity of T. conophorum nut extract. The extracts have hydrogen ion donating potential while the free radical scavenging ability of the raw walnut was found to be higher than that of the cooked. Both the raw and cooked walnut extracts had potent lipid peroxidation inhibition capacity with EC50 values of 4.0 µg/mL and 6.50 µg/mL, respectively. The study concluded that the plant could be useful in boosting food security and reducing malnutrition in Africa countries. Akomolafe et al. (2015a) reported anti-peroxidative activity of T. conophorum leaf extract in the reproductive organ of male rats. The leaf extract caused a significant (p < 0.001) dose-dependent reduction in the lipid peroxidation levels when compared with the control group. The anti-peroxidative activity in the testes was associated with an increase in total protein, non-enzymatic (glutathione [GSH], vitamin C) and enzymatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione s-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) antioxidant levels, by means of which the leaf extract may be useful in the treatment of reproductive cellular damage involving reactive oxygen species (ROS). A similar study was carried out by Akomolafe et al. (2015b) on the ameliorative oxidative effect of T. conophorum aqueous leaf extract on ethanol-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats; the authors concluded that the ameliorative effect could be a result of its antioxidant property, which may be attributed to the scavenging of radical species generated by ethanol and may also be linked to its phytochemical constituents. Ademiluyi et al. (2015) established that walnuts cooked with the shell contained more antioxidant phytoconstituents than those cooked without the shell. Cooking walnuts with the shell might, therefore, protect the antioxidant constituents. It is hence recommended to cook African walnut fruits with the shell to enhance its health protective properties. Abam et al. (2013a) reported on the effect of walnut oil on cadmium-induced oxidative stress in male rats and concluded the nut could be effective as an antioxidant in ameliorating the toxic effect of cadmium in the kidney, liver and brain tissues. A study from Akomolafe et al. (2015c) reported inhibitory effects of the aqueous extract of T. conophorum leaves on FeSO4-induced lipid peroxidation in rat genitals; the findings were attributed to the high levels of quercetin, quercitrin and luteolin and the metabolic pathways in which these compounds may be associated with the free radical scavenging properties.
Anti-chelating activity
Olabinrin et al. (2010) evaluated the in vitro chelating ability of the aqueous extracts of T. conophorum nuts and concluded that the seed nut extract showed a dose-dependent decrease in chelating ability and a 2% w/v graded dose had the highest chelating ability.
Anti-ulcer and wound healing activities
Ezealisiji et al. (2014a) evaluated the methanol extract of the T. conophorum nut using pyloric ligation induced and ethanol-induced gastric ulceration methods. The extract reduced the ulcer index, gastric volume, total free and free acidity but increased the pH significantly (p < 0.05) when compared with the control group. It was established that the presence of some phytochemicals such as tannins, terpenoids and flavonoids were indicated for the cytoprotective properties as well as the wound healing activity. The result from a similar study carried out by Anosike, Abonyi and Etaduovie (2015) reported that the methanol extract of the seed nut showed significant anti-ulcer activity in the indomethacin-induced ulcer and there was significantly reduced ulceration (p < 0.001) when compared with the control group but it was not dose-dependent.
Results from the findings of Ezealisiji et al. (2014b) reported that the n-hexane and methanol extracts of the T. conophorum seed nut established accelerated dose-dependent wound healing activity of the extracts. This was attributed to the presence of some secondary metabolites like flavonoids with repeated antioxidant and immunostimulating activities. Bello et al. (2013a) investigated the healing properties of the walnut leaf in catfish (Clarias gariepinus), and it was concluded that a 1.50% addition of walnut leaf residue in the catfish diet could significantly aid the aquaculture industry and reduce mortality associated with wound infection.
Anti-inflammatory activity
Olaniyi et al. (2016) reported on the chloroform extract of the T. conophorum fruit and noted that a 400 mg/kg dose significantly inhibited inflammation when compared with diclofenac but 200 mg/kg of the extract was pro-inflammatory.
Anti-lipidemic activities
Ezealisiji et al. (2016) reported on the anti-cholesterol activity of the ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of the T. conophorum seed and showed that a 2.00 mg/kg dose of both extracts decreased low density lipoprotein (LDL) and increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol when compared with atorvastatin (a standard cholesterol-lowering agent), which could be attributed to the oleic acid and α-linolenic acid. Analike et al. (2017) investigated the effects of cooked walnuts on blood lipids, lipoprotein and glucose among adult Nigerians. There was a significant reduction in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C and the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio of the subjects when compared with their baseline values. It was concluded that the reduction could prevent hyperlipidaemia complications and also improve lipid metabolism. Nwaichi et al. (2017) also reported on the nutraceutical potential of T. conophorum and Buchholzia coriacea in diet-induced hyperlipidaemia. The hyperlipidaemic rats were subsequently treated with normal feed supplemented at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg of T. conophorum and B. coriacea for two weeks. In comparison to test control animals, there was a reduction in weight gain, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), plasma contents of LDL, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), non-HDL and atherogenic indices in a dose-dependent fashion. Clarisse, Kenfack and Angele (2017) assessed some effects of consumption of defatted flours of Ricinodendron heudelotii and T. conophorum on some biological and biochemical parameters in adult male rats. The study revealed that HDL cholesterol for experimental diets was comparable with the control diet and LDL cholesterol was higher in rats from the casein group. Abam et al. (2013b) concluded that walnut oil.
n of TC and HDL-C while TG and the atherogenic index increased with a T. conophorum nut oil–based diet in rats. Similar alterations in the serum lipid of the animals suggested cardiovascular risk and that it was not completely safe for consumption.
Anti-diabetic activities
Onwuli, Bown and Ozoani (2014) and Ogunyinka et al. (2015) reported that the nuts have the potential to reduce hyperglycaemia; the authors also reported that the nuts increased the haemoglobin level and decreased urine output in the test group when compared with controls and could prevent diabetes associated with renal damage.
A study carried out by Ogbonna et al. (2013) indicated a significant reduction in blood glucose level and suggested that the leaf and the root extracts of T. conophorum are more potent in lowering blood glucose in alloxan-induced diabetic rats when compared with oral hypoglycaemic agents. Similar studies were carried out by Ogbonna et al. (2015) on the effect of root and leaf extracts of T. conophorum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and showed a significant increase (p < 0.001) of ALP, AST and ALT, which indicated that the leaf and root extracts possess anti-diabetic and hepatoprotective activity. Lepzem and Togun (2017) established the anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects of the methanolic extracts of leaf and seed of T. conophorum on alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rats. The leaf and seed extract when mixed together as a diet had great anti-hyperglycaemic and superior antioxidant potential to the standard drugs. Zibaeenezhad et al. (2017) showed that with the addition of 15 mL walnut oil to the foregoing diet of diabetes patients aged 35–75 years for 90 days, there was a significant decrease in TC, LDL-C, TG and the TC/HDL ratio when compared with the control group. It was assumed that these effects might have an impact on the reduction of cardiovascular risk diseases and other related complications in diabetes patients. Pan et al. (2013) also attributed consumption of walnut to lower risk of type II diabetes among women but it was insignificant to control body mass index.
Antimicrobial activities
Akinwande (2015) reported antimicrobial activity of the leaves and isolated phytosterols (triterpenoids) – 3β, 22E-stigmata-5, 22-dien-3-ol and 3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid from petroleum ether fraction of T. conophorum leaves, which has high potential as an antimicrobial agent. Suara et al. (2016) also established an antibacterial assay of P. conophora methanol leaf extract and showed a concentration-dependent effect against Bacillus subtilis and Proteus mirabilis that could be formulated and used as cream in the management of susceptible bacteria skin infection. Ogbolu and Alli (2012) suggested that the walnut had no in vitro antibacterial activity (leaf, stem bark, cooked or uncooked kernel) on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These findings contradicted similar reports of Ajaiyeoba and Fadare (2006) that methanol extract and its fractions exhibited concentration-dependent antimicrobial properties, which were carried out in the same geographical areas. Bello et al. (2013b) established the potential of walnut and onion bulb extracts as antimicrobial agents for fish. It was recorded that 500 µg/mL of both extracts had the best minimum inhibitory concentration on the pathogens and could prevent the growth of microorganisms in fish feed production.
Toxicological studies
Akomolafe et al. (2017d) reported that the aqueous extract of T. conophorum leaves in rats did not reveal any pathological changes even at 2000 mg/kg. Agbaje et al. (2016) studied the acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies of the aqueous extract of the fresh nuts of P. conophorum and reported there was no mortality at a 2 g/kg dosage. However, ALT and AST were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) at 500 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg when compared with the control group and the haematological assessment was significant in all the treatment doses. It was concluded that the extract could be hepatoprotective and possibly serve as an immunostimulant. In a study carried out by Oladiji et al. (2010) on the toxicity of a T. conophorum nut oil–based diet in rats, there was a reduction in the activity of ALP, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) in the liver and heart of the animals fed the nut oil–based diet. Bello et al. (2014) assessed the haematological and biochemical changes in African catfish fed a diet supplemented with T. conophorum leaf and onion bulb and reported no traces of infections such as anaemia during the fish culture, suggesting that the extract of the walnut leaf and onion bulb could be useful in stimulating immune responses.
Anti-malarial activity
Dada and Ogundolie (2016) evaluated the in vivo anti-plasmodial activity of the raw seed extract of T. conophorum in Swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei, revealing dose-dependent activity on chemo-suppression. Similarly, a dose of 600 mg/kg had the highest at 47.22%, while chloroquine at 5 mg/kg produced 55.50% chemo-suppression. This suggested that the seed nut could be useful in the treatment of malaria. A similar study conducted by Ogundolie et al. (2017) on the effects of the raw ethanolic seed extracts of T. conophorum on the haematological and histopathological parameters of Swiss albino mice infected with P. berghei (NK65) suggested an increased in the haematological parameters packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB) and platelet (PLT) of all treated groups. The histology of the seed extract at 400 mg/kg showed a restorative effect on the liver and kidney of the mice but at 600 mg/kg there was a regenerative tissues on the kidney but had adverse effects on the liver. It was concluded that 400 mg/kg of the seed extract of T. conophorum might be considered suitable to treat human malaria infection.
Anticancer activity
Carvalho et al. (2010) reported that the methanol extract showed concentration-dependent growth inhibition towards human kidney and colon cancer cells. However in A-498 renal cancer cells all extracts exhibited similar growth inhibition activity (IC50) values (between 0.226 mg/mL and 0.291 mg/mL), while for both 769-P renal and Caco-2 colon cancer cells, walnut leaf extract showed a higher anti-proliferative efficiency (IC50 values of 0.352 mg/mL and 0.229 mg/mL, respectively) than green husk or seed extracts. The results obtained herein strongly indicate that walnut tree constitutes an excellent source of effective natural antioxidants and chemopreventive agents.
Antidepressant activity
Aladeokin and Umukoro (2011) evaluated the psychopharmacological properties of an aqueous extract of the T. conophorum nut in mice and oral administration at 50 mg/kg – 200 mg/kg produced a significant dose-related decrease in the duration of immobility in the forced swim test. The test doses did not prolong the duration of sleep produced by thiopentone nor alter the pattern of the stereotyped behaviour induced by the amphetamine. It was concluded that the nut extract demonstrated antidepressant-like activity.
Other therapeutic and health benefits
Tetracarpidium conophorum promotes quality sleep, can be used for treatment of the gastrointestinal tract, is ideal to help pregnant women avoid miscarriages, has culinary purposes such as soup preparation, can boost cognitive function because of the presence of vitamin B6 and omega-3 fatty acids and also helps as an anti-ageing agent (Global Food Book 2015).
Conclusion
The African walnut (T. conophorum) should be explored for the production of walnut flour and cake for diet-based (diabetes, hypertensive) patients because of its great potential. The production, propagation and cultivation should be extended to other parts of Nigeria and Africa, which could boost food security and reduce poverty in Africa. Also, its isolation, characterisation and structural elucidation of the chemical compounds in the leaf, stem bark and seed nut should be assayed in view of producing drugs that could be useful in fighting many diseases and illnesses.
Acknowledgements
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships which may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.
Authors’ contributions
A.E.A. designed the study and gave directions, gathered information and wrote the first draft of the article. N.A. gathered information, edited and proofread the draft of the article and put it into the journal format.
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African walnut is a common name for several African plants and may refer to:
Coula edulis, in the family Olacaceae
Lovoa trichilioides, in the family Meliaceae
Plukenetia conophora, in the family Euphorbiaceae
Schotia brachypetala, in the family Fabaceae
This page is an index of articles on plant species (or higher taxonomic groups) with the same common name (vernacular name). If an internal link led you here, you may wish to edit the linking article so that it links directly to the intended article.
20 REASONS YOU NEED THE AFRICAN WALNUT (TETRACARPIDIUM CONOPHORUM)
I grew up realizing that one of my mum's favourite fruity snacks right from her childhood is the ukpa fruit. Infact, she dearly loved every bit of this fruit that she planted the trees in our compound as well as our farmlands. As a child, I had my curiosity over her great attachment to this fruit which prompted me to start bombarding her with several questions on why this fruit and other parts of its plant are actually important to human health. Well, she gave me some impressive reasons on the importance of this fruit, which have been equally confirmed by several scientific studies. But let me quickly give you a synopsis of what ukpa fruit is all about before detailing why you really need to include this fruit in your daily diet ~ ~ ~
African walnut is a powerful plant that has been notable for its remarkable benefits to human health. Botanically known as Plukenetia conophora or Tetracarpidium conophorum, the African walnut is of the family of Euphorbiaceae. Apart from its nuts, researchers have revealed that other parts of this plant are highly important for both medicinal, therapeutic and pharmaceutical reasons. The African walnut (ukpa) is a climber in the sense that it grows as a vine and then settles at the apex of a supporting tree forming a canopy and shade to other smaller plants and herbs.
It is best planted very close to a tall, strong tree that can offer strong support and balance to this heavy-weighted plant especially when it has finally settled on the apex of the tree. Walnut acts is both medicinal, therapeutic and stimulating in nature due to its high constituent of anthraquinones, tannins, saponins and alkaloids. Different countries and tribes have different names for this fruit ranging from the African walnut (ukpa), Gabon nut, sida, conophor nut, howôtou, mpengwa, atsan, anamemila, bogüe, asala kaso, ouatou, Apopo, ngak, awusa, okwe, dibetou, akiouhia, séatou, sratou, okhue and asala.
Tetracarpidium conophorum African walnut is a popular Central and Western Africa plant where it is planted mainly for its nuts, which are usually eaten as snacks. The ukpa pods, which are four ridged-winged between wings and upto 3 inches in diameter with four brown round nuts usually fall off its tree once matured to be removed, cooked and eaten. The nut measures about 2.5cm long and is distinguished by thin woolish strands that attach it to the shell. Walnuts are preferably eaten cooked however, it can still be eaten raw but has a bitter taste in its raw state.
Nutritional Values of the African Walnut
African walnut is an excellent source of essential minerals, vitamins and phytonutrients needed for the healthy functioning of the human’s body and they include; thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid, cyanocobalamin (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, B12, C and E), niacin, manganese, l-arginine, pyridoxine, selenium, melatonin, ascorbic acid, pantothenic acid, tocopherol, ellagic acid, polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids and oleic acid.
20 REASONS YOU NEED THE AFRICAN WALNUT (TETRACARPIDIUM CONOPHORUM)
1. Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases
Researchers reveal that the African walnut is very effective for minimising the risks of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and coronary artery disease (buildup of plaque in the arteries thereby restricting blood supply to the heart). Consuming walnuts as an after-meal dessert has been proven effective for keeping the arteries flexible and for reducing the damage caused by fatty food to the arteries. This is due to the high content of phytosterols, omega 3 fatty acids and antioxidants in this fruit.
Walnuts equally contain high amounts of L-arginine, which is an essential amino acid that can be converted to nitric oxide. It is noteworthy that nitric oxide is a chemical that is essential for smoothing the inner walls of the blood vessels thereby helping the blood vessels to relax. Individuals suffering from hypertension usually find it hard to have a balanced nitric oxide levels thus they are prone to heart problems, however, adding walnuts to their diet is an effective way of combating this problem.
2. Treatment of Infertility
Walnut seeds have been reported effective for tackling male infertility issues by boosting sperm productions in the testicles. Researchers reveal that men who include more African walnuts in their diet stand higher chances of improving their sperm health, sperm development and spermatozoa count. This is attributive to the high amount of healthy fatty acids present in these nuts. The leaf extracts of the African walnut (ukpa) can also be used for boosting fertility in women as well as for treating fibroids.
3. Promotes Quality Sleep
Studies reveal that regular intake of walnuts before going to sleep is an effective way of facilitating good sleep due to the presence of melatonin in the nuts. It is noteworthy that melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland, which acts as a sleep aid as well as a remedy for tackling certain sleep disorders.
4. Reduces the Cholesterol Level
African walnut is an excellent source of healthy polyunsaturated fat and omega-3 fatty acids, which have been proven effective for reducing the body’s cholesterol level.
5. Treatment of Gastroenteritis Diseases
African walnut leaves and barks are used in folk medicines for treating individuals suffering from gastroenteritis diseases such as dysentery, stomach pain, diarrhoea and vomiting. Decocted African walnut leaves and seeds are effective for relieving abdominal pains.
6. Anti-microbial Properties
African walnut possesses anti-microbial properties thus can be used for treating disease-causing pathogens such as bacillus subtilis, candida albicans, staphylococcus aureus, aspergillus niger.
7. Ideal for Pregnant Women
In folk medicines, the leaves extracts are usually taken by pregnant women to prevent the risk of miscarriages.
8. Culinary Purposes
Although the African walnuts can be eaten raw, but it is preferably eaten cooked, sun-dried or roasted and snacked on. The nuts can equally be ground and used for soup preparations. Ukpa has a similar flavour with that of a chestnut and hazelnut and serves as the perfect spices for flavouring meat, fish and several dishes.
9. Prevention of Cancer
Studies reveal that the African walnut extracts are effective for minimizing the risk of cancerous growths such as breast cancer and prostate cancer. This is due to its high constituent of ascorbic acid, omega 3 fatty acids, phytosterols and antioxidants which help to slow down the onset of cancer.
10. Boosts Cognitive Functioning
African walnut is an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), which are both important vitamins for boosting the healthy functioning of the brain. This suggests why the fruit is often referred to as the brain food.
11. Anti-inflammatory Properties
African walnut is an excellent source of tannin which is very effective for tackling body inflammation thus can be used for treating rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial inflammation or asthma.
12. Anti-aging Properties
African walnut is a rich source of antioxidants such as ellagic acid, melatonin, manganese, vitamin E, polyphenols and selenium thus can be used for preventing the onset of early ageing as well as prevents cellular damage.
13. Regulation of Menstrual Flow
The leaf extracts of the African walnut (ukpa) can be used for regulating menstrual flow in women suffering from irregular menstruation.
14. Promotes Healthy Immune System
African walnut is an excellent source of essential minerals and vitamins such as manganese, iron, copper, magnesium, calcium and zinc, which are all essential for boosting stronger immune system as well as for preventing anaemia.
15. Headache Cure
Studies reveal that the leaf extract of the African walnut is very effective for treating headache.
16. Relief from Hiccups
The leaves extracts of the African walnut are taken to stop and relief constant and prolonged hiccups.
17. Relief from Malarial Attack
African walnut leaves extracts offer relief from malarial attack and fever.
18. Treatment of Toothache
Both the nuts, leaves and barks of the African walnut are believed to be effective for treating toothache.
19. Serves as an Antidote
Both the nuts, leaves and barks of the African walnut act as an effective antidote for counteracting poisons, insect stings, scorpion stings etc. It is also effective for treating certain types of toxic metal poisoning.
20. Commercial Purposes
African walnut oil, which is produced from the nuts can be used for producing vulcanised oil, stand oil and wood varnish.
DISCLAIMER
This post is for enlightenment purposes only and should not be used as a replacement for professional diagnostic and treatments. Remember to always consult your healthcare provider before making any health-related decisions or for counselling, guidance and treatment about a specific medical condition.
REFERENCES
1] Adekunle, D. and Oluwafumilayo, A. (2010), Dietary effects of African walnut (T. conophorum) on the reproductive indices in male African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) brood stock, J Coast Life Med., 3(6): 471-474.
2] Akpuaka, M.U., and Nwankwo E., (2000), Extraction, analysis and utilization of a drying oil from Tetracarpidium conophorum. Biores. Technol. 73: pp.195-196.
3] Ajaiyeoba, E. O. and Fadare, D. A. (2006), Antimicrobial potential of extracts and fractions of the African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum). African Journal of Biotechnology. 5(22), pp. 2322-2324.
4] Amaeze O. U., Ayoola, G. A., Sofidiya, M. O., Adepoju Bello, A. A., Adegoke, A. O. and Coker, H. A. B. (2011), Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Tetracarpidium conophorum (Müll. Arg) Hutch & Dalziel Leaves, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Volume 2011
5] Anderson K. J., Teuber, S. S., Gobeille A., Cremin P., Waterhouse A. L. and Steinberg F. M. (2001), Walnut polyphenolics inhibit in vitro human plasma LDL oxidation, Journal of Nutrition,131: pp.2837-2380.
6] Arranz S., Parez Jimenez, Jara Saura, Calixto Fulgenco, (2007), Antioxidant capacity of walnut (Jugla regia L)contribution of oil and defatted matter.European Food Research and Technology,2007;227(2): pp.425-430.
7] Ayoola, P. B., Adeyeye, A., Onawumi, O. O. and Faboya, O. O. P. (2011), Phytochemical and nutrient evaluation of Tetracarpidium conophorum (Nigerian walnut) root, IJRRAS., 7(2): 197-202.
8] Edem, C. A., Dosunmu, M. I. & Bassey, F. I. (2009). Determination of Proximate Composition, Ascorbic Acid and Heavy Metal Content of African Walnut
(Tetracarpidium conophorum), Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(3), pp. 225-226.
9] Ezealisiji, K. M., Omotosho, A. E., Udoh, R. and Agbo, M. O. (2014), Wound healing activity of hexane and methanol extracts of Tetracarpiduim conophorum (Mull. ARG) Hutch (African walnut) in wistar rats, Malaysian Pharm sci., 12 (1): 79-87.
10] Ihemeje, A., Ukauwa, O. and Ekwe, C.C. (2015), Effects of Cooking and Germination on Physiochemical Properties and Sensory Attributes of African Walnut
(Tetracarpidium cono
Health benefits of African Walnut
Below are the health benefits of this amazing fruit.
African walnut is an excellent source of minerals, vitamins and phytonutrients needed for the healthy functioning of the human’s body.
African Walnuts naturally contain minerals like thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid, cyanocobalamin (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, B12, C and E), niacin, manganese, l-arginine, pyridoxine, selenium, melatonin, ascorbic acid, pantothenic acid, tocopherol, ellagic acid, polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids and oleic acid.
1. Treatment of Infertility
Research shows that Walnut seeds have been effective for tackling male infertility issues by boosting sperm productions in the testicles. Researchers reveal that men who include more African walnuts in their diet stand higher chances of improving their sperm health, sperm development and spermatozoa count. This is due to the high amount of healthy fatty acids present in the nuts. The leaf extracts of the African walnut can also be used for boosting fertility in women as well as for treating fibroids.
2. Reduces the Cholesterol Level
Walnut is an excellent source of healthy polyunsaturated fat and omega-3 fatty acids, which have been proven effective for reducing the body’s cholesterol level.
3. Treatment of Gastroenteritis Diseases
African walnut leaves and barks are used in folk medicines for treating individuals suffering from gastroenteritis diseases such as dysentery, stomach pain, diarrhoea and vomiting. Decocted African walnut leaves and seeds are effective for relieving abdominal pains.
4. Good for digestion
These nuts are high in fiber content which aids bowel movement. The fiber binds the food together making it easier to be removed with feces.
5. Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases
African walnut is very effective for minimising the risks of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and coronary artery disease. This is due to the high content of phytosterols, omega 3 fatty acids and antioxidants in this fruit.
Health Benefit of African Walnut
African Walnut is an edible single seeded stone fruits botanically called Tetracarpidium conophoram and Coula edults, its plant is mostly cultivated for its nuts which can be cooked or consumed as snacks. The nuts comprises of families such as Euphorbiaceae (Tetracarpidium conophoram) and Olacaceae ( Coula edults), with each family having its own specific feature.
The Euphorbiaceis mostly found in Nigeria and Cameroon, while the Olacaceae is found in some central African countries such as Congo, Liberia and Gabon. In the western part of Nigeria the African Walnuts is known as ausa or asala while in the southern part its called ukpa. In Cameroon its also known as ngak or kaso.
The African Walnut is a rich source of vitamins and Minerals, proteins, fiber, health fats, plant sterols and antioxidant, compared other nuts it is considered the king of nuts due to the numerous health benefits it has. so here are top 10 health benefits that will make you eat African walnuts Regulary.
Top 10 Health Benefits African Walnut
1. Rich Source of Vitamins and Minerals: African walnut contains vitamins such as vitamin E,B6,B7, thiamin, folate and also a rich source of magnesium which is higly needed by the body daily.
2. Presence of Omega 3 & 6 Fatty Acid: African walnut also contains alot of omega 3 and 6 fatty acid that is very vital for the body for disease prevention, blood clothing, cell growth, and immune infection.
3. Prevent Heart Disease: The nuts according to recent research carried out in USA prevents heart disease (conary heart disease)it is said to contains amino acid 1-arginine that helps persons with heart disease,lower the risk of sudden cardiac death and supports healthful cholesterol level. its also contains very powerful antioxidant such as flavonol morin,quinone juglone, and tannin tellimagrandin that are rare in most foods we eat, this effective antioxidant helps control heart of age related deterioration.
4. Helpful for Brain: Like i said before African walnut contains omega 3 fats, vitamin E and folate which is highly needed by the brain as its supports the area of memory, enhance cognitive functions, and increase inferential reasoning in adults.
5. Prevent Cancer: Yes! consuming african walnuts regularly can also prevent cancer as it contains cancer fighting properties such as phytosterols, omega 3 fatty acid, antioxidant that helps to reduce the risk of prostrate and breast cancer in humans.
6. Prevent Diabetes: According to various research conducted, people that are obese and with type 2 diabetes should include walnut as an essential part of their diet as it lower the risk of type 2 diabetes.
7. Improve Fertility in Men: Daily intake of African Walnut according to my recent findings, also help to improve the quality of sperm in men, including vitality, motility and morphology.
8. Good Hair Food: African walnut very high in vitamin, contains vitamin B7 (biotin) that helps to reduce hair fall, strengthen the hair, and improve the hair growth, so that makes it a good hair food.
9. Helps in Weight Control: Walnut is also helpful in terms of maintaining your ideal weight, as it contains proteins, fiber, omega 3 that helps provide satiety.
10. Medicinal Purpose: walnuts are also considered to be traditional herb in Chinese, as it is use to tonify kidneys, stop asthma, used for elderly ones to cure constipation, and finally the bark is used in tea as laxative and chewed for toothache.
A walnut is the nut of any tree of the subfamily Juglans. This nut is single-seeded, rounded and stone fruit of the walnut tree often used for the meat once it’s fully ripe. Walnuts are those creamy nuts in dark brown to black fragile shells, tied in transparent nylons, hawked in Nigerian traffic. Often served as a snack, in Nigeria, walnuts are called Okwe, Ukpa or Asala.
In Nigeria, walnuts are mainly cultivated by small-scale farmers in hot and humid regions in the South West. Walnut is mainly found in compound gardens or backyards for family consumption or to sell in the local market. Production of these nuts peaks in July, they are green when unripe and eventually turn brown when approaching full maturity.
Farmers prefer to grow walnuts in agroforests to protect them from predators. These predators make harvesting difficult. Walnut trees also secrete a chemical into the soil with eliminates competition, therefore, planting walnut seeds near other desired vegetation or fruits is not ideal. This chemical will inhibit others from growing properly. In this part of the world, the males engage more in the farming while the females are dominant in the processing and retailing stage of walnuts. Walnuts can be bought in the local markets and are very common on the roads because it is largely hawked in traffic.
What is sometimes seen as the poor man’s snack is a haven of nutritional and health benefits. Walnuts are of different hybrids. The two major types of walnuts are the Persian/English walnuts and the black walnuts. The Persian walnut adopted the name ‘English walnut’ because the English merchants were responsible for their distribution around the globe. The black walnut is native to native Americans in the U.S the major difference between both types is that the English walnut has a thinner, easy to crack the shell and a milder taste whereas black walnuts have an earthier flavor, and a harder shell.
he Nigerian/African walnut as it is called in this part of the continent is similar to the black walnut, however, it is single-seeded and has a thinner shell. Farmers reel in a lot of revenue through the cultivation and sales of this nuts during its season, yet the people are unaware of its benefits to the human body.The creamy nut snack has numerous health benefits in both medical and beauty fields, ranging from vitamins to minerals antioxidants and many more. Here are some of them.
Contents
1 Rich in Vitamins and Mineral
2 Weight Control
3 Prevents Heart Diseases
4 Hair Food
5 Skincare
6 Mood Booster
7 Prevent Cancer
8 Reduces Inflammation.
9 Regulate sleep
Rich in Vitamins and Mineral
Rich in Vitamins and Mineral
Walnuts contain Vitamins B7, A, B1, B2, B6, E, potassium, manganese, copper, chloride, iron, folate, sodium and ascorbic acid. The Vitamin B mainly helps in the conversion of food to energy amongst other things. Vitamin E is a natural antioxidant and other minerals are crucial to the proper functioning of the heart, muscles and digestive system.
Weight Control
Walnuts contain fiber and omega 3 fatty acids which prevents you from eating too much as it satisfies the body with less content, ideal for weight control.
Prevents Heart Diseases
The high antioxidant content of walnuts effectively destroys free radicals that could harm the heart. Also, the omega 3 component in the nut serves as good cholesterol which will pose no threat to arteries as opposed to bad cholesterol.
Hair Food
Walnuts are rich in vitamin B7 which is biotin. Biotin reduces hair loss, aids hair growth and strengthens the hair, making it good for hair.
Skincare
Walnut’s natural antioxidant, Vitamin E, protects the body and skin from free radicals which could cause harmful effects and severe damages to the body.
Mood Booster
According to scientific research, the lack of omega 3 fatty acid component of walnuts can cause tantrums, hyperactivity, and irritability. These can lead to poor mental health if not dealt with.
Prevent Cancer
The phenolic compounds and antioxidants found in walnuts effectively control the growth of cancer cells in humans.
Reduces Inflammation.
The polyphenolic and phytochemical compounds in walnuts reduce the effects of inflammation in the body.
Regulate sleep
Walnuts make melatonin, a hormone that induces sleep. This is bio-available in the nuts and when ingested as part of dinner meals, it can lead to a good night’s rest.
Eat Me: Great for men, reduces insomnia… Five reasons African walnut is for you
African walnut is an edible single seeded stone fruit mostly cultivated for its nuts which can be cooked or consumed as snacks.
In the Yoruba language, it is called Asala; Okwe in Edo and Ukpa by the Igbo.
The African walnut is a rich source of vitamins E, B6, B7, thiamin, folate, magnesium, proteins, fibre, healthy fats, and antioxidants.
Here are some of its amazing health benefits.
Aids weight management
It is rich in omega 3 fatty acids and fibre that creates satiety and makes you eat less,
Reduces insomnia
It contains melatonin, a hormone that induces and regulates sleep.
Fights stress
Walnut is a rich source of antioxidants and unsaturated fatty acids, particularly alpha linolenic acid, and omega-3 fatty acid that serve as stress relieving agents.
Reduces inflammation
The African walnut contains many plant chemicals, including tannin which helps to fight inflammation. Researchers have suggested that these chemicals may put the nut in position to help combat asthma and rheumatoid arthritis.
Immunity
African walnut is also said to have the “potential of combating nutritional insecurity in rural communities”. According to researchers from the Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, it can be used to prevent viral infections and diseases.
Great for men
Two studies assert that the African walnut improves the mood of young men and makes men more fertile.
A study conducted at the University of Delaware found that the consumption of walnut will ultimately improve sperm quality while a controlled randomised trial at the University of Mexico suggests that constant intake makes young men more gleeful.
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The African walnut: An ‘unconventional liana’ full of promise
Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits of African Walnuts
African walnuts are seasonal fruits with enormous nutrition and health benefits. These nutritional contents in walnuts provide immense benefits to the human body in several ways.
They are have been known as a good source of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals, antioxidants and some plant compounds that the body requires daily for overall maintenance and development.
African walnuts help to prevent some mineral and vitamin deficiencies. Eating this fruit helps to protect you from certain chronic diseases and supply other range of benefits which are detailed below.
1. Improves Brain Function
There are certain neuroprotective compounds present in walnut fruits that contribute to normal brain function such are omega-3 fatty acid, antioxidants, folates and vitamin E which improve brain health in adults and in growing ones.
Walnut fruit is a good source of vitamin B-6 also known as pyridoxine which helps the human brain to function properly and improves cognitive ability.
Vitamin B-7, in other words, called nicotine is a soluble B-vitamin complex that also occurs naturally in these nuts and performs several functions such as preventing memory decline and improving brain function.
A dietary fatty acid called alpha-linolenic acid found in African walnuts makes it great in preventing memory loss or decline associated with thinking, especially Alzheimer‘s disease.
. Good for Pregnant Women
These fruits are good for pregnant women because they are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and other nutrients that prevent unborn babies from developing food allergies.
Omega-3 fatty acid is an important fatty acid contained in African walnuts helps to improve baby's cognitive development and vision, and also lower some allergy risks.
The leaves of African walnuts are also used by traditional medicine professionals to treat miscarriages and pregnancy-related issues.
13. Prevents Sleep Disorder
African walnuts contain melatonin in the nuts which make them better for consumption mainly before going to bed in other to aid better sleep and tackle some sleep disorders which are likely to occur at night.
Tryptophan is also present in African walnuts which are the major source of neurotransmitter, melatonin and serotonin which control sleep-wake cycles and prevent insomnia.
Walnuts have natural contents that help to promote quality sleep. People who find it difficult to sleep well at night or during the day should eat a reasonable amount of African walnuts before going to bed so as to help to suppress sleep disorder and its related causes.
4. Prevents Liver Damage
Contain effective antioxidants such as tannin, tellimagrandin, flavonol morin, quinine juglone and polyphenols that help to prevent the liver from damage against food chemicals and terminate free radicals from the body system.
And some other antioxidants that act as anti-ageing properties like ellagic acid, melatonin and others.
5. Helps in Weight Management
Walnuts are good for weight loss and management when added to the daily diet. It has been proven that an ounce of walnut contains quality fibre, protein and fat that helps makes the stomach to feel full.
The presence of vitamin B-7 works in hand with fibre to improve the metabolism process of the body and appropriate checking of body weight.
6. Prevents Cancerous Diseases
Regular consumption of walnut fruits like two or more times a week can prevent cancers of different types such as breast cancers and pancreatic cancer.
The above theory has been proven by scientific researchers through the presence of natural antioxidants in it as well as phytosterols and ascorbic acid which all contributed to inhibiting the growth of cancer in the body.
7. Boosts Fertility
These fruits are regarded as fertility boosters and it has been seen as well from medical research that men who eat African walnuts on daily basis are prone to have increased sperm quality.
However, some of the foods we eat have a great role to play in our sex life which on the negative sides can limit fertility.
African walnut is one of the organic fruits that has proven its effectiveness in boosting the rate of sperm production in men and as well prevents infertility.
The presence of healthy fatty acids in these nuts such as omega-3 fatty acid among others plays a great role in sperm development and fertility boosting in women as well as men.
8. Good for the Heart
Walnuts contain L-arginine which are amino acids needed for the biosynthesis of protein and promotion of a healthy heart.
Arginine is a natural dietary supplement which changes into nitric oxide (NO) in the body.
Nitric oxide has a specific attention to the heart. It helps to combat heart diseases that lead to hypertension, coronary artery problems and nitric oxide imbalance.
Omega-3 fatty acid, phytosterols and other natural antioxidants that have a positive link to the heart are also present in these nuts.
Specifically, alpha-linolenic acid is the type of plant-based omega-3 fatty acid found in walnut fruit that prevents heart and blood vessel diseases.
People who consume foods and fruits that are rich in alpha-linolenic acid as African walnuts are less likely to have a heart attack.
9. Moderates Cholesterol Level
Regular consumption of these nuts contributes to the reduction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) that is bad cholesterol in the body.
African walnuts are edible single-seeded stone drupe fruits known for its white-cream seed enclosed by a black thick wall.
The plant is mostly cultivated for its nuts which are cooked and sold in most Nigerian markets and primarily serves as snacks.
10. Good for Immune System Health
Manganese is a trace mineral in the body which occurs naturally in African walnuts alongside zinc, copper and iron that are effective on immune development and functions.
Again, vitamin C is an essential vitamin and antioxidants that play different vital roles in the body.
Various immune system cells such as phagocytes cells and others need vitamin C for proper functioning and prevention against disease organisms.
11. Improve Menstrual Flow
African walnut is completely healthy for men and women. When I say African walnuts, I mean the nuts and all the derivatives.
Walnut leaf extract is another natural antioxidant that plays a good role in regulating menstrual flow.
It helps to improve proper menstrual flow and inhibit menstrual flaws experienced by several women while menstruating.
12. Reduces The Risk Of Diabetes
Eating African walnuts on daily basis helps to reduce the risk of hyperglycemia, high blood sugar which is the major cause of type-1 and type-2 diabetes mellitus.
Experiments have shown that African walnut is one of the best fruit for people that want to maintain a healthy blood sugar level and prevent the risk of obesity.
A scientific nutrient database shows that 100 grams of shelled African walnuts contain 13.14g of carbs and zero cholesterol which makes it very good for reducing the causes and effects of overweight.
13. Good For Bone health
African walnut contains anti-inflammatory properties that help to prevent bone inflammatory diseases.
Other nutrients such as calcium and potassium are important bone-density minerals that help to improve bones strength and limit the risks of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
Nutritional Values of African Walnuts
Nutrients
Amount
Calories
315kcal
Carbohydrates
13.14g
Protein
24.01g
Fats
17.39g
Dietary Fiber
5.99g
Walnuts are rich in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and phytonutrients needed for the health improvement such nutrients include thiamine, vitamin C, folates, riboflavin, cyanocobalamin, niacin, vitamin E and B vitamins such as B-1, B-2, B-3, B-5, B-6, B-9 and B-12.
They are actually the powerhouse of nutrition containing essential nutrients such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol, pantothenic acid, healthy fats, plant sterols, pyridoxine and cyanocobalamin.
Also traces of essential minerals such as iron, zinc, sodium, manganese, selenium, calcium, potassium, magnesium and copper.
Origin of African Walnut
African walnuts are organic seasonal fruits mainly grown in West African countries. It is gotten from the mother tree, African walnut tree.
It has black coloured pericarp covering the milk coloured round nut inside.
They are scientifically called Tetracarpidium conophorum (botanical name).
In Edo language, it is called Okhue or Okwe; Asala or awusa in Yoruba, Ukpa in Igbo, arinsa in Igbira and Kaso or ngak in Cameroon.
The entire plant compounds are nutritious and are associated with potential benefits to human health such that they help in warding off malaria attack, treatment of toothache problems and others as mentioned above.
How much African walnuts can be eaten in a day?
African walnuts are good to be consumed on daily basis to help ward off some life-threatening diseases.
There are no proven side effects associated with eating African walnuts. But good foods are always good to be eaten in moderation.
Therefore, two handfuls of black African walnuts per day is quite safe and can supply your body with numerous benefits.
African Walnut Tree
African walnut tree or Nigerian walnut tree is known as Coulaedulis belonging to the plant family of Coula.
It originated from the tropical West African countries, Sierra Leone to Angola and then to Nigeria and other countries in West Africa. African walnut mother tree produces the nuts that we eat.
How to cook African walnut
African walnut is cooked with its shell at boiling temperature above the boiling point of water and left for up to 10 minutes on fire. It is served with its shells which must be removed before eating.
In a similar way, it can be baked in an oven by placing the raw nuts on a pan and put in an oven for 15 to 20 minutes. They can as well be served roasted as healthy snacks.
Uses of African Walnuts
African walnuts are used in making soup. In this way, they serve as a substitute for egusi.
To do this, remove the shells of the nuts then grind the nuts into a paste then apply the same method used in making egusi soup.
They are also used for quick fry dish recipes. To make this Nigerian recipe, remove the shells of the walnuts then cut the nuts into quarter sizes. Heat up little quantity of red oil in a frying pan, add sliced onions and red pepper sauce to your taste and stir very well.
Add the nuts and stir up for some minutes then combine with salt and other condiments and allow for 5 to 8 minutes. You can add steamed vegetable or salad if you wish.
Serve the delicious meal with fish, chicken or any meat of your choice for lunch or dinner.
Walnut season in Nigeria
African walnuts is a seasonal fruit in Nigeria that is cultivated annually mainly in the western parts of Nigeria. Yoruba is the major Nigeria tribe that grows these nuts most, among Igbo and Hausa.
Conclusion
African walnut has proven evidence that leads to general acceptability to its protective effects against certain diseases majorly the cardiovascular disease (CDV).
Eating of this fruit is not only effective for the health of man but contributes to other lifestyle characteristics backed up by evidence from certain scientific investigations.
It is advised to be included as part of the daily diet because it has a range of balanced nutrition such as vitamins, dietary fibre, essential minerals and vitamins as well as some plant compounds.
Food Profile - African Walnuts
African walnuts (botanical name - tetracarpidium conophorum) are fruits of a woody perennial climber plant, found mostly in the dense rain-forest of Africa. (some also found in India). Locally referred to as asala, ewusa/awusa (Yoruba) ekporo in the Efik dialect and ukpa in Igbo.
Description: The fruits come in a hard kernel casing which releases a whitish round nut when cracked open. The shell colour often black but can be any shade of gray.
The entire plant including leaves and roots have nutritional and medicinal properties, for which it is cultivate. The fruits (which are basically a type of nut) are the most commonly used part of the plant, significantly used for food and also to extract its oil which has a very high value especially in medicine and pharmaceutical.
Taste:
The fruit has a firm and crunchy texture with no overpowering flavours. But upon drinking water after consumption, one may experience an unusual bitter taste/sensation in the mouth. This is believed to be attributed to the presence of some variants of chemical alkaloids, tannins or phytochemicals. This however has no toxicity and of no danger to human consumption.
Nutritional Data based on 100g of shelled walnut kernels
Calories - 315kcal
Carbohydrates -13.14g
Protein - 24.01
Fats - 17.39
Fibre - 5.99
Vitamins: - C, E, B6, B7, thiamin, folate
Minerals: - Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium, Copper, Iron, Zinc, Sodium
Fatty Acids - Omega 3 & 6
Health Use/Benefits
There are so many claims about the health benefits of African walnuts, some of which have been scientifically proven. However, I am more drawn towards the impressive nutritional profile of the fruit especially the amount of essential fatty acids and anti-oxidants it possesses. For this reason, I am of the opinion that this fruit should feature regularly in my diet, and I am exploring ways of achieving this aim. In my opinion, it is a super fruit / super food... and we should be eating more of it.
How to Cook/Eat African Walnuts
I love walnuts and I generally eat them boiled as a snack, though they can also be roasted. My mum and her mum assure me that boiled walnuts are a good substitute for egusi and can be used to make a dish similar to egusi soup(...yet to try that out, but will share with you once I do...!). I am of the opinion that the fruits are too good and healthy to only eat as a snack. So I decided to create a couple of salad dishes with them, with really good outcome. Find an example here...
Boiling requires cooking the unshelled fruits in water for a while and draining off before serving. Similarly the unshelled fruits can be baked or roasted in an oven. To cook in soups, the partially boiled fruits are shelled, milled into a paste and cooked as usual using an egusi soup recipe.
ealth Benefits Of African Walnut by acies360: 9:52pm On Dec 28, 2017
The African walnut, known as Plukenetia conophora, belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae and is found commonly in Nigeria and Cameroon. In Nigeria, it is called ukpa (igbo language) or awusa or asala (Yoruba language). It is a perennial climbing shrub. The nut, which is usually white, is house in a brown-black hard shell which may house one or two nuts. The plant is usually cultivated for its nut which is eaten as a snack either roasted or boiled. Drinking water immediately after eating the nut usually gives a bitter taste. This has been attributed to the presence of alkaloids in walnut seeds. The high nutritional value and numerous health benefits of walnut plant make it an important food source.
Walnut seed oil is a rich source of essential dietary fatty acids –oleic, linoleic and alpha-linoleic acids – which are omega- 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are called essential dietary fatty acids because they are not manufactured by the human body and must therefore be obtained through the diet, again highlighting the usefulness of this plant.
The plant has been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties due to the presence of tannins and may thus be useful in asthma and pain management. It is also used as a male fertility agent because of the vitamin E content of the seed. It also consists of antioxidants that have tendency to increase sperm count, motility, and enhance sperm morphology. Antioxidants have been thought to mop up free radicals that accumulate in the body, promoting the general health of the male reproductive system. Some have even claimed that consumption of walnut seed can contribute to reducing the tendency to develop cardiovascular diseases by lowering cholesterol, reducing inflammation and improving the function of blood vessels. The leaf has been used traditionally in treating various skin diseases such as eczema and psoriasis because of its high vitamin C content.
THE AFRICAN WALNUT; WHY YOU NEED IT AND HOW MUCH YOU SHOULD TAKE!
Yes! It’s that time of the year again when the African walnuts are seen everywhere in the market. For those who love this nut, I’ve got something interesting to let you know about it and for those who don’t like it, maybe this article would give you a reason to try it out tonight!
The African walnut (king of nuts) is mostly found in Nigeria and some other parts of Africa. In the Western part of Nigeria, it is known as “ASALA” while in the Southern part, it is called “UKPA”. It is one of the well packaged nuts that Mother Nature has blessed us with! But guess what? Most people consume it without knowing why and exactly how much they need per serving!
LET’S SEE WHY YOU NEED THIS SPECIAL NUT!
The African walnut has been noted for its remarkable benefits to human health and proven to be an excellent source of essential minerals, vitamins, fiber and phytonutrients needed for healthy functioning of the human body. Let’s see some examples.
HEART DISEASES SUCH AS HYPERTENSION AND HEART ATTACK: Have you heard of L-arginine before? It’s very vital for those suffering from hypertension and other heart diseases! And guess what? African walnuts have loads of it!
SPERM PRODUCTION AND INFERTILITY IN MEN: This special nut is also known to boost sperm production, sperm health, sperm development and sperm count. For instance, taking a serving of this nut for over 8 weeks has been shown to boost men’s fertility. This is mind-blowing!!!
WEIGHT LOSS CREW: To shed off that excess body weight, belly fat and reduce body cholesterol, the African walnut is a top choice snack for you. But know that you must stick to the serving size because they are quite high in calories.
SLEEP DISORDERS: For those having disturbed sleep especially at night, taking this special nut before bedtime might be that magic pill you need because it increases your melatonin which acts on your brain and signal your body to give you a sound sleep.
IRREGULAR MENSTRUAL FLOW AND OVULATION PROBLEMS: African walnuts are rich in omega 3 Fatty acids which aid to regulate hormone levels and manage menstrual cramps (pains). Its high iron content (14%DV per serving) is vital to replenish blood and energy supplies while menstruating.
DIABETES: African walnut is a healthy snack to help reduce the risks of type 2 diabetes.
COGNITIVE (BRAIN) FUNCTIONING: the healthy fats and pyridoxine in African walnuts are key facilitators to improving cognitive function. Growing kids should tap from this benefit as well!
ANAEMIA AND IMMUNE SYSTEM: With the high antioxidant and iron content of African walnut, you are sure to ward off infections, anaemia and even eye related problems by just consuming a serving of this nut daily!
CANCER: African walnuts have been shown to play a vital role in reducing the risks of prostate and breast cancer in humans.
NOW HOW MUCH SHOULD YOU EAT? WHAT IS A SERVING OF THIS NUT?
To obtain maximum benefit from African walnuts, you must learn to stick to the serving size as overdoing it might not bring desired results especially for the watch watchers,yes o!
A serving size is about 30g = 7 whole piece or 14 halves of shelled African walnuts!
Nutrient breakdown of a serving size (7 shelled walnuts) is:
Calories 189.9kcal
Total fat 18g
Carbohydrate 3g
Protein 7g
Fiber 2g (9% DV for a 2000kcal/day)
Sodium 0mg (now you see why it’s perfect for hypertension)
Iron 1.1mg (14%DV; good for anaemia)
Now you see all you stand to gain by taking just 7 walnuts! As long as you stick to this serving per day, you need not worry about the “Forgivable fats” in this walnut,yes they are forgivable fats because they are good fats that help reduce cholesterol levels!
HOW CAN I THESE WALNUTS
Yes, I know most people are used to the boiled walnut as a snack but other super ways of enjoying this nut include;
• Chopping it into your salad dishes
• Blending it into your fruit smoothies
• Have you tried taking it with soaked Garri (like you do with groundnuts)?
• It can be roasted too just like we have roasted groundnut…yeah!
• Using it in soups. Just boil, shell and mill it into a paste then use for cooking (just like the recipe you use for your yummy Egusi soup)
• Tell me which other method you have tried or think we can try?
I guess walnuts are cheap in price compared to their health benefits.
Now Start Masticating Those Nuts Anytime You See Them.
African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) modulates hepatic lipid accumulation in obesity via reciprocal actions on HMG-CoA reductase and paraoxonase.
Uti DE, et al. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2019.
Show full citation
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Obesity is characterized by increased body fat and involves an imbalance between synthesis and degradation of lipids.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of African walnuts (Tetracarpidium conophorum) on storage lipids and the regulatory enzymes of hepatic lipid metabolism in obese rats.
METHODS: The nuts were extracted in ethanol (WE) and further separated to obtain the ethyl-acetate fraction (ET) and the residue (RES). These were administered orally to 3 groups of monosodium glutamate-obese rats (n = 6), respectively, for 6 weeks. Other groups in the study were the normal (NC), obese control (OC) and standard control (SC) which received orlistat. Hepatic total lipids, total phospholipids, triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TCHOL), 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and paraoxonase were studied.
RESULTS: Total lipids, TG and TCHOL which increased in OC compared to NC group, were decreased. HMG-CoA reductase activity decreased in the 3 study groups relative to OC. Paraoxonase activity which decreased in OC, was up-regulated, while the magnitude of hepatic cholesterol decreased from 94.32 % in OC to 52.19, 65.43 and 47.04 % with WE, ET and RES, respectively. Flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and saponins were detected in the nut. GC-MS analysis revealed 16, 18 and 10 volatile components in WE, ET and RES, respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids (linolenic acids: 33.33, 47.95 and 50.93 %, and α-linolenic acids: 25, 19.66 and 26.63 %) in WE, ET and RES, respectively, being most abundant, and likely responsible for the observed activity.
CONCLUSION: African walnuts can prevent hepatic lipid accumulation through reciprocal actions on HMG-CoA reductase and paraoxonase in obesity.
Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.
AbstractFormulae display:?
In this research about 1,700 samples of the African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) were measured for their axial dimensions, mass, geometric mean, sphericity index, surface area, aspect ratios, angle of repose on steel, wood and glass, porosity, bulk and true density of the nut, kernel and shell at five moisture levels and three size ranges. Various equations linking the nut moisture content with other physical properties for nut and kernel were established using regression models. The studies showed that at initial moisture content of 28.2% w.b, the African wild walnut fall mostly within the mass (m) range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g with shell thicknes of 0. 135 ± 0.04 cm, kernel mass of 4.22 ± 0.26 g, kernel moisture content of 28.9% w.b, porosity of 45%, nut true density of 0.815 g/cm3, nut bulk density of 0.45 g/cm3, nut aspect ratio of 76% and nut surface area of 15.41 cm2. This various properties are affected by increase in moisture contents and change in nut mass.
Keywords: nut size, nut mass, moisture contents, sorting, regression modeling
View correction statement:
Corrigendum
Public Interest Statement
With the recent dwindling revenue from crude oil, Nigeria is turning to all this undocumented crops in the wild like walnut, domesticating and commercializing them to boast its export revenue. However understanding the physical properties will aid in machine design for planting and processing to enhance its mass production but literature on physical properties of wild walnut cultivar from tropical Africa in particular is very rare. This physical properties is majorly affected by moisture content.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interest.
1. Introduction
Persian Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is known to be rich in oil, vitamins, minerals and proteins (Ozcan, 2009; Özcan, İman, & Arslan, 2010) and is mostly produced in orchards in temperate zones like Turkey, China, Iran and USA (Erturk & Dalkilic, 2011; FAO, 2013). Less is known about the African walnut (Ogunsua & Adebona, 1983), gotten from the wild in Nigeria, and it might differ in physical characteristics from Persian walnuts found in these countries. This is because researchers (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010; Asma, 2012; Cerović, Gološin, Todorović, Bijelić, & Ognjanov, 2010; Keles, Akca, & Ercisli, 2014; Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005) have shown that several genotypes and cultivars of the walnut family abound from different regions with their physical properties modified by the environment and climatic condition (Cosmulescu, 2013; Ebrahimi, Zarei, Fatahi, & Varnamkhasti, 2009). Very few open literature exist in physical properties of the African walnut and focused on the Persian walnut from USA, Iran and Turkey (Altuntas & Erkol, 2009, 2010; Ebrahimi et al., 2009, Heydari, Jafari, Mobli, Rafee, & Portahmasi, 2011; Khir, Pan, Atungulu, Thompson, & Shao, 2011; Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005), while the study of wild walnut from Nigeria or Africa is scarce. Research has shown that the adaptability of agro processing machines is crop and most cases cultivar specific and mostly affected by physical properties of the particular crop. This has led to the studies of physical properties of several crops and crops of the same species but different genotype and cultivars (Dash, Pradhan, Das, & Naik, 2008; Jahromi et al., 2008; Khir, Atungulu, Pan, Thompson, & Zheng, 2014; Khir et al., 2011; Kılıçkan & Güner, 2008; Sessiz, Esgici, & Kızıl, 2007; Seyed & Taghizadeh, 2007). Lack of this knowledge might lead to the underperformance of these machines and equipment for the intended purpose. Therefore the objective of the present research is to characterize some physical properties of the African walnut from Nigeria at different moisture content in order to establish physical properties data for designing and production of planting processing and material handling equipment.
Materials and methods
2.1. Sample preparations
This study was carried out at the post harvest and processing engineering laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike Nigeria. In total 1,700 samples of walnut were obtained from the open market in South Eastern Nigeria because there is no known walnut orchard in the area. The walnuts were sorted and graded according to three mass ranges of m < 5.5, 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 and m > 6.5 g. The grading of the walnut is because it has been established that there is enormous variations in moisture contents of individual walnut of the same cultivar (Ebrahimi et al., 2009; Khadivi-Khub & Ebrahimi, 2015; Khir et al., 2011). For each experiment 150 samples of walnut were randomly selected and used.
2.2. Determination of physical properties
The summary of the measured and calculated physical properties and the various equations used in determining them is shown in Table 1. The moisture contents of nut, kernel and shell were determined by using a laboratory oven (UMB 500 Sehutzart, DIN EN 60529-IP 20, Memmert, Germany) at an isothermal temperature of 100°C for 24 h (Khir et al., 2014). The mass of the nut, kernel and the shell was measured using electronic weighing balance (Scout Pro SPU 405, China) with a sensitivity of 0.01 g. Variation of the moisture contents and the masses were achieved by soaking the entire nut in water between 6 and 30 h (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010). The soaked samples were removed from the water and stored with black polyethylene bag in the refrigerator for 2 days. Each sample was removed from the fridge 24 h before each experimental evaluation to achieve moisture equilibrium within the sample and thawing. Also the axial dimensions were determined with a venire caliper (mitutoyo, JIS.B.7502.). True density measurement was carried out by water immersion method as described by Jahromi et al. (2008) and water displacement method as described by Spreer and Müller (2011). The bulk density was determined with the methods described by Jahromi et al. (2008) and Ndukwu (2009). This was done by loosely filling a container of known volume and mass with the nut, kernel or shell from a constant height. Also the angle of repose on wood, glass and steel were determined by the method of inclined plane as described by Jahromi et al. (2008). All other derived physical properties were determined quantitatively as presented in Table 1. Microsoft Excel 2007 was used to run the statistical analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the level of significance of data at different moisture contents at 95% confidence limit.
Determined physical properties of nut, shell and kernel of the wild walnut
Display Table
2.3. Regression curve fitting equations
It is very important to have the knowledge of the moisture contents and mass of the walnut in relationship with the kernel to avoid over drying of the kernel. Regression modeling was done by curve fitting some physical properties with the moisture contents of the nut (n/mc) into two, two parameter logarithm function (positive and negative coefficient), a linear function and an allometric power function using Levenberg Marquardt iteration algorithm (Table 2). This is because from literature (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010; Jahromi et al., 2008; Khir et al., 2011), most moisture content relationships with other physical properties follow any of this functions. “y” represents the physical properties while “x” is the nut moisture content. Where a, b and n are constants in the predicting equations. The four equations are expressed as in Table 2. In each case the four equations were generally tested and the predictor with higher coefficient of determination (R2) was chosen to predict the relationship between the moisture contents and the physical properties. The modeling tool is ORIGIN PRO 9.1 data analysis and graphing software.
Figure 1, presents the frequency distribution of the walnut. The frequency distribution depicts a Guassian model, with nut in the mass range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g depicting the modal class. About 3.14% of the whole nut was found to be either cracked or with a decayed kernel. This group of nuts were classified as bad nuts and shown in Figure 1. The initial moisture content difference for the three groups varied from 1.5–3.8% (w.b). Table 3 shows that the increment of the moisture content of the whole nut by 16.4% (w.b) resulted in the increment of the moisture content of the kernel by 14.4% (w.b) for mass range m > 6.5 g while Table 4 shows increment of 23.1% (w.b) resulted in 14.9% (w.b) increase in kernel moisture content for mass range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g. Table 5 also showed that 19.4% (w.b) nut moisture increase for the mass size of m < 5.5 g led to 10.6% (w.b) moisture increase for the kernel. There is considerable difference between the moisture content of the whole nut and the kernel. This is significant in the drying process of walnut to avoide over drying and loss of essesntial oils from the kernel. Furthermore, increase in moisture level affected the overall size of the nut and kernel as expected (Tables 3–5). This is in agreement with various researchers (Gharibzahedi, Etemad, Mirarab-Razi, & Foshat, 2010; Sessiz et al., 2007) which reported that water uptake into the intracellular pores within the nut or kernel of crops resulted in the swelling or enlargement of the nut and kernel (Tables 3–5).
Figure 1. The frequency distribution curve of the walnut samples.
Nut and kernel dimensions and shapes
3.1.1. Axial dimensions
The axial dimensions and masses in Tables 3–5 showed that the African walnut from Nigeria is smaller than the Kaman, Buyuk Oba, DE and 32.YS Persian walnut genotype from Turkey (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010; Dogan et al., 2005; Özcan et al., 2010; Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005). Tables 3–5 shows that at initial moisture content of 24.4–28.2% (w.b) the major diameter ranged from 2.48 to 2.73 cm while the minor diameter ranged from 1.85–2.17 cm. Table 3 shows that when the nut moisture content rose from 24.4–38.8% (w.b) for the size of m > 6.5 g, the geometric mean diameter (ndg) of the nut increased by 5.98% while that of the kernel (kdg) increased by 8.95%. Also for the size of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g, increase of moisture from 28.2–43.3% (w.b) resulted in a geometric mean diameter increase of 4.98% for the nut and 2.15% for the kernel as shown in Table 3. The same trend was observed for the size of m < 5.5 g where its ndg and kdg increased by 2.84 and 5.39% respectively as shown in Table 4. The regression equation depicting the relationship between the nut geometric mean (nde) and moisture content (n.mc) is shown in Equations (1)–(3).
ndg=2.321+7.249×10−8n.mc3.96739(m>6.5g,R2=0.92225)
ndg=2.321+7.249×10-8n.mc3.96739m>6.5g,R2=0.92225
(1)
ndg=2.321+7.249×10−8n.mc3.96739(5.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.96359)
ndg=2.321+7.249×10-8n.mc3.967395.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.96359
(2)
ndg=2.1076+4.2458×10−14n.mc7.7927(m<5.5g,R2=0.84540)
ndg=2.1076+4.2458×10-14n.mc7.7927m<5.5g,R2=0.84540
(3)
Furthermore, the nut moisture content and kernel moisture content (k.mc) is best predicted by two term negative coefficient logrithimic function (Table 2) as shown in Equations (4)–(6). This results is similar to that obtained for Tulare, Howard, and Chandler walnut genotype from California (Khir et al., 2011).
k.mc=13.693ln(n.mc−18.071)(m>6.5g,R2=0.90462)
k.mc=13.693lnn.mc-18.071m>6.5g,R2=0.90462
(4)
k.mc=15.7066ln(n.mc−23.533)(5.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.96832)
k.mc=15.7066lnn.mc-23.5335.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.96832
(5)
k.mc=21.530ln(n.mc−15.926)(m<5.5g,R2=0.99703)
k.mc=21.530lnn.mc-15.926m<5.5g,R2=0.99703
(6)
3.1.2. Nut and kernel mass
Tables 3–5 also shows that at initial nut moisture content of 24.4–28.2% (w.b) and kernel moisture content of 23.1–25.8% (w.b), the nut mass ranged from 4.76 to 7.41 g while the kernel mass ranged from 3.32 to 4.77 g. The nut and kernel mass also increased linearly with moisture content. The data obtained above showed that the African walnut has lower nut mass range than the 32.YS, Buyuk Oba and Persian genotype group from Turkey (Özcan et al., 2010; Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005). However when the kernel mass is compared, it is similar to the 32.YS.051, 32.YS. 098, 32.YS .075, 32.YS .031 and Kaman-2 genotype. The difference can be found in the shell mass because of the temperate nature of turkey, the 32.YS genotype has thicker shell (Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005) compared to the tropical wild walnut from Nigeria with thinner shell.
The fitting of the curve through the plot of nut mass (N) with kernel mass (K) at different mass sizes and moisture content in Tables 3–5. The prediction of measured and estimated kernel mass is given in Equation (7)–(9) for m > 6.5 g, 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g and m < 5.5 g respectively.
It was observed that there was very large variations in shell thickness and mass among individual walnuts of the same mass size and mosture content. High coeffifficient of variation (CV) for shell thickness has also been observed by Khadivi-Khub and Ebrahimi (2015) on Iranian walnuts. One of the reasons might be the diversity of the nuts from different trees (Khadivi-Khub & Ebrahimi, 2015). Therefore the measurement of the shell thickness and shell mass presented a wide range of values. However the shell thicknes and shell mass ranged from 0. 121–0.144 cm and 2.58–2.79 g respectively for m > 6.5 g while for 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g, they ranged from 0.123 to 0.135 cm and 1.83–1.99 g respectively. Also for m < 5.5 g, the shell thickness and shell mass ranged from 0.109 to 0.145 cm and 1.42–1.83 g respectively. The values of the shell thickness determined were lower than the 32.YS Persian walnut genotype from Turkey (Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005). However, it is in the same range with the G-570 genotype from Iran (Ebrahimi et al., 2009). The shell on the Nigerian wild walnut is smooth and very thin and can be classified as fine walnut. The thinner nature of the shell makes it easy to crack. Infact locally these wild walnut is cracked with human teeth to remove the kernel for consumption. The result obtained is useful in designing the cracking machine.
3.1.4. Sphericity, aspect ratio and surface area
The sphericity index and aspect ratio defines the shape of the nut and kernel. For all sizes, the sphericity index was above 0.81 (81%) and increased with moisture contents for the nut and kernel as shown in Tables 3–5. Furthermore, Tables 3–5 show that the aspect ratios ranged from 0.74–0.80 to 0.66–0.79 for the nut and kernel respectively. Garnayak, Pradhan, Naik, and Bhatnagar (2008) described seed with sphericity above 70% as spherical, therefore the wild walnut and kernel has spherical shape and can roll down the hopper during processing. Comparetively, nut with mass greater than 6.5 g is less spherical while the mass range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g is more spherical (Tables 3–5). There surface area can be calculated as that of equivalent sphere with there values ranging from 12.17–19.32 cm2 for nut and 8.99–12.21 cm2 for kernel. The difference in spherity index show a very low variations among moisture contents for all sizes with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 1.39 × 10−5 − 5.81 × 10−4 for the nut and 2.47−5.22 × 10−4 for kernel. Lowest CV was observed for mass size below 5.5 g while highest value was for mass size of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g.
Frictional property
The angle of repose (for all surfaces) increased with moisture content (Tables 3–5). This is the tendency of nut beign more cohesive at higher moisture content (Malik & Saini, 2016). However wood surface consistently presented a higher angle of repose than steel and glass in that order. The maximum angle of repose of 64.26° occurred at the highest moisture content of 36.4% moisture cotent for m < 5.5 g.
3.3. Gravimetric properties
3.3.1. Porosity and densities
The bulk densities increased with moisture content while the true density and porosities decreased as shown in Tables 3–5. The porosity of the nut and shell, were not statististicall different at all sizes for the initial moisture contents but its statistically significant at the same size at different moisture level. When the initial moisture content is considered, nuts with mass greater than 6.5 g has the highest initial true density of 1.05 g/cm3 while the modal size range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g has the lowest initial true density of 0.819 g/cm3. The bulk density at the initial moisture contents for all sizes ranged from 0.45 to 0.49 g/cm3 and increased with moisture content. The bulk and true density is lower than G-500 walnut genotype group from Iran (Ebrahimi et al., 2009) but higher than Yalova walnut from Turkey (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010). The porosity of the walnut is lower than the Yalova from Turkey (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010). Equations (10)–(15) depicts the variation of nut true density (δT) and porosity (nε) at different moisture content (X) and sizes.
δT=1.32−0.11X(m>6.5g,R2=0.9247)
δT=1.32-0.11Xm>6.5g,R2=0.9247
(10)
nε=ln(2.152−0.017X)(m>6.5g,R2=0.8469)
nε=ln2.152-0.017Xm>6.5g,R2=0.8469
(11)
δT=0.83−7.07−21X11.61(5.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.7693)
δT=0.83-7.07-21X11.615.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.7693
(12)
nε=0.48−1.24−12X−6.8(5.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.6303)
nε=0.48-1.24-12X-6.85.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.6303
(13)
δT=5.06X−0.48(m<5.5g,R2=0.7101)
δT=5.06X-0.48m<5.5g,R2=0.7101
(14)
nε=−0.017X+1.017(m<5.5g,R2=0.8585)
nε=-0.017X+1.017m<5.5g,R2=0.8585
(15)
Conclusion
Several physical properties of African walnut was investigated and reported at five moisture levels and three size range. Among the physical properties investigated, only the true density and porosity decreased with moisture content while the rest increased. The physical properties show that the African walnut Nigeria cultiva is smaller in nut dimensions and mass compared to Persian walnuts from Turkey, Serbia, Romanian, USA and Iran but their range of true density and sphericity did not vary much. Also despite the smaller size of the whole nut, the kernel mass fall within the same range in some cases. Therefore the larger size of the walnut from these temperate zones might be as a result of thicker shell and not necessarily the kernel size. The shell on the African walnut is smooth and very thin, similar to G-570 genotype from Iran and can be classified as fine walnut. This is important for industrial application for shelling and drying purposes. In addition, due to the smaller sizes they have higher bulk density which is important for packaging and transportation purposes.
Corrigendum
This article was originally published with errors. This version has been corrected. Please see Corrigendum (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.12
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Additional information
Author information
M.C. Ndukwu
Dr M.C. Ndukwu is a senior lecturer in agricultural and bio-resources engineering. He specialized in crop processing and storage engineering with special interest in processes, machines and equipment for processing undomesticated indigenous crops to achieve sustainable food production and quench hunger in sub Saharan Africa.
C. Ejirika
C. Ejirika is a student studying for post graduate diploma in agricultural and bioresources engineering under supervision by Dr Ndukwu.
Funding
Funding. The authors received no direct funding for this researc
Physical properties of the African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) from Nigeria
M.C. Ndukwu & C. Ejirika | Manuel Tejada Moral (Reviewing Editor)
Article: 1232849 | Received 15 Jul 2016, Accepted 01 Sep 2016, Accepted author version posted online: 08 Sep 2016, Published online:20 Sep 2016
In this research about 1,700 samples of the African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) were measured for their axial dimensions, mass, geometric mean, sphericity index, surface area, aspect ratios, angle of repose on steel, wood and glass, porosity, bulk and true density of the nut, kernel and shell at five moisture levels and three size ranges. Various equations linking the nut moisture content with other physical properties for nut and kernel were established using regression models. The studies showed that at initial moisture content of 28.2% w.b, the African wild walnut fall mostly within the mass (m) range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g with shell thicknes of 0. 135 ± 0.04 cm, kernel mass of 4.22 ± 0.26 g, kernel moisture content of 28.9% w.b, porosity of 45%, nut true density of 0.815 g/cm3, nut bulk density of 0.45 g/cm3, nut aspect ratio of 76% and nut surface area of 15.41 cm2. This various properties are affected by increase in moisture contents and change in nut mass.
Keywords: nut size, nut mass, moisture contents, sorting, regression modeling
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Corrigen
Public Interest Statement
With the recent dwindling revenue from crude oil, Nigeria is turning to all this undocumented crops in the wild like walnut, domesticating and commercializing them to boast its export revenue. However understanding the physical properties will aid in machine design for planting and processing to enhance its mass production but literature on physical properties of wild walnut cultivar from tropical Africa in particular is very rare. This physical properties is majorly affected by moisture content.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interest.
1. Introduction
Persian Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is known to be rich in oil, vitamins, minerals and proteins (Ozcan, 2009; Özcan, İman, & Arslan, 2010) and is mostly produced in orchards in temperate zones like Turkey, China, Iran and USA (Erturk & Dalkilic, 2011; FAO, 2013). Less is known about the African walnut (Ogunsua & Adebona, 1983), gotten from the wild in Nigeria, and it might differ in physical characteristics from Persian walnuts found in these countries. This is because researchers (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010; Asma, 2012; Cerović, Gološin, Todorović, Bijelić, & Ognjanov, 2010; Keles, Akca, & Ercisli, 2014; Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005) have shown that several genotypes and cultivars of the walnut family abound from different regions with their physical properties modified by the environment and climatic condition (Cosmulescu, 2013; Ebrahimi, Zarei, Fatahi, & Varnamkhasti, 2009). Very few open literature exist in physical properties of the African walnut and focused on the Persian walnut from USA, Iran and Turkey (Altuntas & Erkol, 2009, 2010; Ebrahimi et al., 2009, Heydari, Jafari, Mobli, Rafee, & Portahmasi, 2011; Khir, Pan, Atungulu, Thompson, & Shao, 2011; Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005), while the study of wild walnut from Nigeria or Africa is scarce. Research has shown that the adaptability of agro processing machines is crop and most cases cultivar specific and mostly affected by physical properties of the particular crop. This has led to the studies of physical properties of several crops and crops of the same species but different genotype and cultivars (Dash, Pradhan, Das, & Naik, 2008; Jahromi et al., 2008; Khir, Atungulu, Pan, Thompson, & Zheng, 2014; Khir et al., 2011; Kılıçkan & Güner, 2008; Sessiz, Esgici, & Kızıl, 2007; Seyed & Taghizadeh, 2007). Lack of this knowledge might lead to the underperformance of these machines and equipment for the intended purpose. Therefore the objective of the present research is to characterize some physical properties of the African walnut from Nigeria at different moisture content in order to establish physical properties data for designing and production of planting processing and material handling equipment.
Materials and methods
2.1. Sample preparations
This study was carried out at the post harvest and processing engineering laboratory of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike Nigeria. In total 1,700 samples of walnut were obtained from the open market in South Eastern Nigeria because there is no known walnut orchard in the area. The walnuts were sorted and graded according to three mass ranges of m < 5.5, 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 and m > 6.5 g. The grading of the walnut is because it has been established that there is enormous variations in moisture contents of individual walnut of the same cultivar (Ebrahimi et al., 2009; Khadivi-Khub & Ebrahimi, 2015; Khir et al., 2011). For each experiment 150 samples of walnut were randomly selected and used.
2.2. Determination of physical properties
The summary of the measured and calculated physical properties and the various equations used in determining them is shown in Table 1. The moisture contents of nut, kernel and shell were determined by using a laboratory oven (UMB 500 Sehutzart, DIN EN 60529-IP 20, Memmert, Germany) at an isothermal temperature of 100°C for 24 h (Khir et al., 2014). The mass of the nut, kernel and the shell was measured using electronic weighing balance (Scout Pro SPU 405, China) with a sensitivity of 0.01 g. Variation of the moisture contents and the masses were achieved by soaking the entire nut in water between 6 and 30 h (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010). The soaked samples were removed from the water and stored with black polyethylene bag in the refrigerator for 2 days. Each sample was removed from the fridge 24 h before each experimental evaluation to achieve moisture equilibrium within the sample and thawing. Also the axial dimensions were determined with a venire caliper (mitutoyo, JIS.B.7502.). True density measurement was carried out by water immersion method as described by Jahromi et al. (2008) and water displacement method as described by Spreer and Müller (2011). The bulk density was determined with the methods described by Jahromi et al. (2008) and Ndukwu (2009). This was done by loosely filling a container of known volume and mass with the nut, kernel or shell from a constant height. Also the angle of repose on wood, glass and steel were determined by the method of inclined plane as described by Jahromi et al. (2008). All other derived physical properties were determined quantitatively as presented in Table 1. Microsoft Excel 2007 was used to run the statistical analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the level of significance of data at different moisture contents at 95% confidence limit.
Table 1. Determined physical properties of nut, shell and kernel of the wild walnut
Regression curve fitting equations
It is very important to have the knowledge of the moisture contents and mass of the walnut in relationship with the kernel to avoid over drying of the kernel. Regression modeling was done by curve fitting some physical properties with the moisture contents of the nut (n/mc) into two, two parameter logarithm function (positive and negative coefficient), a linear function and an allometric power function using Levenberg Marquardt iteration algorithm (Table 2). This is because from literature (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010; Jahromi et al., 2008; Khir et al., 2011), most moisture content relationships with other physical properties follow any of this functions. “y” represents the physical properties while “x” is the nut moisture content. Where a, b and n are constants in the predicting equations. The four equations are expressed as in Table 2. In each case the four equations were generally tested and the predictor with higher coefficient of determination (R2) was chosen to predict the relationship between the moisture contents and the physical properties. The modeling tool is ORIGIN PRO 9.1 data analysis and graphing software.
Table 2. Regression equations
Results and discussion
Figure 1, presents the frequency distribution of the walnut. The frequency distribution depicts a Guassian model, with nut in the mass range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g depicting the modal class. About 3.14% of the whole nut was found to be either cracked or with a decayed kernel. This group of nuts were classified as bad nuts and shown in Figure 1. The initial moisture content difference for the three groups varied from 1.5–3.8% (w.b). Table 3 shows that the increment of the moisture content of the whole nut by 16.4% (w.b) resulted in the increment of the moisture content of the kernel by 14.4% (w.b) for mass range m > 6.5 g while Table 4 shows increment of 23.1% (w.b) resulted in 14.9% (w.b) increase in kernel moisture content for mass range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g. Table 5 also showed that 19.4% (w.b) nut moisture increase for the mass size of m < 5.5 g led to 10.6% (w.b) moisture increase for the kernel. There is considerable difference between the moisture content of the whole nut and the kernel. This is significant in the drying process of walnut to avoide over drying and loss of essesntial oils from the kernel. Furthermore, increase in moisture level affected the overall size of the nut and kernel as expected (Tables 3–5). This is in agreement with various researchers (Gharibzahedi, Etemad, Mirarab-Razi, & Foshat, 2010; Sessiz et al., 2007) which reported that water uptake into the intracellular pores within the nut or kernel of crops resulted in the swelling or enlargement of the nut and kernel (Tables 3–5).
Figure 1. The frequency distribution curve of the walnut samples.
Nut and kernel dimensions and shapes
3.1.1. Axial dimensions
The axial dimensions and masses in Tables 3–5 showed that the African walnut from Nigeria is smaller than the Kaman, Buyuk Oba, DE and 32.YS Persian walnut genotype from Turkey (Altuntas & Erkol, 2010; Dogan et al., 2005; Özcan et al., 2010; Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005). Tables 3–5 shows that at initial moisture content of 24.4–28.2% (w.b) the major diameter ranged from 2.48 to 2.73 cm while the minor diameter ranged from 1.85–2.17 cm. Table 3 shows that when the nut moisture content rose from 24.4–38.8% (w.b) for the size of m > 6.5 g, the geometric mean diameter (ndg) of the nut increased by 5.98% while that of the kernel (kdg) increased by 8.95%. Also for the size of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g, increase of moisture from 28.2–43.3% (w.b) resulted in a geometric mean diameter increase of 4.98% for the nut and 2.15% for the kernel as shown in Table 3. The same trend was observed for the size of m < 5.5 g where its ndg and kdg increased by 2.84 and 5.39% respectively as shown in Table 4. The regression equation depicting the relationship between the nut geometric mean (nde) and moisture content (n.mc) is shown in Equations (1)–(3).
k.mc=13.693ln(n.mc−18.071)(m>6.5g,R2=0.90462)
k.mc=13.693lnn.mc-18.071m>6.5g,R2=0.90462
(4)
k.mc=15.7066ln(n.mc−23.533)(5.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.96832)
k.mc=15.7066lnn.mc-23.5335.5≤m≤6.5g,R2=0.96832
(5)
k.mc=21.530ln(n.mc−15.926)(m<5.5g,R2=0.99703)
k.mc=21.530lnn.mc-15.926m<5.5g,R2=0.99703
(6)
3.1.2. Nut and kernel mass
Tables 3–5 also shows that at initial nut moisture content of 24.4–28.2% (w.b) and kernel moisture content of 23.1–25.8% (w.b), the nut mass ranged from 4.76 to 7.41 g while the kernel mass ranged from 3.32 to 4.77 g. The nut and kernel mass also increased linearly with moisture content. The data obtained above showed that the African walnut has lower nut mass range than the 32.YS, Buyuk Oba and Persian genotype group from Turkey (Özcan et al., 2010; Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005). However when the kernel mass is compared, it is similar to the 32.YS.051, 32.YS. 098, 32.YS .075, 32.YS .031 and Kaman-2 genotype. The difference can be found in the shell mass because of the temperate nature of turkey, the 32.YS genotype has thicker shell (Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005) compared to the tropical wild walnut from Nigeria with thinner shell.
The fitting of the curve through the plot of nut mass (N) with kernel mass (K) at different mass sizes and moisture content in Tables 3–5. The prediction of measured and estimated kernel mass is given in Equation (7)–(9) for m > 6.5 g, 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g and m < 5.5 g respectively.
N=4.49623+1.245×10−5K4.013(R2=0.8949)
N=4.49623+1.245×10-5K4.013R2=0.8949
(7)
N=Ln(49.59K−229.86)(R2=0.9687)
N=Ln49.59K-229.86R2=0.9687
(8)
N=3.311+6.902×10−23K37.63(R2=0.8949)
N=3.311+6.902×10-23K37.63R2=0.8949
(9)
3.1.3. Shell thickness and shell mass
It was observed that there was very large variations in shell thickness and mass among individual walnuts of the same mass size and mosture content. High coeffifficient of variation (CV) for shell thickness has also been observed by Khadivi-Khub and Ebrahimi (2015) on Iranian walnuts. One of the reasons might be the diversity of the nuts from different trees (Khadivi-Khub & Ebrahimi, 2015). Therefore the measurement of the shell thickness and shell mass presented a wide range of values. However the shell thicknes and shell mass ranged from 0. 121–0.144 cm and 2.58–2.79 g respectively for m > 6.5 g while for 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g, they ranged from 0.123 to 0.135 cm and 1.83–1.99 g respectively. Also for m < 5.5 g, the shell thickness and shell mass ranged from 0.109 to 0.145 cm and 1.42–1.83 g respectively. The values of the shell thickness determined were lower than the 32.YS Persian walnut genotype from Turkey (Ozkan & Koyuncu, 2005). However, it is in the same range with the G-570 genotype from Iran (Ebrahimi et al., 2009). The shell on the Nigerian wild walnut is smooth and very thin and can be classified as fine walnut. The thinner nature of the shell makes it easy to crack. Infact locally these wild walnut is cracked with human teeth to remove the kernel for consumption. The result obtained is useful in designing the cracking machine.
3.1.4. Sphericity, aspect ratio and surface area
The sphericity index and aspect ratio defines the shape of the nut and kernel. For all sizes, the sphericity index was above 0.81 (81%) and increased with moisture contents for the nut and kernel as shown in Tables 3–5. Furthermore, Tables 3–5 show that the aspect ratios ranged from 0.74–0.80 to 0.66–0.79 for the nut and kernel respectively. Garnayak, Pradhan, Naik, and Bhatnagar (2008) described seed with sphericity above 70% as spherical, therefore the wild walnut and kernel has spherical shape and can roll down the hopper during processing. Comparetively, nut with mass greater than 6.5 g is less spherical while the mass range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g is more spherical (Tables 3–5). There surface area can be calculated as that of equivalent sphere with there values ranging from 12.17–19.32 cm2 for nut and 8.99–12.21 cm2 for kernel. The difference in spherity index show a very low variations among m
(15)
4. Conclusion
Several physical properties of African walnut was investigated and reported at five moisture levels and three size range. Among the physical properties investigated, only the true density and porosity decreased with moisture content while the rest increased. The physical properties show that the African walnut Nigeria cultiva is smaller in nut dimensions and mass compared to Persian walnuts from Turkey, Serbia, Romanian, USA and Iran but their range of true density and sphericity did not vary much. Also despite the smaller size of the whole nut, the kernel mass fall within the same range in some cases. Therefore the larger size of the walnut from these temperate zones might be as a result of thicker shell and not necessarily the kernel size. The shell on the African walnut is smooth and very thin, similar to G-570 genotype from Iran and can be classified as fine walnut. This is important for industrial application for shelling and drying purposes. In addition, due to the smaller sizes they have higher bulk density which is important for packaging and transportation purposes.
Corrigendum
This article was originally published with errors. This version has been corrected. Please see Corrigendum (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1275086).
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Additional information
Author information
M.C. Ndukwu
Dr M.C. Ndukwu is a senior lecturer in agricultural and bio-resources engineering. He specialized in crop processing and storage engineering with special interest in processes, machines and equipment for processing undomesticated indigenous crops to achieve sustainable food production and quench hunger in sub Saharan Africa.
C. Ejirika
C. Ejirika is a student studying for post graduate diploma in agricultural and bioresources engineering under supervision by Dr Ndukwu.
Physical properties of the African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) from Nigeria
Article (PDF Available) in Cogent Food And Agriculture 2016(2: 1232849):1-11 · September 2016 with 532 Reads
DOI: 10.1080/23311932.2016.1232849
Cite this publication
Ndukwu m. c.
19.77Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike
C. Ejirika
Abstract
In this research about 1,700 samples of the African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) were measured for their axial dimensions, mass, geometric mean, sphericity index, surface area, aspect ratios, angle of repose on steel, wood and glass, porosity, bulk and true density of the nut, kernel and shell at five moisture levels and three size ranges. Various equations linking the nut moisture content with other physical properties for nut and kernel were established using regression models. The studies showed that at initial moisture content of 28.2% w.b, the African wild walnut fall mostly within the mass (m) range of 5.5 ≤ m ≤ 6.5 g with shell thicknes of 0. 135 ± 0.04 cm, kernel mass of 4.22 ± 0.26 g, kernel moisture content of 28.9% w.b, porosity of 45%, nut true density of 0.815 g/cm3, nut bulk density of 0.45 g/cm3, nut aspect ratio of 76% and nut surface area of 15.41 cm2. This various properties are affected by increase in moisture contents and change in nut mass.
Nutrition
Food and Nutrition
African walnut shows evidence in boosting fertility, immunity
It is naturally enclosed in a small spherical shell, but its teeny size does not limit its potency in any way, as researches continue to validate the efficacy of the African walnut as a fertility booster, immunity booster, as well as containing antiviral and inflammatory agents.
In the most recent study, Dada and Aguda, in the Journal of Aquatic Sciences, highlighted the fertility-aiding ability of the phytochemicals found in the black-shelled nut. Findings in the study titled, “Dietary effects of African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) on the reproductive indices in male African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) broodstock, showed that supplementation of African walnut seed powder resulted in improved reproductive performance of male African catfish.
This indeed is a promising window of opportunity for health researchers and practitioners to conduct similar studies on humans with the prospect of curbing the rampant cases of infertility with the natural panacea in this nutrition powerhouse – especially as this is the season of the natural snack.
Another study conducted by researchers from the Department of Applied Biochemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, suggested that the African walnut is an excellent food material with the potential of combating nutritional insecurity in rural communities where they are found. The research, titled: “Comparative proximate analyses of raw and cooked Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut)” showed that the nut is an interesting source of nutrient, being rich in fat with moderate values of crude protein and carbohydrate; while the ash and fibre content was shown to be very low. This explains why it is capable of warding off various viral infections and diseases.
Description
The African walnut, scientifically known as Tetracarpidium conophorum (T. conophorum), belongs to the family Euphorbiaceas. It is a woody perennial climber found in the forest regions of Africa and India. African walnut has a long history as food plant and is grown by peasant farmers across West African rain forest. The climber bears capsules which are greenish in colour when young and greenish yellow when fully ripe. The walnut kernel consists of two bumpy lobes that look like abstract butterflies. The lobes are off white in colour and covered by a thin, light brown skin.
They are particularly attached to each other, while the kernel is enclosed in round or oblong shells that are brown or black in colour and they are hard. They contain four shelled seeds. The seeds take four to six months to mature and are found in the local markets between the months of June and September.
Conophorum plant is cultivated principally for the nuts which are cooked and consumed as snacks. The cooked nuts, containing the edible seeds, are common articles of trade in Nigeria. A bitter taste is usually felt upon drinking water immediately after eating the nuts. This is attributed to the presence of chemical substances such as alkaloids.
Nutritional content of walnut
According to scientists from the Department of Applied Biochemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, the proximate compositions of raw and cooked nuts of T. conophorum were quantitatively evaluated, using the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). They found that raw and cooked walnuts contain 2.0 per cent and 31.0 per cent moisture and 19.39 per cent and 15.90 per cent carbohydrate respectively.
They also contain crude protein of 23.01 per cent and 28.00 per cent, crude fat of 52.1 per cent and 21.1 per cent, crude fibre of 1.0 per cent and 2.0 per cent and ash of 2.0 per cent for raw and cooked walnut respectively. The energy value for raw and cooked walnut was 638.5 and 365.5 Kcal respectively.
Another report succinctly puts the nutritional value of the nut as follows: Omega-3 Fatty Acids 94.6 per cent; Copper 20.0 per cent; Manganese 42.5 per cent and Tryptophan 15.6 per cent.
Phytochemical analysis of the African walnut revealed a high preponderance of phytochemicals, especially saponins and flavonoids in both the dried and wet samples. The high level of antioxidants in this nut has also been severally reported. Many researchers have equally reported on the level of polyphenolic compounds, such as Ellagic and Gallic acids.
Other phenolic acids have been found in African walnuts, such as phenylacetic acid, a strong antisickling agent, protocatechoic acid, syringic, vanillic acid and caffeic acid. These phenolic acids found have been associated with astringency, discolouration and inhibition of some enzyme activity.
Other health benefits of walnut
Prevents cardiovascular diseases: Omega-3 is a very important nutrient, which can prevent many diseases. Walnuts have a high concentration of these good fats, which lower the risks of cardiovascular diseases and promote better cognitive function.
Anti-inflammatory: Walnut has anti-inflammatory properties that protect against asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and other skin diseases related to inflammation like psoriasis and eczema.
Lowers cholesterol level: Walnuts can lower the cholesterol level, due to the nutrients it contains, like antioxidants, phenols, vitamin E, gallic acid and ellagic acid
Immunity booster: Ellagic acid in walnuts is an antioxidant compound that boosts the immune system. In a study titled, ‘“Anti-microbial potential of extracts and fractions of the African walnut – Tetracarpidium conophorum”, published in African Journal of Biotechnology by E. O. Ajaiyeoba and D. A. Fadare of the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, it was found that extracts of the walnut plant are strong antibiotic.
Helpful for the brain: Walnuts are great brain food. It is not only due to the wrinkled appearance of their shell that resembles the brain, but also due to the fact that they contain high levels of omega-3 fatty acids which plays an important role in the process of important nutrients entering the brain cells, and the exit of waste cells. Nearly 60 per cent of our brain is structural fats which are primarily omega-3 fatty acids.
Sound sleep: Melatonin which is a powerful antioxidant and also induces a good night’s sleep, is present in walnuts in the bio-available form. Hence having a handful of walnuts before going off to bed helps in getting a sound sleep.
Anti-aging agents: Most nuts are good for the skin. Benefits of walnuts for skin are due to the antioxidants they contain. As nuts contain vitamins A and E, they protect the skin against free radical damage, thus preventing the signs of aging. Also, the good fats which are omega-3 in walnuts help to maintain a nourished and smooth complexion.
Helps prevent cancer: A research carried out in the Department of Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomosho, found that the high ascorbic acid content found in the walnut indicates that the plant can be used to prevent or at least minimise the formation of carcinogenic substances from dietary material.
Fertility booster: In addition to latest findings on the fertility boosting potential of the nut, a study published by the Nigeria Natural Medicine Development Agency (NNMDA), noted that walnut seeds are used in the treatment of fibroid. It also indicated that chewing the walnut improves sperm count in men.
Reference
Dada and Aguda 2015 Journal of Aquatic Sciences 30(1A): 107-118 Dietary effects of African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) on the reproductive indices in male African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) broodstockPhytochemical and nutrient evaluation of Tetracarpidium Conophorum (Nigerian walnut)root. P.B.Ayoola, A. Adeyeye, O.O.Onawumi2 & O.O.P. Faboya
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology,P.M.B.4000, Ogbomoso,Oyo State, Nigeria.2Department of Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B.4000,Ogbomoso,Oyo State, Nigeria.
Phytochemical and biochemical compositions of African Walnut ( Tetracarpidium conophorum) ®Nwaoguikpe R N1, Ujowundu CO1, Wesley. Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526,Owerri,Imo State,Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
Comparative Proximate Analyses of Raw and Cooked Tetracarpidium conophorum (African Walnut) *Udedi, S.C., Ani, O.N., Anajekwu, B.N., Igwilo,I.O., Ononamadu,C.J., Adindu, C.S. and Okafor, U.M.Department of Applied Biochemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
Biochemical and biomedical studies on African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum -Mull. Arg.) – a postharvest perspective
Nkwonta, Chikere Godwin
URI: http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/12260
Date: 2015-10
Abstract:
African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum- Mull. Arg) is a perennial climbing shrub
which grows mainly in the Western region of Africa. It is found mainly in Nigeria,
Gambia, Sierra Leone, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon as well. The nuts are
encased in pods which may contain between 2 to 5 nuts. The seed is enclosed in a hard
shell-like case. The nuts are commonly processed by boiling or roasting and consumed
as a snack or used as soup thickener. In ethnobotanical medicine, the nut extract is
extensively used in decoctions for treatment and/or management of common and chronic
ailments such as malaria, dysentery, high blood pressure, diabetes and cancer. The nuts
are generally exposed to high temperatures (25 – 37 °C) and relative humidity (RH) which
increases susceptibility to fungal contamination and nutrient degradation, hence, raising
concerns over product quality and safety. Experiment simulating the common retail
postharvest storage and processing practices was conducted to: (i) determine the effects
on the fatty acid profile; (ii) assess the impact on the fungal population contaminating the
nut shells at different maturity stages, and potential mycotoxigenic implications; (iii)
evaluate the cytotoxicity of four extract of the nut on lung cancer (A549) cells; and finally
(iv) assay the total phenolic content and profile potential individual phenolic components
of the nut.
Results indicated the presence of essential and non-essential fatty acids namely;
palmitate, oleate, stearate, linoleate, arachidate and α-linolineate with α-linolineate being
the most abundant (1.1 – 8.2 mg/g freeze-dry weight). Boiling and roasting generally
improved the concentration of the fatty acids best when nuts are cold stored at 5 °C for
maximum of 10 days.
Potential mycotoxigenic species - Aspergillus section Nigri, Aspergillus
flavus/Parasiticus, Fusarium spp. and Penicillium spp. - were frequently isolated from
cultured shell pieces of stored nuts. When compared with unprocessed nuts, roasting
completely prevented fungal contamination in shell pieces from nuts in the non-stored
(NSN) group at early maturity stage, while boiling significantly reduced the level of
contamination to about 58 % (P < 0.05). Simulating open market conditions caused 100% fungal contamination in all boiled samples and roasted samples at early maturity.
Mycotoxin analysis using Yeast Extract agar (YES) and High Performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC) - Fluorescence detector (FLD) showed that Aflatoxins - G1
(AFG1), B1 (AFB1), G2 (AFG2), and B2 (AFB2) were produced by 20 isolates with both
AFG1 and AFB1 being predominant at concentration ranges 4 – 32,200 and 4 – 22,700
ng/g plug weight, respectively. No Ochratoxin A (OTA) was detected.
Phenolic component analysis indicated unprocessed (20.79 ± 1.0 mg gallic acid
equivalent per gram freeze-dry weight – GAE/g FDW) samples showed the highest value
for total phenolics while both boiling (9.90 ± 1.8 mg GAE/g FDW), and roasting (9.32 ±
2.7 mg GAE/g FDW) reduced the amount by more than 50 % when compared with
unprocessed. Potential individual phenolic compounds were unambiguously separated
using high performance liquid chromatography – diode array detector (HPLC-DAD).
There were no differences between chromatograms of defatted and non-defatted
unprocessed, roasted and boiled samples. Cytotoxicity evaluation showed no decrease in
cell densities in plates treated with extracts from unprocessed nuts at all concentrations.
Diethyl ether-ethyl acetate (10 µg/mL) and n-butanol (1000 and 500 µg/mL) extracts of
roasted nuts as well as dichloromethane and water (1, 10 µg/mL) of boiled nuts caused a
non-significant decrease of < 10 % in cell densities when compa
Socio-economic potentials and threats to the African walnut in tropical lowland rainforests of southwest Nigeria
T.O. Amusa, L.L. Adefalu, S.A. Aderinoye-Abdulwahab
Abstract
The African walnut, Plukenetia conophora Mull-Arg (Syn. Tetracarpidium conophorum) is an important climber species that contributes immensely to food security and poverty alleviation in communities within the humid tropical forests of West and Central Africa. However, the challenges facing its year-round availability have not been fully documented and precise data on its contributions to livelihoods of forest dependent households is lacking. Therefore, this work was carried out to fill this knowledge gap as well as make suggestions on ways to promote the use and sustainable development of this valuable product. Snowball and simple random sampling techniques were used to collect data from harvesters (8) and marketers (51) within and around Omo and Shasha Forest Reserves, Southwest Nigeria. Data obtained were analysed by means of descriptive and inferential test statistics. An estimated 30.01kg of African walnut was extracted per month between May-September each year in Omo and Shasha Forest Reserves, contributing about ₦615,833.30 to the rural economies of both areas. About 17.0% of respondents generated income between ₦11,000.00 - ₦20,000.00 per month, representing up to 50.0% of their monthly income during production period. Factors and threats affecting product availability were: seasonality (64.3%), destruction of parent plants (28.6%), consumption of nuts by wild animals (28.6%), pest and diseases infestation (7.1%), and spoilage during storage (7.1%). Income generated by respondents were impacted by sex (χ2 = 7.714, df = 2, p = 0.021), level of education (χ2 = 8.476, df = 2, p = 0.014) and trading experience (r = 2.413; p = 0.019). An improvement in the production, processing and marketing of African walnut will better the living conditions and enhance the status of both harvesters and marketers. These will have multiplier effects on the conservation of the available germplasm in the wild.
Keywords: African walnut; NTFPs; household income; tropical lowland rainforest
Name: -African Walnut.
Sources: -West Africa.
Colour: - Bronze, yellow-brown with irregular dark lines.
Advantages: - Works fairly well, has an attractive dark appearance and is available in large sizes.
Disadvantages: - Planing and finishing can be difficult because of the cross grain.
Uses: - Expensive, high-class furniture, veneers, internal and external joinery.
FRICAN MAHOGANY
AFRICAN WALNUT
AFRORMOSIA
ALBIZZIA
BELI
BERLINIA
BUBINGA
CELTIS LIGHT
CELTIS MEDIUM
CELTIS NATURAL LIGHT
CELTIS NATURAL MEDIUM
DANTA
DOUSSIE
IROKO
IZOMBE
KOSIPO
MAKORE
MANSONIA
MOABI
MOVINGUI
MUKULUNGU
MUTENYE
OKAN
OPEPE (BILINGIA)
OVANGKOL
PADAUK
PANGA PANGA
PLANTATION TEAK
SAPELE
TALI
WAWABIMA
WENGE
ZEBRAWOOD
African Walnut - Lovoa trichiliodes
Janka Hardness = 940
Photosensitivity = No
Brenco Exotic Woods, when the ordinary will not do!!!
Scientific Name = Lovoa trichiliodes
Trade Name = African Walnut
Family Name = Meliaceae
Synonyms =
Common Names = African walnut, Alona wood, Anamenila, Apopo, Benin walnut, Bibolo, Bombulu, Congowood, Dibetou, Dubin biri, Embero, Eyan, Ghana walnut, Lifaki muindo, Lovoa, Lovoa wood, Mpengwa, Nigerian golden walnut, Nigerian walnut, Nivero, Noy
Regions of Distribution = Africa
Countries of Distribution = Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Zaire
Numerical Strength Properties and Data:
Bending Strength = 11,079 psi or 778 kg/cm2
Density = 34 Lbs/Ft3 or 512 kg/m3
Janka Hardness = 940
Hardness = 921 lbs. or 412 kg
Impact Strength = 25 inches or 63 cm
Maximum Crushing Strength = 6,576 psi or 462 kg/cm2
Shearing Strength = 1,250 psi or 87 kg/cm2
Stiffness = psi or kg/cm2
Specific Gravity = 0.46
Work to Maximum Load = inch-lb/in3 or cm-kg/cm3
Weight = 32 Lbs/Ft3 or 512 kg/m3
Fiber Saturation Point = %
Radial Shrinkage = 3.7%
Tangential Shrinkage = 5.9%
Volumetric Shrinkage = 10.8%
T/R Ration = 1.6
General Characteristics = Heartwood yellowish brown, sometimes marked with dark streaks or veins; sapwood buff or light gray, narrow, clearly demarcated. Texture fine to medium; grain usually interlocked with an attractive ribbon figure; lustrous cedarlike scent.
Grain = Grain is usually slightly interlocked, but is sometimes straight.
Texture = Medium, uniform texture, with a high level of natural luster.
Movement in Service =
Photosensitivity = Low
Color =
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Home > Articles > All About African Walnut
All About African Walnut
Coula Edulis is a tree in the genus Coula, native to tropical West Africa from Sierra Leone to Angola. It is plentiful in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. It prefers tropical regions and is tolerant of light shade. It can be found in the top canopy of forest as well as the lower story and has no special soil requirements.
It is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 25-38 meters (approx. 82-125 ft.), and has a dense crown that can cast deep shade.
Read more on crossed leg dining table
Common names include Gabon Nut, African Walnut, Congowood, Tigerwood. It is not related to the Walnut, being so named because its nuts bear a superficial resemblance to the Walnut.
Every part of the tree is used in both raw and finished states. Its timber and nuts are used extensively. The bark is used locally to produce rinses or enemas for loin pains or kidney problems. The wood is used to make pilings for bridges and railway ties in addition to charcoal and standard construction. It is also used for furniture and cabinetwork construction, decorative veneers, paneling, fixtures and joinery.
972-3-9607636info@wishes-tree.com
Home > Articles > All About African Walnut
All About African Walnut
Coula Edulis is a tree in the genus Coula, native to tropical West Africa from Sierra Leone to Angola. It is plentiful in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. It prefers tropical regions and is tolerant of light shade. It can be found in the top canopy of forest as well as the lower story and has no special soil requirements.
It is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 25-38 meters (approx. 82-125 ft.), and has a dense crown that can cast deep shade.
Read more on crossed leg dining table
Common names include Gabon Nut, African Walnut, Congowood, Tigerwood. It is not related to the Walnut, being so named because its nuts bear a superficial resemblance to the Walnut.
Every part of the tree is used in both raw and finished states. Its timber and nuts are used extensively. The bark is used locally to produce rinses or enemas for loin pains or kidney problems. The wood is used to make pilings for bridges and railway ties in addition to charcoal and standard construction. It is also used for furniture and cabinetwork construction, decorative veneers, paneling, fixtures and joinery.
African Walnut – Technical Info
The wood is bronze-colored, with irregular lines of dark gray, yellow, green and brown, which is how the name Tigerwood was derived. It is extremely hard, heavy, close-grained, and resists water well, making it a valuable hardwood. Increasing that value is the fact that it can come in large sizes, has an attractive appearance and easy to shape with tools.
African walnut is not very expensive (a little more than maple), and very common, but there is a difference between trunks of different trees which might impede furniture planning – it’s important to always see the boards and carefully choose (whether the planner or the woodworker) the raw materials for each project. Some very interestingly patterned veneers can be made from African walnut, or else, a pattern less section of the tree can be isolated and made into a light, pattern less veneer.
Read more on solid oak dining table and chair
972-3-9607636info@wishes-tree.com
Home > Articles > All About African Walnut
All About African Walnut
Coula Edulis is a tree in the genus Coula, native to tropical West Africa from Sierra Leone to Angola. It is plentiful in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. It prefers tropical regions and is tolerant of light shade. It can be found in the top canopy of forest as well as the lower story and has no special soil requirements.
It is an evergreen tree growing to a height of 25-38 meters (approx. 82-125 ft.), and has a dense crown that can cast deep shade.
Read more on crossed leg dining table
Common names include Gabon Nut, African Walnut, Congowood, Tigerwood. It is not related to the Walnut, being so named because its nuts bear a superficial resemblance to the Walnut.
Every part of the tree is used in both raw and finished states. Its timber and nuts are used extensively. The bark is used locally to produce rinses or enemas for loin pains or kidney problems. The wood is used to make pilings for bridges and railway ties in addition to charcoal and standard construction. It is also used for furniture and cabinetwork construction, decorative veneers, paneling, fixtures and joinery.
African Walnut – Technical Info
The wood is bronze-colored, with irregular lines of dark gray, yellow, green and brown, which is how the name Tigerwood was derived. It is extremely hard, heavy, close-grained, and resists water well, making it a valuable hardwood. Increasing that value is the fact that it can come in large sizes, has an attractive appearance and easy to shape with tools.
African walnut is not very expensive (a little more than maple), and very common, but there is a difference between trunks of different trees which might impede furniture planning – it’s important to always see the boards and carefully choose (whether the planner or the woodworker) the raw materials for each project. Some very interestingly patterned veneers can be made from African walnut, or else, a pattern less section of the tree can be isolated and made into a light, pattern less veneer.
Read more on solid oak dining table and chair
eneral Information
African walnut is an evergreen, medium-size to large tree reaching up to 25 metres tall, with a large, dense crown casting a deep shade[303
]. The bole is generally short, bossed, branched low down, and sometimes slightly swollen at the base, not usually exceeding 6 metres in length and 80cm in diameter[418
].
The edible seeds are harvested from the wild for local use, whilst the tree is in much demand for its high quality timber[303
].
Known Hazards
None known
Botanical References
Range
Western Tropical Africa - Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Sierra Leone.
Habitat
It has its main distribution in the rain forest. Tolerates moderate shade and is normally a constituent of the upper reaches of the lower storey but is also found in the upper canopy. Semi-gregarious, it does not appear to be selective about sites[303
].
Properties
Edibility Rating
Other Uses Rating
Habit Evergreen Tree
Height 20.00 m
Cultivation Status Wild
Cultivation Details
A plant of the hot, humid, lowland tropics. It grows best in areas where annual daytime temperatures are within the range 25 - 35°c, but can tolerate 20 - 40°c[418
]. It prefers a mean annual rainfall in the range 1,000 - 2,000mm, but tolerates 800 - 2,500mm[418
].
Succeeds in full sun and in partial shade[418
]. Shading is beneficial when plants are young[303
]. The tree has no special soil requirements[303
]. Prefers a well-drained soil[418
]. Prefers a pH in the range 5 - 6.5, tolerating 4.5 - 7[418
].
Fruit is normally borne plentifully in the wild[303
].
Edible Uses
Seed - raw or cooked[46
, 63
]. A good dessert nut with a pleasant taste[63
]. The oily kernel has a taste comparable to that of a chestnut or hazelnut[303
]. It can be eaten raw, grilled or boiled[303
]. The seed contains 50% oil, of which 87% is oleic acid[63
, 303
]. The seed is also fermented and used as a condiment[46
]. The spherical fruit is about 3cm long[335
].
Medicinal
None known
Other Uses
The heartwood is dark red or violet brownish-red with dark brown veins; it is clearly demarcated from the 3 - 4cm wide band of pinkish-brown sapwood. The texture is fine; the grain straight or interlocked, sometimes wavy. The wood is very hard, very heavy, elastic, and very durable, resisting water well and resistant to fungal and insect attack, particularly termites and marine borers. It seasons slowly, with a high risk of distortion and checking; once dry it is moderately stable in service. The wood has a fairly high blunting effect upon tools, stellite-tipped and tungsten carbide are recommended; it polishes well; is easy to work, but has the disadvantage of being liable to shake and crack; it takes nails and screws well so long as it is pre-bored; gluing is correct for interior use only. In great demand, the wood is used in turnery and as a substitute for mahogany, as well as for heavy carpentry, industrial flooring, piles for bridges and railway ties[46
, 63
, 303
, 418
, 848
].
The wood produces a suitable charcoal[303
].
Propagation
Seed - Because of the hard integument, germination is rather poor and may take up to a year[303
].
Cite as: Tropical Plants Database, Ken Fern. tropical.theferns.info. 2019-12-21. <tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Coula+edulis>
akistan Journal of Nutrition
Year: 2010 | Volume: 9 | Issue: 9 | Page No.: 909-911
DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2010.909.911
Some Physicochemical Characteristics of Defatted Flours Derived from African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conoforum): An Underutilized Legume
E.C. Ndie, C.V. Nnamani and H.O. Oselebe
Abstract: The nuts of African Walnut were processed into flour and a portion defatted and the samples were analyzed for proximate composition, water absorption capacity, solubility, bulk density and rapid visco characteristics. Results showed that the flour is rich in protein and fat (21.6 and 47.7%) respectively. The defatted samples have higher solubility, water absorption capacity, peak viscosity breakdown values, final viscosity and set back values when compared with undefatted sample. This result indicates that defatting of African Walnut flour improves the pasting characteristics of the flour whose high protein content makes a good protein supplement.
13 Proven Health Benefits of Walnuts
Written by Marsha McCulloch, MS, RD on July 9, 2018
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To say that walnuts are a nutritious food is a bit of an understatement.
Walnuts provide healthy fats, fiber, vitamins and minerals — and that’s just the beginning of how they may support your health.
In fact, there’s so much interest in this one nut that for the past 50 years, scientists and industry experts have gathered annually at the University of California, Davis, for a walnut conference discussing the latest walnut health research.
The most common variety of walnut is the English walnut, which is also the most studied type.
Here are 13 science-based health benefits of walnuts.
Walnuts have higher antioxidant activity than any other common nut (1Trusted Source, 2Trusted Source).
This activity comes from vitamin E, melatonin and plant compounds called polyphenols, which are particularly high in the papery skin of walnuts (2Trusted Source, 3Trusted Source, 4Trusted Source).
A preliminary, small study in healthy adults showed that eating a walnut-rich meal prevented oxidative damage of “bad” LDL cholesterol after eating, whereas a refined-fat meal didn’t (3Trusted Source).
That’s beneficial because oxidized LDL is prone to build up in your arteries, causing atherosclerosis (3Trusted Source, 5Trusted Source).
SUMMARY
Walnuts are an excellent source of antioxidants that can help fight oxidative damage in your body, including damage due to “bad” LDL cholesterol, which promotes atherosclerosis.
2. Super Plant Source of Omega-3s
Walnuts are significantly higher in omega-3 fat than any other nut, providing 2.5 grams per 1-ounce (28-gram) serving (6, 7Trusted Source).
Omega-3 fat from plants, including walnuts, is called alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). It’s an essential fat, meaning you have to get it from your diet.
According to the Institute of Medicine, adequate intake of ALA is 1.6 and 1.1. grams per day for men and women respectively. A single serving of walnuts meets that guideline (8Trusted Source).
Observational studies have shown that each gram of ALA you eat per day lowers your risk of dying from heart disease by 10% (9Trusted Source).
May Decrease Inflammation
Inflammation is at the root of many diseases, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease and cancer, and can be caused by oxidative stress.
The polyphenols in walnuts can help fight this oxidative stress and inflammation. A subgroup of polyphenols called ellagitannins may be especially involved (4Trusted Source).
Beneficial bacteria in your gut convert ellagitannins to compounds called urolithins, which have been found to protect against inflammation (5Trusted Source).
ALA omega-3 fat, magnesium and the amino acid arginine in walnuts may also decrease inflammation (10Trusted Source, 11Trusted Source).
SUMMARY
Several plant compounds and nutrients in walnuts may help decrease inflammation, which is a key culprit in many chronic diseases.
Promotes a Healthy Gut
Studies suggest that if your gut is rich in health-promoting bacteria and other microbes (your gut microbiota), you’re more likely to have a healthy gut and good overall health.
An unhealthy composition of your microbiota can contribute to inflammation and disease in your gut and elsewhere in your body, increasing your risk of obesity, heart disease and cancer (12Trusted Source).
What you eat can significantly influence the makeup of your microbiota. Eating walnuts may be one way to support the health of your microbiota and your gut.
When 194 healthy adults ate 1.5 ounces (43 grams) of walnuts every day for eight weeks, they had an increase in beneficial bacteria, compared to a period of not eating walnuts (13Trusted Source).
This included an increase in bacteria that produce butyrate, a fat that nourishes your gut and promotes gut health (14Trusted Source).
SUMMARY
Eating walnuts not only nourishes you but also the beneficial bacteria that live in your gut. This promotes the health of your gut and may help reduce disease risk
May Reduce Risk of Some Cancers
Test-tube, animal and human observational studies suggest that eating walnuts may reduce your risk of certain cancers, including breast, prostate and colorectal cancers (15Trusted Source, 16Trusted Source, 17Trusted Source).
As noted earlier, walnuts are rich in the polyphenol ellagitannins. Certain gut microbes can convert these to compounds called urolithins (5Trusted Source, 18Trusted Source).
Urolithins can have anti-inflammatory properties in your gut, which may be one way that eating walnuts helps protect against colorectal cancer. Urolithins’ anti-inflammatory actions could also help protect against other cancers (5Trusted Source).
What’s more, urolithins have hormone-like properties that enable them to block hormone receptors in your body. This may help reduce your risk of hormone-related cancers, specifically breast and prostate cancers (5Trusted Source).
More human studies are needed to confirm the effects of eating walnuts on decreasing the risk of these and other cancers, as well as to clarify all the ways or mechanisms by which they may help.
SUMMARY
The polyphenols in walnuts may reduce your risk of certain cancers, including breast, prostate and colorectal cancers. However, more human studies are needed to confirm this.
6. Supports Weight Control
Walnuts are calorie dense, but studies suggest that the energy absorbed from them is 21% lower than would be expected based on their nutrients (19Trusted Source).
What’s more, eating walnuts may even help control your appetite.
In a well-controlled study in 10 obese people, drinking a smoothie made with about 1.75 ounces (48 grams) of walnuts once a day for five days decreased appetite and hunger, compared to a placebo drink equal in calories and nutrients (20Trusted Source).
Additionally, after five days of consuming the walnut smoothies, brain scans showed that the participants had increased activation in a region of the brain that helped them resist highly tempting food cues, such as cake and French fries.
Even though larger and longer-term studies are needed, this provides some initial insight as to how walnuts may help control appetite and weight.
SUMMARY
Though they’re calorie-dense, you may not absorb all of the calories in walnuts. Additionally, they may even help you control appetite and hunger.
May Help Manage Type 2 Diabetes and Lower Your Risk
Observational studies suggest that one reason walnuts are linked to a lower risk of type 2 diabetes is that they help control weight. Excess weight increases your risk of high blood sugar and diabetes (21Trusted Source).
Yet, eating walnuts may help control blood sugar by mechanisms beyond their influence on weight control.
In a controlled study in 100 people with type 2 diabetes, consuming 1 tablespoon of cold-pressed walnut oil a day for 3 months, while continuing their usual diabetes medication and balanced diet, resulted in an 8% decrease in fasting blood sugar (22Trusted Source).
Additionally, the walnut oil users had about an 8% decrease in hemoglobin A1C (3-month average blood sugar). The control group showed no improvement in A1C or fasting blood sugar. Neither group had a change in their weight.
SUMMARY
Eating walnuts may help control type 2 diabetes and reduce your risk of the disease, as the nut may help control your weight. Walnuts might have more direct effects on blood sugar control as well.
8. May Help Lower Blood Pressure
High blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke.
Some studies suggest that eating walnuts may help lower blood pressure, including in people with high blood pressure and in healthy people when under stress. Other studies did not observe this effect (23Trusted Source, 24Trusted Source, 25Trusted Source).
Among other diets, the four-year PREDIMED study in about 7,500 adults at high risk of heart disease tested a Mediterranean diet supplemented with 1 ounce (28 grams) of mixed nuts daily, of which half were walnuts.
At the end of the study, people on the nut-enriched Mediterranean diet had a 0.65 mmHg greater decrease in diastolic blood pressure (bottom number) than people on a similar heart-healthy control diet who weren’t given nuts (25Trusted Source).
This suggests that nuts may slightly improve the blood pressure benefits of a heart-healthy diet. This is important, as small differences in blood pressure are thought to have a big impact on your risk of heart disease death (25Trusted Source).
SUMMARY
Some studies suggest that eating 1 ounce (28 grams) of nuts daily, including walnuts, as part of a heart-healthy diet may help improve blood pressure.
9. Supports Healthy Aging
As you age, good physical functioning is essential for maintaining your mobility and independence.
One thing that may help maintain your physical abilities is healthy eating habits.
In an observational study over 18 years in more than 50,000 older women, scientists found that those with the healthiest diets had a 13% lower risk of physical impairment. Walnuts were among the foods that made the strongest contribution to a healthy diet (26Trusted Source).
Though high in calories, walnuts are packed with essential vitamins, minerals, fiber, fats and plant compounds that may help support good physical functioning as you age (27Trusted Source).
SUMMARY
A healthy diet that includes walnuts may help preserve physical function, such as walking and self-care abilities as you age.
10. Supports Good Brain Function
It may be just a coincidence that the shell of a walnut looks like a tiny brain, but research suggests that this nut may indeed be good for your mind (1Trusted Source).
Animal and test-tube studies found that the nutrients in walnuts, including polyunsaturated fat, polyphenols and vitamin E, may help reduce oxidative damage and inflammation in your brain (28Trusted Source).
In a 10-month study of Alzheimer’s disease, mice fed 6–9% of their calories as walnuts (equal to 1–1.5 ounces or 28–45 grams daily in people) had significant improvements in learning skills, memory and anxiety reduction, compared to a walnut-free control group (29Trusted Source).
Observational studies in older adults have linked eating walnuts to better brain function, including faster processing speed, more mental flexibility and better memory (28Trusted Source).
Though these results are encouraging, more studies testing the effects of walnuts on brain function in humans are needed to draw firm conclusions.
SUMMARY
Walnuts contain nutrients that may help protect your brain from damaging inflammation and support good brain function as you age.
Supports Male Reproductive Health
Typical Western diets — high in processed foods, sugar and refined grains — have been linked to reduced sperm function (30Trusted Source).
Eating walnuts may help support sperm health and male fertility.
When 117 healthy young men included 2.5 ounces (75 grams) of walnuts daily in their Western-style diet for three months, they had improved sperm shape, vitality and mobility, compared to men not eating nuts (31Trusted Source).
Animal research suggests that eating walnuts may help protect sperm by reducing oxidative damage in their membranes (30Trusted Source).
Further studies are needed to confirm these benefits, but if you’re a man concerned about fertility, eating walnuts is a simple thing to try.
SUMMARY
Eating walnuts regularly may help counteract potential harmful effects of less-than-ideal eating habits on sperm health.
12. Improves Blood Fats
Elevated levels of “bad” LDL cholesterol and triglycerides have long been linked to an increased heart disease risk.
Regularly eating walnuts has been consistently shown to decrease cholesterol levels (32Trusted Source).
For example, in a recent study in 194 healthy adults, eating 1.5 ounces (43 grams) of walnuts daily for eight weeks produced a 5% decrease in total cholesterol, 5% decrease in LDL cholesterol and 5% decrease in triglycerides, compared to not eating walnuts (33Trusted Source).
The walnut eaters also had nearly a 6% decrease in apolipoprotein-B, which is an indicator of how many LDL particles are in your blood. When elevated, apolipoprotein-B is a major risk factor for heart disease (33Trusted Source).
SUMMARY
A daily 1.5-ounce (43-gram) serving of walnuts may help lower harmful cholesterol and triglyceride levels, which contribute to heart disease risk.
13. Widely Available and Easy to Add to Your Diet
You can find walnuts in any grocery store. Check for raw walnuts in the baking aisle, roasted walnuts in the nut aisle and cold-pressed walnut oil in the specialty oils section.
It’s helpful to understand how to convert the serving sizes used in studies, so you know how your portion sizes compare.
Each of the following are essentially equivalent servings, providing about 190 calories:
1 ounce shelled walnuts = 28 grams = 1/4 cup = 12–14 halves = 1 small handful (6).
Though it's simplest to eat walnuts one by one as a snack, there are plenty of tasty ways to use them in dishes.
Try walnuts:
Sprinkled on leafy green or fruit salads.
Finely ground in dips and sauces.
Chopped and used in whole-grain breads and scones.
Crushed to use as a coating on fish or chicken.
Served atop oatmeal or yogurt.
Chopped and added to wraps or pita sandwiches.
Roasted and added to a homemade trail mix.
Lightly browned in your favorite stir-fry recipe.
Roasted, chopped and used on pasta or vegetables.
As an oil in a vinaigrette dressing.
Or scout the Internet for additional tasty recipe ideas.
If you’re cooking for guests, make sure no one is allergic to walnuts before adding them to your dishes.
SUMMARY
Walnuts are easy to add to your diet since they’re widely available in stores and a great addition to countless dishes.
Walnuts are easy to add to your diet since they’re widely available in stores and a great addition to countless dishes.
The Bottom Line
Walnuts are an exceptionally nutritious nut. They have higher antioxidant activity and significantly more healthy omega-3 fats than any other common nut.
This rich nutrient profile contributes to the many health benefits associated with walnuts, such as reduced inflammation and improved heart disease risk factors.
Scientists are still uncovering the many ways that walnuts’ fiber and plant compounds, including polyphenols, may interact with your gut microbiota and contribute to your health.
It’s likely you’ll keep hearing more about walnuts in the years to come as more studies will research their beneficial health effects.
Still, there are plenty of reasons to include them in your diet already today.
African walnuts: “the emperor of all nuts”
Have you ever considered the capacity of any fruit towards reducing your hair fall, strengthening your hair, and improving your hair growth? African walnut – a fruit extremely rich in vitamin B7 (biotin), is a good hair food.
African walnut is an edible single seeded stone fruit botanically called Tetracarpidium conophoram and Coula edults – a black-shelled nut popularly eaten as snacks among many Nigerians, and popularly known as asala, awusa, ukpa, kasoor, and ngak in parts of the country.
Unfortunately, this fruit is only famous for roadside sales which currently serves as its major distribution point to consumers.
African Walnut is a rich source of vitamins (vitamin B6, B7, E, thiamin, and foliate), and encompasses Minerals (magnesium which is highly needed by the body daily), proteins, fibre, health fats, plant sterols and antioxidant, at immeasurable level. In comparison to other nuts, it is considered the ‘emperor’ of nuts due to the numerous health benefits it has to offer.
In addition, it has the ability to prevent heart disease (coronary heart disease) as it contains amino acid 1-arginine, lowers the risk of sudden cardiac death, and supports healthful cholesterol level. Also, it contains very powerful antioxidant such as flavonol morin, quinine juglone, and tannin tellimagrandin that are rare in most foods and fruits – this effective antioxidant helps to control aging heart problems.
The presence of omega 3 fats helps for optimum brain function, vitamin E and folate which is highly needed by the brain as it supports the area of memory, enhance cognitive functions, and increase inferential reasoning in adults.
It contains cancer fighting properties like phytosterols, omega 3 fatty-acid, and antioxidant that helps to reduce the risk of prostate and breast cancer in humans.
Furthermore, consuming this walnut enriches the body with Omega 3 & 6 Fatty Acid, which is vital for disease prevention in the body, blood clothing, cell growth, and immune infection. Moreover, the capacity of it in lowering the risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity cannot be over-emphasised.
Walnut is also helpful in terms of maintaining your ideal weight, as it contains proteins, fibre, and Omega 3 that helps provide satiety. Walnut can be used as a herb to tackle asthma, detoxifying the kidney, curing constipation, and finally the bark is used in tea as laxative and chewed for toothache problems.
Effects of postharvest storage and processing techniques on the main fatty acids in the profile of oil extracted from African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. Arg.)
Author links open overlay panelChikere G.NkwontaabLeon A.Terrya
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2015.10.001
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Highlights
•
For the first time the major fatty acids in Nigerian African walnut oil were profiled.
•
The fatty acid profile included three saturated and three unsaturated fatty acids.
•
Linolenic acid (C18:3, cis-9, 12, 15) is the most abundant fatty acid in African walnuts.
•
Retail processing and storage conditions enhanced concentrations of main fatty acids.
Abstract
African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. Arg.) is a perennial climber which grows in the western and central regions of Africa. The nuts are processed by boiling and roasting and are sold within 1–5 days to consumers through the open market system. During processing, storage and distribution, the nuts are typically exposed to high temperatures raising concerns over nutrient quality and safety. Although African walnut, like several other nuts, contains high amount of oil, there is no study reporting on how the common processing methods (boiling and roasting) affect the fatty acid profile. Nut samples (n = 702) at both early and late maturity were harvested and stored at 5 °C. Randomized sampling was done (0, 10 and 20 days) and nuts grouped according to treatments (boiling, roasting, unprocessed). Nuts were then held for 3 and 7 days at either 25 °C or 37 °C to simulate normal retail practices. Oil was extracted and analysed as fatty acid methyl esters using gas chromatography flame ionization detection and gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry. Retention times were compared with known standards. Results indicated the presence of C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 cis-9, C18:2, cis-9, 12, C20:0, C18:3 with C18:3 being the most abundant (1.1–8.2 mg g−1 dry matter). In general, postharvest storage at 25 °C or 37 °C for 3 or 7 days after boiling and roasting significantly increased concentrations of the fatty acids (>50%) in nuts stored for 10 days compared to unprocessed. Current processing methods and retail storage practices improved concentrations of the fatty acids in African walnut stored up to 10 days at 5 °C.
Journal of Food Processing
Volume 2014, Article ID 418380, 4 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/418380
Research Article
Effect of Thermal Processing on the Nutritional, Antinutritional, and Antioxidant Properties of Tetracarpidium conophorum (African Walnut)
S. Olanrewaju Arinola and Kunle Adesina
Department of Food Technology, Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti, Ado Ekiti 360231, Ekiti State, Nigeria
Received 29 May 2014; Revised 11 October 2014; Accepted 11 October 2014; Published 9 November 2014
Academic Editor: Franco P. Pedreschi
Copyright © 2014 S. Olanrewaju Arinola and Kunle Adesina. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The effect of thermal processing (roasting and boiling) on the nutritional, antinutritional, and antioxidant properties of African walnut was studied. Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) was subjected to thermal treatment of roasting (RWIS), boiling with shell (BWIS), and boiling without shell (BWOS). The resulting samples with raw nut (RAAW) which served as control were analysed for proximate composition, antinutritional components, and antioxidant activity. The protein, fat, and ash contents of the samples on dry basis were 29.14%, 54.14%, and 3.32% (RAAW); 24.13%, 61.75%, and 2.77% (BWIS); 22.47%, 62.65%, and 2.16% (BWOS); and 24.25%, 60.52%, and 2.48% (RWIS), respectively. Thermal processing had significant effect on all the proximate principles; boiling and roasting generally reduced the protein and ash contents of the nut. Boiling with or without shell reduced the phytate and tannin contents of the nut while roasting increased the level of these two antinutritional components; walnut boiled without shell however, had the lowest phytate and tannin contents of 0.815 mg/100 g and 0.239 mg/100 g, respectively. The antioxidant activities of the samples were 8.47% (RAAW), 13.82% (BWIS), 14.96% (BWOS), and 7.29% (RWIS). This study reveals that thermal processing has a significant effect on the proximate principles, bioavailability, and antioxidant activity of African walnut.
1. Introduction
Tetracarpidium conophorum is a woody perennial climbing plant which is commonly cultivated for the production of nuts (African walnut); it is usually found in some states of south-west and south-south geopolitical regions of Nigeria. African nut which is usually cooked and consumed as snacks has been identified to possess both nutritional and medicinal values. Enujiugba [1] and Ogunsua and Adebona [2] have reported on the high nutritional potential of the nut. African walnut has been known to possess antioxidant property [3] which is as a result of its constituent bioactive polyphenols. There is evidence that phenolic substances act as antioxidant by preventing the oxidation of LDL-lipoprotein, platelet aggregation, and damage of red blood cells [4]; this explains the reason that made the nut to be listed among the plant foods that are of great health benefit to human body. The nut has also been used as a male fertility agent in the southern part of Nigeria. African walnut is also known to contain some antinutritional chemical components such as phytate and tannin which have been reported to be responsible for the bitter taste usually observed upon drinking of water immediately after consumption of the nut.
Food materials are usually processed in order to improve palatability and reduce toxicity and as a means of preservation [5]. Processing methods such as thermal processing, refrigeration, freezing, and fermentation have been applied to various food materials to achieve these purposes. Thermal or heat processing is one of the most important methods developed by man; during thermal processing antinutritional components are reduced or eliminated. However, heat processing also has a detrimental effect on the nutritional and functional properties of foods. It is therefore important that after processing there must be scientific evidence that nutritional and other useful properties are still of significant value and that antinutritional components have been reduced considerably. El Gharras [6] reported that the health effects of polyphenols vis-à-vis antioxidant property depend on their respective intakes and their bioavailability which can vary greatly. The objective of this research work was to evaluate the effect of thermal processing (roasting and boiling) on the nutritional, antinutritional, and antioxidant properties of African walnut.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of Sample
African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) was purchased at a local market in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti state, Nigeria. The nuts were sorted, cleaned thoroughly with water, and divided into four lots. The first lot was boiled for 1.5 hrs, shelled, sliced, ground using electric blender, packaged in a polythene bag, and then stored in the refrigerator (BWIS). The second lot was shelled, boiled for 1.5 hrs, sliced, ground, packaged, and stored as above (BWOS). The third lot was roasted by continuous stirring in hot sand for 1 hr; it was then shelled, sliced, ground, packaged, and stored as above (RWIS). The last lot was used as control; the raw nut was shelled, sliced, ground, packaged, and stored as above (RAAW).
2.2. Proximate Analysis
The four samples of African walnut were subjected to proximate analysis using Official Methods of Analysis [7].
2.3. Antinutritional Analysis
Tannin content was determined by the method described by Pearson [8] while phytate was determined according to the method described by Oberlease, [9] with some modifications.
2.4. Antioxidant Activity Determination
The determination of the antioxidant activity of the samples was based on the ability of the extract of the samples to inhibit stable diphenyl picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH). Exactly 0.5 mL of methanolic solution of DPPH (1 mM) was added to 0.05 mL of 10% aqueous extract of the various walnut samples followed by the addition of 2 mL methanol; the mixture was placed in the dark for 30 mins. The absorbance of the solution was read at 517 nm usin
where = absorbance.
2.5. Statistical Analysis
Analytical determinations were done in triplicates and the results were expressed as mean score ± standard deviation. The statistical significance of the observed differences among the means of triplicates was evaluated with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) while means were separated using Duncan’s Range Test using SPSS 17.0 software package (Statistical Package for Social Scientists, Michigan, USA).
3. Result and Discussion
The result of the effect of thermal processing on the proximate composition of African walnut is shown on Table 1. The proximate composition of the raw nut which was comparable to that reported by Odoemelam [10] confirmed the nut as a rich source of fat and protein. There was significant difference in the protein content of the samples; boiling and roasting reduced the protein content of the nuts from 29.14% for raw nuts to 24.13%, 22.47%, and 24.25% for nuts boiled with shell, nuts boiled without shell, and roasted nuts, respectively. As indicated in the result, boiling with shell and roasting preserve the protein content better than boiling without shell. Ijeh et al. [11] reported similar reduction in the protein contents of boiled and roasted African breadfruit (Treculia africana) seeds. The reduction in the protein content of African walnut during boiling and roasting may be due to denaturation and/or solubilisation of some nitrogenous compounds during processing.
The crude fiber contents of the samples ranged from 7.30% for nuts boiled with shell to 9.23% for raw nuts. The two processing methods employed in this study caused a significant reduction in the crude fiber content of African walnut; the values of crude fiber reported for all the walnut samples in this study were higher than 3.2% reported for cashew nut [12]. Crude fiber in diet is known to enhance digestibility, slow down the release of glucose into blood stream, aid bowel movement, and prevent bowel cancers. Expectedly the fat contents of processed nut samples with a range of 60.52% to 62.65% were significantly higher than that of raw nut sample (54.14%); there was, however, no significant difference between the fat contents of processed nuts, sample boiled without shell had the highest fat content of 62.65%. Application of dry heat has been known to facilitate release and extraction of oil in oilseed. The ash content of the nuts boiled without shell was the lowest; this may be as a result of leaching of some mineral nutrient during hydrothermal processing. The ash content of the raw nuts was significantly higher than that of other samples; however, there was no significant difference between the ash contents of sample boiled without shell and roasted sample. Boiling without shell and roasting significantly increased the carbohydrate content of raw African walnut from 4.17% to 4.60% and 5.50% for sample boiled without shell and roasted sample, respectively. This could probably be due to the relative reduction in protein content and hydrolysis effect on the carbohydrate store in the nuts making it readily available. This pattern of results has equally been reported by other researchers on the starch content of raw and cooked peas as well as other legumes [13].
The antinutritional components and the antioxidant activity of the four samples of African walnut are presented in Table 2. Antinutritional components are known to reduce the bioavailability of nutrients in the body; phytate chelates mineral elements and makes them metabolically unavailable [14] while tannin forms insoluble complexes with protein thereby reducing protein bioavailability. Boiling significantly reduced the phytate contents of the nuts; the reduction in phytate content may partly be due to leaching into the cooking medium, degradation by heat, and formation of insoluble complexes between phytate and other components such as protein and minerals [15]. Boiling of African walnut also resulted in reduction of tannin content of the nuts; this reduction can be attributed to the leaching out of phenols into the cooking medium under the influence of concentration gradient [16]. Tannins are polyphenols and all polyphenolic compounds are known to be water soluble in nature. Udensi et al. [17] had reported similar result of loss of phytate and tannin contents of vegetable cowpea (Sesquipedalis) seeds during boiling. Boiling without shell resulted in higher reduction of both antinutritional components than boiling with shell. Roasting generally led to increase in the level of these antinutritional components in the nuts; this pattern of results was similar to what was reported by Enujiugba [1]. Ekwe and Ihemeje [18] have also reported that toasting caused an increase in the phytate and tannin content of African walnut. This result shows that boiling especially without the shell can significantly improve the bioavailability of nutrients in African walnut. Thermal processing has a major effect on the antioxidant activity of African walnut as there was significant difference in the antioxidant activity of all of the four samples. Lima et al. [19] have reported that domestic processing such as boiling and roasting seems to have a dramatic effect on phenolic content of foods and as a consequence on antioxidant activity. While boiling, either with or without shell, increases the antioxidant activity significantly, roasting reduces the antioxidant activity of the nut. This
. Conclusion
This study established the fact that thermal processing especially boiling without shell can significantly improve the bioavailability of nutrients and antioxidant activity of Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut). It also confirmed previous report that Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) is a rich source of protein and fat; however, thermal processing reduced the protein, ash, and crude fiber content of the nut.
Conflict of Interests
The authors have no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
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frican Walnut - Nomenclature
Common Name: African Walnut
Scientific Name: Lovoa trichilioides
Family: Meliaceae
Local Names: Anamemila, Apopo, Sida, Bombulu, Mpengwa
Dialect Names: Akiouhia, Atsan, Bogüe, Howôtou, Ouatou, Séatou, Sratou
Other Names: Congowood, Dibetou, Tigerwood, Gabon Nut
African Walnut - Geography
Distribution: West Tropical Africa
Countries: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo
Habitat: Evergreen and deciduous forests, moist areas, preferring deep, humid soils
General: Large, discontinuous patches centered on the equatorial belt and between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, Tropical and Subtropical Moist Forests (TSMF) are characterized by low variability in annual temperature and high levels of rainfall (>200 centimeter annually). Forest composition is dominated by semi-evergreen and evergreen deciduous tree species.
Local West Africa Tree Mythos: Every big tree has a spirit. Some trees house many spirits. Whether a tree is a spirit or is inhabited by a spirit is not an easy question. The people will say: The tree has a spirit, or: in the tree there is a spirit. The spirit has a voice which the careful listener can hear and even understand if he knows the language of the spirits. This voice has to be preserved carefully by the drum maker. The boat-maker too, wants to keep the spirit of the tree in the wood so that it will protect the boatman against drowning in the treacherous rivers, when the tree has become a boat. The appearance changes, the spirit remains. Together in a forest, the trees have a collective spirit, powerful enough to be revered as a god. In Honor of this majestic tree, Akashic Grove retains that spirit of the jungle in each of its unique pieces, offering the spirit a continued existence within this new form as your furniture centerpiece.
African Walnut Tree - Characteristics
Tree Size: 100-150 ft (30-46 m) tall
Trunk Diameter: 2-4 ft (.6-1.2 m)
Heartwood Color: Golden Yellow to Reddish Brown
Sapwood Color: Medium Yellow to Light Gray
Color/Appearance: Heartwood is a golden yellow to reddish brown, sometimes with darker streaks and veins. Color tends to darken upon exposure and with age. Sapwood is a medium yellow to light gray,and is generally narrow: it can be up to 3 inches (7.5 cm) wide, and is clearly demarcated from heartwood; a narrow transition zone is sometimes present between heartwood and sapwood. African Walnut also displays a ribbon-stripe figuring on quartersawn surfaces, similar to Sapele. Comments: Although Lovoa trichilioides is commonly called “African Walnut,” it is not related to true walnuts in the Juglans genus, but is actually more closely related to Mahogany, being in the Meliaceae family, which contains both the Swietenia and Khaya genera, as well woods such as Spanish Cedar and Sapele.
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The Anatomy of The African Walnut
by Kitchen Butterfly on May 18, 2017
I’ve always associated these walnuts with road trips since I was a child. Now, I see them on trays, little bags tied in cones, part black, part glistening.
While in traffic a few weeks ago, I purchased a bag, tore it open and cracked a shell after ‘cleaning” it. It split in half, and I discovered for the first time a leaf at the centre. I call it a leaf for want of a better name…
It tastes no different from the whole nut – maybe a tad more delicate.
I imagined dressing small bites with it.
So, the anatomy
The Shell
Dark brown – black, inedible shell, a couple of centimetres diameter. Rough to the touch and easy to break by teeth…
The Nut
Off-white to creamy. Reminds me of an acorn with a defined ‘bottom’. Sometimes, lightly covered in brown/ bronze fluff from the inside of the shell
Inside the nut
As I discovered, once the nut was broken in this perfect half, right down the centre lives a leaf of sorts
And that, ladies and gentlemen is really all there is to I know about the anatomy of the African black walnut.
Have you seen the ‘leaf’ below? Anything else to add? Share, share. Thank you.
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Kitchen Butterfly
Passionate about food in its entirety – cooking, eating, dreaming, writing and photographing it. ‘Traveller, by plate’, using foodways – the social, cultural and economic practices relating to the production and consumption of food to explore Nigerian cuisine & the world for ‘food is more than eating’.
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I’ve always associated these walnuts with road trips since I was a child. Now, I see them on trays, little bags tied in cones, part black, part glistening.
While in traffic a few weeks ago, I purchased a bag, tore it open and cracked a shell after ‘cleaning” it. It split in half, and I discovered for the first time a leaf at the centre. I call it a leaf for want of a better name…
It tastes no different from the whole nut – maybe a tad more delicate.
I imagined dressing small bites with it.
So, the anatomy
The Shell
Dark brown – black, inedible shell, a couple of centimetres diameter. Rough to the touch and easy to break by teeth…
he Nut
Off-white to creamy. Reminds me of an acorn with a defined ‘bottom’. Sometimes, lightly covered in brown/ bronze fluff from the inside of the shell
Inside the nut
As I discovered, once the nut was broken in this perfect half, right down the centre lives a leaf of sorts
Almond
"ALMONDS MAY HELP KEEP YOUR HEART HEALTHY
entific Name:
Lovoa trichilioides
Other Names and/or Listed subspecies:
Congowood, Tigerwood
Group:
Plants
Status/Date Listed as Endangered:
VU-IUCN: 1998
Area(s) Where Listed As Endangered:
Angola, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire), Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda
Facts Summary:
The African Walnut (Lovoa trichilioides) is a species of concern belonging in the species group "plants" and found in the following area(s): Angola, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire), Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda. This species is also known by the following name(s): Congowood, Tigerwood.
Creature Profile
Lovoa trichilioides, also called African walnut, Congowood, dibetou or tigerwood, is a species of plant in the family Meliaceae. It is found in Angola, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda. It is threatened by habitat loss. Germination success is somewhat limited by short-lived seeds which are heavily predated. Exploitation rates are high. It is one of the two principal timber species in Congo.[1]
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Toxicological Effects of Aqueous Extract From African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) Leaves in Rats
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Seun F. Akomolafe, PhD, Ganiyu Oboh, PhD, Sunday I. Oyeleye, MTech, ...
First Published July 18, 2017 Research Article Find in PubMed
https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587217718979
Abstract
Tetracarpidium conophorum leaves are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of male infertility, without considering its toxicity and side effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of T conophorum leaves on some biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, albumin, creatinine, and uric acid. Histology of the liver and kidney were also assessed. The result revealed that the alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels of the control group were not significantly different from the experimental groups. There was no significant difference in the albumin and bilirubin levels of the control and experimental groups. Similarly, the uric acid and creatinine levels of the experimental rats were not significantly different from the control. The examination of liver and kidney sections did not show any morphological changes and inflammatory cell infiltrations. These findings suggest that the leaves did not induce any pathological changes at the doses tested.
Keywords Tetracarpidium conophorum, serum biochemistry, histopathology
One of the current goals of researchers is to discover new drugs for the development of new products with high therapeutic efficacy and low toxicity profile. To accomplish this, more attention has been drawn to medicinal plants in recent years. Medicinal plants are sources of various chemical substances with potential therapeutic properties.1 Medicinal plants are used for the management of diabetes, erectile dysfunction, and cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory diseases.2 Unfortunately, most medicinal plants are used indiscriminately without the knowledge of their adverse effects. A previous report has revealed the adverse effects caused by medicinal plants.3 These effects could be attributed to the lack of knowledge of the actual dose required for the treatment of diseases.4 To optimize the use of medicinal plants, there is a need for thorough investigation of the toxicological effects of these plants at different doses. An approach to determine the toxicity of herbal preparations is to assess their effects on some biochemical parameters and carry out histopathological studies.5
Tetracarpidium conophorum (Mull. Arg. Hutch & Dalziel), commonly known as African walnut, is a climbing shrub. The plant is locally cultivated mainly for the nuts, which are cooked and consumed as snack.6 It is used by elderly people for the treatment of constipation. The bark of the stem is used as laxative and is also chewed to reduce toothache. Odugbemi and Akinsulire7 reported that the leaves, stem bark, and fruit of the plant are used for the treatment of toothache, eczema, pruritus, psoriasis, common cold, and prostate cancer. In Nigeria, African walnut is used in folklore for the improvement of male fertility and treatment of dysentery. Previous experimental investigation on African walnut from our laboratory revealed that African walnut leaves contain phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, coumarin, rutin, quercitrin, quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin.8
Although Oladiji et al9 investigated the toxicological effects of African walnut seeds, to the best of our knowledge, there is little or no report on the toxicity profile of the leaves. Therefore, the present study sought to investigate the toxicological effects of aqueous extract .
AFRICAN WALNUT
Walnut trees are any species of tree in the plant genus Juglans, the type genus of the family Juglandaceae, the seeds of which are referred to as walnuts. All species are deciduous trees, 10–40 metres (33–131 ft) tall, with pinnate leaves 200–900 millimetres (7.9–35.4 in), with 5–25 leaflets; the shoots have chambered pith, a character shared with the wingnuts (Pterocarya), but not the hickories (Carya) in the same family.
Common Name(s): African Walnut
Scientific Name: Lovoa Trichilioides
Distribution: West Tropical Africa
Tree Size: 100-150 ft (30-46 m) tall, 2-4 ft (.6-1.2 m) trunk diameter
Average Dried Weight: 34 lbs/ft3 (540 kg/m3)
Specific Gravity (Basic, 12% MC): .45, .54
Color/Appearance
Heartwood is a golden yellow to reddish brown, sometimes with darker streaks and veins. Color tends to darken upon exposure and with age. Sapwood is a medium yellow to light gray,and is generally narrow: it can be up to 3 inches (7.5 cm) wide, and is clearly demarcated from heartwood; a narrow transition zone is sometimes present between heartwood and sapwood. African Walnut also displays a ribbon-stripe figuring on quartersawn surfaces, similar to Sapele.
Environmental Not listed in CITES. Believed available from well-managed sources. Check certification status with suppliers.
Introduction African walnut is not a true walnut; it belongs to the mahogany family and is very similar in many respects to African mahogany.
Distribution Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroons, Zaire, Gabon.
The Tree It is a tall tree reaching 36m to 39m in height, 1.2m diameter having a cylindrical bole with a small buttressed or fluted base. Frequently has a clean bole of 18m or more.
The Timber It is of a golden brown colour, marked with black streaks (caused by secretory tissue or ‘gum lines’), which have given it the name ‘walnut’. When planed the surface is distinctly lustrous The sapwood is narrow, buff or light brown in colour and normally sharply defined from the heartwood, although a narrow transitional area is sometimes seen. It has usually interlocked grain, giving a marked ‘stripe’ when cut on the quarter. It averages about 560 kg/m3 when dried.
Drying Its drying properties are fairly good, although existing shakes may extend slightly and some distortion occur.
Strength For its weight the strength of the timber is good, and is equal to American black walnut in hardness and in compression along the grain.
Working Qualities Medium – Medium
Durability Slightly durable
Treatability Extremely difficult
Moisture
Movement Small
Density
(mean, Kg/m³) 560
DensityText Denisty can vary by 20% or more
Texture Variable
Availability Regular
Price Medium
Use(s) Exterior joinery, Furniture
Colour(s) Yellow brown (sometimes with dark streaks)
frican walnut
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Noun 1. African walnut - tropical African timber tree with wood that resembles mahogany
Lovoa klaineana
genus Lovoa, Lovoa - genus of African timber trees
tree - a tall perennial woody plant having a main trunk and branches forming a distinct elevated crown; includes both gymnosperms and angiosperms
Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc.
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References in periodicals archive
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There was no significant difference in SBP, DBP, MAP, heart rate and body weights of experimental animals with salt-induced high blood pressure that was treated with water extract of African walnut and those treated with lisinopril, a conventional hypertensive medication.
African Walnut, Beetroot Protect Against Salt-Induced Hypertension -Scientists
African Walnut Resistant to everyday scuffs and spills, ideal for busy lives.
FLOORING project; Get more from your floor with Celebrity expert Donald Sheridan aka DIY Donny
WE USED: Helen's African walnut decking stain pounds 15.98 for 1 litre (www.sadolin.co.uk, 0870 240 1127).
DECKS FACTOR; We might still be a little way off barbecue season but the lighter evenings are putting us in the mood for summer.Spruce up your garden now and you'll be raring to go when the warmer months arrive FRANCESCA COOKNEY
The 45,000 square ft Aspers boasts silk-lined walls, African walnut finishes, 27 plasma screen television and tanks of tropical fish.
All bets are on
ICCG's new finishes are Kensington Maple, Monticello Maple, Amber Cherry, Biltmore Cherry, Fonthill Pear, African Walnut, and Solar Oak.
Updated casegoods
They also contrast nicely and create a perfect balance by giving the room a lift to ensure it doesn't become too dark.``Unusual dark wood finishes such as zebra no and African walnut are very much en vogue,'' says Hugh.``But strong colours are used as accents in a room, rather than all over, which could be too moody and depressing.''
Midweek Home: Trends: Hot chocolate; It's so easy to spice up your home this spring
The main focus of the refurbishment is the hotel's three front doors, which will replaced by a single double door made out of sustainable African walnut.
'Tradition' pledge as hotel gets facelift
A Have your attorney send a letter clearly stating that there is no record indicating that African walnut was specified and that unless such evidence can be produced, you as the client expect and are entitled to immediate payment.
A woodworker at wit's end
The designers have invested in silk-lined walls, African walnut finishes and even mother of pearl gates at the entrance to the venue.
Phenolic analysis and erectogenic function of African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum) seeds: The impact of the seed shell on biological activity
Adedayo O. Ademiluyi Sunday I. Oyeleye Opeyemi B. Ogunsuyi Ganiyu Oboh
First published: 10 March 2019
https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.12815
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Abstract
This study investigated the erectogenic potential of African walnut seed (AWS). The extract from AWS cooked with/without shell interacted with phosphodiesterase‐5 (PDE‐5), arginase, angiotensin‐I converting enzymes (ACE), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE); enzymes associated with erectile dysfunction (ED) and Fe2+‐induced malonaldehyde (MDA) production in the isolated penile tissue. The results showed that the extracts inhibited the enzymes and MDA production, but Walnut cooked with shell had the highest effect. This agreed with increased phenolic acids and flavonoids, found in the AWS cooked with the shell, compared with that cooked without shell. The inhibition of enzymes and antioxidative potentials could be among the possible mechanisms of actions of AWS in the management/treatment of ED. However, cooking walnut seed with the shell seem to be a contributing factor, as this could prevent possible leaching out of the phytochemicals that could be responsible for these biological effects.
Practical applications
Walnut seed possesses a high content of phenolic compounds and inhibit enzymes relevant to the management of erectile dysfunction. Traditionally, Walnut seed is being cooked with/without the shell and consumed for the purpose of alternative medicine in folklore. Our investigation revealed the possible mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect Walnut seed in the management of ED, but the impact of the shell during cooking contributes to this effect. This result will inform the consumers and food scientist on the importance of cooking Walnut seed with the shell in order to maximize its nutraceutical values.
AFRICAN WALNUT
Lovoa spp.
Lovoa trichilioides (syn. Lovoa klaineana); possibly also contributing is one (or two) other Lovoa spec. of the family Meliaceae, the mahogany family. Not a true (genus Juglans) walnut. The international trade name for this is dibetou and other common names are lovoa and benin.
my samples:
NOTE: these pics were all taken in very bright incandescent lighting ("soft white" at 2700K)
colors will vary under other lighting conditions
both sides of a sample plank of dibetou / Lovoa trichilioides --- HUGE enlargements are present. This sample was loaned to me by Mark Peet whom I thank for this and other contributions to the site.
African Walnut - Lovoa trichilioides
African Walnut is versatile, beautiful and underused. A great general joinery timber for both external and internal applications.
OriginWest AfricanAvailabilitySquare edged kiln dried boardsGrade'Sykes Grade' from FASColourGolden brownUsageGeneral exterior/interior joinery and cabinetmakingDurabilityModerately durableDensity550 kg/m3Movement in ServiceSmallThicknesses Available26mm, 38mm, 52mm, 63mm & 76mmSpecification100mm & wider, 1.8m & longerBasic Price LevelLowSummaryFlexible and consistent timbe
INOVAR AC4/W32 SPECIFICATIONS:
Size of panel: 1216 x 196 x 8mm
Fit for use grading: AC4/W32
Heavy Domestic/General Commercial Grade
Average board Density greater than 880/890 kg/m3
Thickness swelling test less than 8%
Lifetime guarantee against termites
Warranty: 25 years Heavy Domestic use /
5 years General Commercial use
8 Health Benefits Of African Walnut
By Titilayo Ilori
July 26, 2019 at 6:14 PM
African Walnut, also known as Asala, is a nut that has many health benefits. This nut is found mostly in Nigeria and other parts of Africa.
African walnut is known for its ability to cure diseases. Most people consume it without knowing the health benefits. Below are the reasons you must eat African walnuts daily.
1. Good for sperm production
According to research, walnut helps to boost sperm quality because it contains omega 3 and healthy fatty acids which play an important role in sperm production. It is also good for women and helps to boost fertility.
2. Helps the heart
African walnut contains L arginine that helps people who are suffering from hypertension and other heart diseases.
3. It is good for weight loss
African walnut helps to burn unwanted fat in the body. You must be careful, though, because it is high in calories.
4. Helps deal with sleep disorder
People who have a problem sleeping at night should try African walnut. It helps cure the sleeping disorder. All you need to do is eat some before going to bed and be rest assured.
5. It reduces diabetes
African walnut helps to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.
6. Helps the brain function properly
African walnut contains lots of vitamins which in turn help the eyes and the brain function properly. The walnut also helps to protect people from several diseases.
7. Reduces the risk of cancer
According to research, African walnut plays an important role in reducing the risk of cancer in both the male and female sexes.
8. Controls menstrual flow and corrects ovulation problems
African walnut helps to regulate the hormones because it is rich in omega 3 fatty acids. The leaf is another remedy for menstrual cramps. You can boil the leaf and drink it to get some relief from the pains.
Evaluation of Biscuit Produced from Composition of Wheat and Africa Walnut Flour
Olanipekun Bosede Folake, Adelakun Oluyemisi Elizabeth*, Anie Precious I and Fajuyi Folasade O
Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University, Nigeria
*Corresponding author:Adelakun Oluyemisi Elizabeth, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University, PMB 4000, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
Submission: July 16, 2018;Published: July 31, 2018
DOI: 10.31031/NTNF.2018.02.000539
Abstract
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Nigeria depends majorly on wheat grain importation to meet the need of the wheat- based products industry. In order to conserve foreign exchange earnings of the government there has been an increasing effort to encourage domestic wheat production. Presently, about 10% of the total wheat requirements are produced locally while the remaining is imported. However, in recent times efforts have been focused on the use of locally available unfertilized cereals, legumes and tubers for the production of wheat-based products such as biscuits and bread. This study is aimed at production and evaluation of biscuit from locally available food materials.
Composite flour was produced using varying proportion of wheat flour to African walnut flour in the proportion of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 50:50 and then analyzed for chemical properties, functional properties and microbial properties. Biscuit was produced from the composite flours and analyzed for sensory attribute. All data generated in the study were analysed statistically. The chemical composition result indicated increasing level of moisture, protein, fat and crude fibre while there was decrease in carbohydrate as the proportion of walnut increases. Functional analysis result indicated an increasing level of bulk density, swelling index and water absorption. The microbial analysis showed absence of E. coli in the samples. Sensory evaluation of the biscuit showed that the samples produced from 90:10 wheat-walnut flour was comparable to the sample produced from 100% wheat flour in terms of the overall acceptability.
keywords: Wheat; African walnut; Composite flour; Biscuit; Sensory properties
Introduction
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In recent times, most school children and adults rely on snacks as they can hardly wait for breakfast before leaving early in the morning for schools and office work respectively. This has necessitated in producing highly acceptable snack foods with high nutritional quality that are also affordable by potential consumers. Biscuit, a common snack has become a traditional and significant food in many countries [1]. Their varieties in form and taste combined with long shelf-life and convenience of use have perpetuated their popularity. Biscuits enriched with protein have been developed for special feeding programmes, usually for children in developing countries [2]. Biscuits also as a deliberate source of energy are made and stored for use as a food supplement for disaster relief [3] and as a strategic store for military emergencies. Traditional biscuits are all made from wheat flour. Small quantities of other meals or starches may have been added to give a special flavour or structural properties. However, as biscuit making is spreading to countries where wheat is not in abundance or constitutes an expensive imported material, it is necessary or desirable to consider other materials that may be used to make biscuits or biscuit like products. In research to finding alternative flour, there is an equally important need to supplement the cereal flour with flours from legumes to improve the protein intake of the consumers.
Tetracarpidium conophorum, known as ‘Asala or Awusa’ by the Yorubas in western part of Nigeria is a woody perennial climber that belongs to the family Euphorbiacea. Its common name is African walnut. It is found in Uyo, Akamkpa, Akpabuyo, Lagos, Kogi, Ajaawa-Ogbomoso and Ibadan. T. conophorum plant is cultivated principally for the nuts which are cooked and consumed as snacks [4]. A bitter taste is usually felt upon drinking water immediately after eating the nuts which could be attributed to the presence of chemical substances such as alkaloids. It is contained in a pod which may house one to three shelled nuts. The shells could be black or brown from the plant, the nut is whitish upon cracking from the shell and the nut has a thin layer in between two halves of the nut. African walnut is listed as one of the lesser known food stuff (Achievement, 1998), even though it was reported to be high in protein (22.8-23.5) and fat (41.5-50) contents [5].
The amino acid and fatty acid components of the nut and the use of its leaf juice for the treatment of prolonged and constant hiccups has been reported [6] while the impact of traditional processing on the nutrient and sensory qualities of the nut has also been reported [7]. Though the nuts are generally eaten in Nigeria, much work has not been reported on its use as composite flour in various baked product. Therefore, African walnut, with its inherent nutritional and therapeutic advantage, could serve as good alternative to cassava in baking industry. With the progressive increase in the consumption of biscuit, bread and other baked products in many countries, the composite flour programme, especially in developing countries, has the potential to conserve foreign exchange, provide nutritious food to more people at affordable cost and widen the utilization of indigenous crops in food formulation. Thus, this study evaluated the proximate composition and physico-chemical of flour and sensory properties of biscuit produced from wheat -African walnut composite flour at varying levels of African walnut substitution (10-50%).
Materials
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African walnut was purchased at Oja-oko market, Ogbomoso, Oyo state. Wheat flour and other principal ingredients like yeast, sugar, fat and salt were also obtained from a local market at Oja- Wazo Market, Oyo state, Nigeria.
Production of walnut flour
The whole African walnut was washed thoroughly to remove any adhering contaminants, cooked in a steel pot for two hours to remove the shells. The de-shelled walnuts were reduce into smaller sizes with the aid of stainless steel knife, then blanched in hot water for 5 minutes before draining. After blanching, the walnuts were dried in a cabinet dryer at 60 ˚C for 5 hours to remove moisture, then milled and sieved to produce the African walnut flour.
Production of biscuit
Five blends of flour were prepared by mixing African walnut flour with wheat flour in the percentage proportions of 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, and 50:50 (Table 1). Biscuit was produced from the five blend formulations as described below.
Table 1: Formulation of wheat and African walnut composite flour
The biscuits were prepared using each ratio of mixed wheat flour and African walnut flour. 100% wheat flour was used as control. All samples of biscuits contained 30g sugar, 25g fat (margarine), 1.5g baking powder, 4g vanilla flavour, 0.5g salt, 30g whole egg and small quantity of water. Each sample was mixed with sugar, margarine and salt manually for 3-5 minutes to get creamy dough. The other ingredients except water were then incorporated. The measured amount of water was added gradually using continuous mixing until good textured, slightly firm dough was obtained. The dough was kneaded on a flat clean stainless metal table for 4 minutes. The mixture was manually rolled into sheets and cut into shapes using biscuits cutter. The dough was baked in an oven at 180 OC for 10mins. The biscuit was allowed to cool and then packaged [8].
Analysis
The Chemical analysis of the composite flour mixes were analyzed for moisture content, crude protein, crude fat, ash and crude fibre content according to the method described by [9]. The carbohydrate content of the flour mixes was determined by difference. The bulk densities of the composite flour mixes were determined by the method of [10], swelling capacity was determined by the method described by [11] and the method described by [12] was employed in determining the water absorption capacity of the flour mixes.
Sensory evaluation
Sensory attributes evaluated include flavour, colour, crispiness, appearance, sweetness, after taste attributes, texture, and overall acceptability. The biscuit samples were served to 20 panellists comprising the students and staffs of the Department of food Science and Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. The panellists were asked to score each sample on the nine-point hedonic scale.
Chemical composition
The effect of walnut flour substitution at different proportion on the proximate composition of wheat flour is shown in Table 2. It could be seen that the moisture content of the samples ranged from 8.12% to 10.68%. The low moisture observed for the five formulations was a good indicator of their potential to have longer shelf life. It is believed that materials such as flour and starch containing more than 12% moisture have less storage stability than those with lower moisture content, for this reason, a water content of 10% is generally specified for flours and other related products [13]. As the walnut flour was added to the wheat flour, it tended to bind moisture, thereby reducing the moisture content of the composite flour samples as seen in Table 2.
Table 2: Proximate properties of wheat-walnut flour.
Means with the same superscript along the same column are not significantly different (p< 0.05)
Sample A=100% Wheat flour; B=90% wheat flour+10% African walnut flour; C=80% wheat flour+20 African walnut flour; D=70% wheat flour+30% African walnut flour; E=50% wheat flour+50% African walnut flour
The crude protein content of the flour samples ranged from 10.34% to 18.44%. The crude protein content of the five formulations was significantly different (p< 0.05) from each other. Sample E (50% wheat flour and 50% walnut flour) had the highest crude protein content (18.44%) followed by sample D (70% wheat flour and 30% walnut flour) (14.56%). Sample A (100% wheat flour) had the least crude protein content (10.34%). This could be attributed to the high percentage of protein content of the walnut flour as reported in literature which are 35.6% [14] 21.6% [15], and 21.65 [16]. This result indicated that the aim of supplementation which was to increase the protein content was achieved while producing a more shelf stable product due to its lower moisture content.
The ash content of the flour samples ranged from 1.32% to 1.86%., with sample A having the least percentage while sample E has the highest percentage. High ash content as a result of walnut flour addition to the wheat flour could imply increase quantity of minerals in the flour samples. The fat content ranged from 1.59% to 15.57%. The fat content for the five samples were significantly different (p < 0.05) from each other. Sample E (50% wheat flour and 50% walnut flour) had the highest fat content of 15.57% followed by sample D (70% wheat flour and 30% walnut flour) which had a fat content of 10.02% and sample A (100% wheat flour) had the least fat content (1.32%). This could be attributed to the high percentage of oil in African walnut flour. N die et al. [15] had reported a level of 47.7% in African walnut.
The crude fibre content of the flour samples ranged from 0.13% to 1.00% and was significantly different from each other at 0.05% level significance. From Table 2, it could be seen that sample A had the highest percentage of fibre (1.00%) compared to other samples, but at 10% substitution of walnut flour to the wheat flour, it tended to reduce to 0.84%. The carbohydrate content ranged from 55.90% to 75.09%. The carbohydrate content for the five samples was significantly different (p< 0.05) from each other. Sample A (100% wheat flour) showed a very high percentage of carbohydrate content of 75.09%. As the walnut flour addition to the wheat flour increased, corresponding decrease in carbohydrate content were observed in the composite flour samples. A lower content of carbohydrate (16.9%) in African walnut could be responsible for this [15].
Functional Properties
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The effect of walnut flour substitution at different proportion on the functional properties of wheat flour is shown in Table 3. The bulk density of the flour samples was found to range from 0.4503% to 0.4224%. Sample E (50% wheat flour and 50% walnut flour) (0.4503%), was significantly different from other samples because it had the highest bulk density, closely followed by sample D (70% wheat flour and 30% walnut flour) (0.4503%). Sample A (100% wheat flour) had the least value (0.4224%). The change in bulk density is generally affected by the particle size and the density of the flour [17].
The swelling capacity of the flour blends ranged from 0.544%g to 0.692%. Sample E (50% wheat flour and 50% walnut flour) was significantly different from other flour samples at (p< 0.05) and had the highest value (0.692%) while Sample A (100% wheat flour) (0.544%) had the lowest value. Walnut flour tended to increase the swelling capacity of the flour samples at different levels of substitution. Moorthy & Ramanujam [18] reported that the swelling capacity of flour granules is an indication of the extent of associative forces within the granule. The variation in the swelling capacity indicates the degree of exposure of the internal structure of the starch present in the flour to the action of water [19].
Table 3 the result obtained for water absorption capacity ranged from 0.978% to 1.414%. Water absorption capacity is the ability of flour to absorb water and swell for improved consistency in food. It is desirable in food systems to improve yield and consistency and give body to the food [20]. Sample E (50% wheat flour and 50% walnut flour) was significantly different from other samples at (p< 0.05) because it had the highest capacity to absorb water and also sample A (100% wheat flour) was significantly different from the other samples at (p< 0.05) because it has the least capacity of absorbing water. The effect of low water absorption capacity of the flour samples was probably due to the loose association of amylase and amyl pectin in the native granules of starch and weaker associative forces maintaining the granules structure [21].
Table 3:Functional properties of wheat-walnut flour.
Means with the same superscript along the same column are not significantly different (p< 0.05)
Sample A=100% Wheat flour; B=90% wheat flour+10% African walnut flour; C=80% wheat flour+20 African walnut flour; D=70% wheat flour+30% African walnut flour; E=50% wheat flour+50% African walnut flour
Microbial Analysis
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The result of the microbiological analysis of the sample is shown in Table 4, no visible growth was observed in sample A and sample B. Total Viable Count showed growth for sample C, D and E after 48hrs this could be as a result of the increasing level of protein and fat as shown in Table 2. Adams & moss [22] reported that spoilage organisms grow faster in medium that is highly nutritious.
Table 4:
Means with the same superscript along the same column are not significantly different (p< 0.05)
Sample A=100% Wheat flour; B=90% wheat flour+10% African walnut flour; C= 80% wheat flour+20 African walnut flour; D=70% wheat flour+30% African walnut flour; E=50% wheat flour+50% African walnut flour
Consumer Acceptability Study
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Figure 1:Sample A.
The data obtained from the sensory evaluation was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The attributes evaluated for sensory are flavour, colour, crispiness, appearance, sweetness, taste, texture, and overall acceptability. The most accepted sample by the panellist was determined from the result. This was done based on the panellist response in Table 5. The panellists showed preference for (Figure 1) sample A followed by (Figure 2-5) sample B, C, D and E in terms of flavour, texture, taste, crispiness, colour, appearance and sweetness. The inherent aftertaste flavour of the composite biscuit may have accounted for the lower rating by the panellists. For the overall acceptability sample B had the highest percentage next to control sample A, Sample B therefore, competed favourably with sample A. Table 5: Sensory evaluation of wheat-walnut biscuit.
Table 5:Sensory evaluation of wheat-walnut biscuit.
Means with the same superscript along the same column are not significantly different (p< 0.05)
Sample A=100% Wheat flour; B=90% wheat flour+10% African walnut flour; C=80% wheat flour+20 African walnut flour; D=70% wheat flour+30% African walnut flour; E= 50% wheat flour+50% African walnut flour
Conclusion
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The result obtained from the study has shown that supplementing wheat flour with walnut flour resulted in considerable improvement in the protein and fat content of the flour. The result also indicates that biscuit sample produced from formulation of 90% wheat flour and 10% walnut flour was accepted by the consumer. In conclusion, the work has revealed that supplementing wheat flour with walnut flour considerably increased the protein and fat contents. Hence, they can find useful application in pastries like biscuit and other snacks.
References
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Manley DJR (1996) Technology of biscuits, crackers and cookies. Duncan Manley Limited, Stanford, USA.
Water L (1987) Studies on the proximate composition and effect of flour particle size of acceptability of biscuits produced from blends of soybeans and plantain flours. J Namoda Technol 3(2): 17-22.
Young AS, William CV, Victor GI (1985) Physico-chemical and nutritional properties of cereal-pulse blends for bread making. Nutrition and Health 16(3): 183-194.
Oke OL (1995) Leaf protein research in Nigeria Ibadan, University Press Ibadan, Nigeria.
Osogie AU, Okoye WL, Oluwagose BO, Dowodu OA (1986) Chemical quality parameters and fatty acid composition of oils of some underexploited tropical seeds. Nigerian Journal of Applied Sciences 4: 151- 162.
Oyenuga VA (1997) Nigeria Food and Feeding Stuffs. University Press, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Nwokolo EA (1987) Composition and availability of nutrients in some tropical legumes. Ibadan Phacco Publishers, USA.
Whitley PR (1970) Biscuits manufacture. Applied Science Publishers Ltd, London.
AOAC (2005) Association of official analytical chemists, (15th edn.) Wincosin, USA, p. 1298.
Okaka JC, Okorie PA, Ozo ON (1991) Quality evaluation of sun dried yam chips. Tropical Sci 31: 265-275.
Leach HW, Maccowen LD, Schoch TJ (1989) Structure of starch granules. I-Swelling and Solubility Pattern of Various Starches. Cereal Chemistry 36: 533-544.
Lawal OS, Adebowale KO (2005) Physico-chemical characteristics and thermal properties of chemically modified Jack bean (Canavalia ensiforms) starch. Carb Polym 60: 331-341
Eddy NO, Udofia PG, Eyo D (2007) Sensory evaluation of wheat/cassava composite bread and effect of label information on acceptance and preference Journal of Biotechnology 6: 2415-2418.
Edem CA, Dosumu MI, Bassey FI (2008) Determination of proximate composition, ascorbic acid and heavy metal content of African walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum). Afr J Environ Pollut Health 6 (1): 59-60.
Ndie EC, Nnamani CV, Oselebe HO (2010) Some physicochemical characteristics of defatted flours derived from African walnut (Tetracarpidium conoforum): An underutilized legume. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 9(9): 909-911.
Ayoola PB, Onawumi OO Faboya O
Diamond Wood African Walnut Medium Table
$1,160.00Price
A F R I C A N W A L N U T │ M E D I U M C O F F E E T A B L E
This stunning wood can be found in tropical and subtropical regions of West Africa. The tone ranges from a dark, golden-yellow to a reddish-brown, often with a gorgeous high contrasted pattern.
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Handmade with carefully selected wood and grain of the highest quality, these tables are lightweight yet extremely sturdy. You can quite literally dance on them - each table can hold a maximum weight of up to 100 kg │ 220 lbs.
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Please note that due to the natural grain and tone changes in wood, each table will differ slightly and no two will ever be identical.
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Handmade to order: 6 weeks
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Dimensions:
D 50 cm x H 40.5 cm
D 27.5" x H 16"
Quantity
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