HERBAL REMEDIES FOR
HEPATITIS IN YORUBA HERBAL MEDICINE (VOLUME II) BY BABALAWO OBANIFA -Obanifa
extreme documentaries
In this current work
Babalawo Obanifa will document varieties of Herbal formulae available for the
treatment Of Hepatitis in Yoruba herbal Medicine. Hepatitis which is traditionally known
as Aisan Jedojedo in Yoruba herbal medicine. It is one of deadly diseases that
affect thousands of people around the world. In this work Babalawo Obanifa will
explain and document different herbal
cure available in Yoruba herbal medicine to cure different type of hepatitis.
The work will examine in details what is Hepatitis?, Causes of
Hepatitis, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention from orthodox perspective as well
as Herbal remedies available to cure Hepatitis. Before I proceed to give
details of herbal cure for Hepatitis, I will like to first reproduce here part
of Christian Nordqvist work Title 'Hepatitis :causes, symptoms and treatment'
as published by www.medicalnewstoday.com.This work provide a valuable
information on causes and symptoms and treatment of hepatitis from orthodox
perspective. If you are only interested in herbal remedies alone just scroll to
last paragraph of this work, but if you want to have full knowledge and
information on hepatitis treatment and Prevention I strongly advise you to read
up this article in full.
According to Christian Nordqvist, the word hepatitis comes from the Ancient Greek word hepar (root word hepat) meaning 'liver', and the Latin itis mean inflammation. Hepatitis refers to an inflammation of the liver cells and damage to the liver. There are different types and causes, but the symptoms can be similar.
The
liver's functions include detoxifying the blood, storing vitamins, and
producing hormones. Hepatitis can disrupt these processes and create severe
health problems throughout the body.
At
least five viruses can cause hepatitis. The three most common are hepatitis
viruses A, B and C. Infection with any of these three can be fatal.
Other
types of hepatitis can result from over consumption of alcohol or an autoimmune
condition. This article will look at hepatitis A, B, and C. These are forms of
hepatitis transmitted by a virus.
In
the United States, the incidence of hepatitis A has been falling for the last
20 years, but acute hepatitis C has seen
an increase of 44 percent between 2011 and 2012.
Types
Hepatitis has several different
types, but the symptoms of each are similar. Hepatitis can take acute and
chronic forms.
The
three main types of hepatitis are known as hepatitis A, B, and C. Each is
caused by a different virus. All three types can be acute, lasting for 6 months
or less, and types B and C can be chronic, lasting for longer.
Each
type has different characteristics and is transmitted in different ways, but
symptoms tend
to be similar.
Hepatitis
A
In
the United States (U.S.), 1,390 cases of hepatitis A were reported in 2015.
It
is often mild, and most people make a full recovery, after which they are
immune and therefore protected from the virus in the future. However, if it
progresses, symptoms can be severe or life-threatening.
People
in parts of the world with poor sanitation are particularly at risk of
contracting HAV.
There
are safe and effective vaccines that protect against this virus.
Hepatitis
B
Hepatitis
B can be transmitted when a person:
- has unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person
- shares a needle with an infected person, often for illegal drug or steroid use
- has a tattoo created with unsterilized needles
- is accidentally pricked, for example, health workers dealing with sharp objects
- shares personal items, such as a toothbrush or razor, with an infected person
- is bitten by someone who is infected
An
infected mother can pass the virus on to her infant when breast-feeding.
The
liver of a person infected with hepatitis B swells.
Severe damage can result.
HBV
infection can become chronic. This can lead to complications, including
scarring of the liver, or cirrhosis. It can also
cause a type of cancer known as hepatocellular carcinoma.
In
2015, 887,000 deaths worldwide were linked to HBV, mostly as a
result of complications such as these.
In
the U.S., there were 3,370
reported cases of HBV, but the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) estimate that the real figure may be around 21,900.
There
is not currently a cure for HBV. However, the incidence rate has dropped in
countries where the vaccine is available, and this vaccine is 95
percent effective against the infection.
There
is a safe and effective vaccine that can protect against HBV.
Hepatitis C
HCV can lead to
liver damage and swelling. Around 1 in 4 people with HCV get cirrhosis, and this can lead to liver cancer.
Donated blood is
now tested for HCV, but people who received organ transplants or blood
donations before testing became part of the donation process may be at risk.
Other at-risk groups include healthcare workers who are exposed
to sharps, users of intravenous drugs, and infants born to mothers with HCV.
The number of
cases of HCV in the U.S. rose nearly threefold between 2010 and 2015 when 2,436 cases were reported. However, the CDC estimate that
33,900 infections occurred in 2015, including those not reported.
Treatment
Some types and
cases of hepatitis can heal without intervention, but sometimes it can progress
to scarring of the liver, or cirrhosis.
Hepatitis A
There is no
specific treatment for HAV. The doctor will advise the patient to abstain from
alcohol and drugs during the recovery. Most patients with hepatitis A will
recover without intervention.
Hepatitis B
A patient with HBV
needs to rest and abstain completely from alcohol. The doctor may prescribe an
antiviral agent called interferon, or other antiviral suppressive therapies.
Hepatitis C
A patient with
hepatitis C will be prescribed antiviral agents, with or without ribavirin.
Some directed
antivirals and combination therapies are now available to treat the hepatitis C
virus based on its subtype. These treatments target viral replication and
prevent the virus from being able to reproduce. When taken correctly, the cure
rate is very high.
These medications
can be expensive, and insurers may have specific criteria for treatment.
Symptoms
Many people with
hepatitis experience either mild or no symptoms. When symptoms appear, they can
do so from 15 to 180 days after infection. This applies to all types of
hepatitis.
Acute hepatitis
The initial phase
of hepatitis is called the acute phase. The symptoms are similar to mild flu, and may include:
Jaundice is a symptom of hepatitis.
- diarrhea
- fatigue
- loss of appetite
- mild fever
- muscle or joint aches
- nausea
- slight abdominal pain
- vomiting
- weight loss
- jaundice
The acute phase is
not usually dangerous, but in certain people, it can result in acute liver
failure and death. It may also progress to a chronic infection. This is most
likely with HBV or HCV.
As the disease
progresses, chronic hepatitis can lead to progressive liver failure, resulting
in jaundice, swelling of the lower extremities, confusion, and blood in the
feces or vomit.
The following may occur:
- dark urine
- hives
- itchy skin
- light-colored feces
- yellow skin, whites of the eyes, and tongue
Patient outcomes
after the acute phase depend on various factors, especially the type of
hepatitis. Some people will not know they have chronic hepatitis until liver
failure occurs.
Diagnosis
As the symptoms of
the different types of hepatitis are similar, the type and severity of
hepatitis may only be diagnosed through laboratory tests.
A doctor will
perform a physical examination and ask for a medical history to assess whether
a patient has been exposed to a likely cause of hepatitis.
If a patient
recently traveled abroad, they may have HAV. If they have had unprotected sex,
they may have HBV.
If hepatitis is
suspected, the following tests can confirm a diagnosis:
- Blood tests: These can detect whether the body is producing antibodies to fight the disease, and they can assess liver function by checking the levels of certain liver proteins and enzymes.
- Nucleic acid tests: For hepatitis B and C, an HBV DNA or HCV RNA test can confirm the speed at which the virus is reproducing in the liver, and this will show how active the disease is.
- A liver biopsy: This can measure the extent of liver damage and the possibility of cancer.
- Paracentesis: Abdominal fluid is extracted and tested, to identify the cause of fluid accumulation.
- Elastography: This measures the liver's stiffness by emitting sound waves.
- Surrogate markers: A type of blood test to assess the development of cirrhosis and fibrosis.
Treatment will
depend on the diagnosis.
Causes
The three most
common types of viral hepatitis are all caused by viral infections.
Hepatitis A is
caused by consuming food or water infected with the hepatitis A virus (HAV),
often while traveling abroad. The virus can also be transmitted through
anal-oral contact during sex or by injecting drugs.
Hepatitis B is
caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is spread through contact with
infected blood, semen, and some other body fluids. It can be a sexually transmitted disease
(STD).
Hepatitis C mostly
results from percutaneous infection, occurring when the HCV virus gets under
the skin. It is usually spread through injected narcotics, needle-stick
injuries, and a lack of infection control in healthcare settings.
HCV cannot be
caught from contact with feces, and sexual transmission is less common than in
other types.
Alcohol,
medicines, obesity, and chemical exposure do not
cause types A, B, or C, but they may aggravate inflammation and
make symptoms worse.
Prevention
Hepatitis can be
dangerous and difficult to treat, so people are advised to take precautions
against possible infection.
Preventing hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is
mostly spread through infected food and water.
The following steps
can help avoid infection, especially when traveling.
- Wash hands with soap after using the bathroom.
- Only consume food that has just been cooked.
- Only drink commercially bottled water, or boiled water if you're unsure of local sanitation.
- Only eat peelable fruits if you are in a location with unreliable sanitation
- Only eat raw vegetables if you are sure they have been cleaned or disinfected thoroughly.
- Get a vaccine for HAV before traveling to places where hepatitis may be endemic.
Preventing hepatitis B
To minimize the
risk of transmission:
- Tell any sex partner if you are a carrier or try to find out if they carry the disease.
- Practice safe sex using condoms.
- Only use previously unused, clean needles.
- Do not share toothbrushes, razors, or manicure instruments.
- Only allow the use of well-sterilized skin perforating equipment, such as during a tattoo, piercing, or acupuncture.
- Have the HBV vaccination if you are at risk.
How to prevent hepatitis C
As this is often
passed on through the transfer of infected bodily fluids, the following steps
can help prevent HCV transmission:
- Do not share needles, toothbrushes, or manicure equipment.
- Make sure equipment is well-sterilized for any skin piercing.
- Consume alcohol with moderation.
- Do not inject illegal drugs.
Hepatitis A and C
are curable, but hepatitis B is only preventable by vaccine. A cure is still
under development.
Outlook
The different
types of hepatitis have different chances of recovery.
Hepatitis
A: This type of hepatitis will
normally resolve in 2 months without leaving any long-term effects.
A person with HAV will usually be immune to hepatitis A for the rest of their
life.
Hepatitis
B: Most adults infected with the
HBV virus recover within 90 days and achieve lifelong immunity. However, 90 percent of infants, 20 percent of older children, and 5
percent of adults will develop a chronic infection and develop severe health
problems, such as liver cancer and cirrhosis.
Hepatitis
C: This becomes a lifelong
infection in 70 to 85 percent of people that have the HCV virus.
Hepatitis C is fatal in between 1 and 5 percent of people. The infection can
now be cured, and 15 to 25 percent of people with HCV clear the infection
without treatment.
TRADITIONAL
YORUBA HERBAL REMEDIES FOR HEPATITIS AS DOCUMENTED BY BABALAWO OBANIFA
1.
Ebu egbo Agbon sibi mewa (10 full spoon of coconut(Cocos Nucifera) root powder
Ata ijosin sibi meta (three full spoon powder
of (bird pepper know as Capsicum annum)
Sibi orogbo mewa ti a lo kunna (10 full spoon powder of bitter kola know as Garcina kola
Oyin Igan(wild honey)
Preparation
Mix the three aforementioned items
together with a bottle of wild honey.
Usage
The Hepatitis patients will take it
2 full table spoon three times a day.
2.
Orogbo (bitter kola with scientific
name Garcina kola)
Ewe ewuro (bitter leave with
scientific name Verlonia amygdalina)
Wonder kola
Plenty of lime orange juice.
Preparation
Boil all the items together inside
the lime orange juice for half an hour.
Usage
You should always put one full spoon
of will honey inside a small cup of the decoction. Drink it three time a day
before food.
3
Eso owu(cotton plant seed with scientific name Gossypium species)
Ewe ewuro (bitter leave with
scientific name Verlonia amygdalina)
Ope oyinbo dudu (unripe pineapple
with scientific name Anana comosus)
Fresh cashews plant leaves
Preparation
Blend or pounds the four items
together. Sieve and obtain their juice. Add little alcohol.
Usage
Drinking it half glass cup three
time a day.It is instructive to note that if you want to avoid alcohol, you can
simply boil all the four aforementioned items in water for 40 minutes. Uses is
same as explained above.
4.
Orogbo tutu lopo(fresh bitter kolas
/Garcina kola)
Preparation
Pound the garcina kola and soak it
inside water for 74 hours or more.
You will begin to drink one full glass three times daily
References
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
Copyright :Babalawo
Pele Obasa Obanifa, phone and whatsapp contact :+2348166343145, location Ile
Ife osun state Nigeria.
IMPORTANT NOTICE :As regards the article above no part of this article may be reproduced or duplicated in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying and recording or by any information storage or retrieval system without prior written permission from the copyright holder and the author Babalawo Obanifa, doing so will be deem unlawful and will attract legal consequences
Versão em Português
RECURSOS HERBAIS PARA HEPATITE NA MEDICINA HERBAL DE YORUBA (VOLUME II) DE BABALAWO OBANIFA - Documentários extremos de Obanifa
Neste trabalho atual, Babalawo Obanifa documentará variedades de fórmulas à base de plantas disponíveis para o tratamento da hepatite na medicina herbal iorubá. Hepatite que é tradicionalmente conhecida como Aisan Jedojedo na medicina herbal iorubá. É uma das doenças mortais que afetam milhares de pessoas em todo o mundo. Neste trabalho, Babalawo Obanifa irá explicar e documentar diferentes tratamentos com ervas disponíveis na medicina herbal iorubá para curar diferentes tipos de hepatites. O trabalho examinará em detalhes o que é hepatite ?, causas de hepatite, sintomas, tratamento e prevenção da perspectiva ortodoxa, bem como remédios à base de plantas disponíveis para curar a hepatite. Antes de prosseguir com os detalhes da cura à base de plantas para a hepatite, primeiro gostaria de reproduzir aqui parte do trabalho de Christian Nordqvist, intitulado 'Hepatite: causas, sintomas e tratamento', publicado por www.medicalnewstoday.com.Este trabalho fornece informações valiosas sobre causas e sintomas e tratamento da hepatite da perspectiva ortodoxa. Se você estiver interessado apenas em remédios à base de plantas, apenas vá até o último parágrafo deste trabalho, mas se quiser ter conhecimento e informações completas sobre o tratamento e prevenção de hepatites, recomendo fortemente que você leia este artigo na íntegra.
De acordo com Christian Nordqvist, a palavra hepatite vem da palavra grega antiga hepar (palavra raiz hepat) que significa 'fígado', e o latim significa inflamação. Hepatite refere-se a uma inflamação das células do fígado e danos ao fígado. Existem diferentes tipos e causas, mas os sintomas podem ser semelhantes.
As funções do fígado incluem desintoxicar o sangue, armazenar vitaminas e produzir hormônios. A hepatite pode atrapalhar esses processos e criar graves problemas de saúde em todo o corpo.
Pelo menos cinco vírus podem causar hepatite. Os três mais comuns são os vírus da hepatite A, B e C. A infecção por qualquer um desses três pode ser fatal.
Outros tipos de hepatite podem resultar do consumo excessivo de álcool ou de uma condição auto-imune. Este artigo analisará as hepatites A, B e C. Essas são formas de hepatite transmitidas por um vírus.
Nos Estados Unidos, a incidência de hepatite A vem caindo nos últimos 20 anos, mas a hepatite C aguda registrou um aumento de 44% entre 2011 e 2012.
Tipos
A hepatite tem vários tipos diferentes, mas os sintomas de cada um são semelhantes. A hepatite pode assumir formas agudas e crônicas.
Os três principais tipos de hepatite são conhecidos como hepatite A, B e C. Cada um é causado por um vírus diferente. Todos os três tipos podem ser agudos, com duração de 6 meses ou menos, e os tipos B e C podem ser crônicos, com duração por mais tempo.
Cada tipo tem características diferentes e é transmitido de maneiras diferentes, mas os sintomas tendem a ser semelhantes.
Hepatite A
Nos Estados Unidos (EUA), 1.390 casos de hepatite A foram relatados em 2015.
Geralmente é leve e a maioria das pessoas se recupera completamente, após o que são imunes e, portanto, protegidas contra o vírus no futuro. No entanto, se progredir, os sintomas podem ser graves ou com risco de vida.
Pessoas em partes do mundo com falta de saneamento estão particularmente em risco de contrair HAV.
Existem vacinas seguras e eficazes que protegem contra esse vírus.
Hepatite B
A hepatite B pode ser transmitida quando uma pessoa:
tem relações sexuais desprotegidas com uma pessoa infectada
compartilha uma agulha com uma pessoa infectada, geralmente por uso ilegal de drogas ou esteróides
tem uma tatuagem criada com agulhas não esterilizadas
é acidentalmente picada, por exemplo, profissionais de saúde que lidam com objetos cortantes
compartilha itens pessoais, como escova de dentes ou navalha, com uma pessoa infectada
é mordido por alguém que está infectado
Uma mãe infectada pode transmitir o vírus para o bebê durante a amamentação.
O fígado de uma pessoa infectada com hepatite B aumenta. Podem ocorrer danos graves.
A infecção pelo HBV pode se tornar crônica. Isso pode levar a complicações, incluindo cicatrizes no fígado ou cirrose. Também pode causar um tipo de câncer conhecido como carcinoma hepatocelular.
Em 2015, 887.000 mortes em todo o mundo foram ligadas ao HBV, principalmente como resultado de complicações como essas.
Nos EUA, houve 3.370 casos relatados de HBV, mas os Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (CDC) estimam que o número real pode estar em torno de 21.900.
Atualmente, não existe uma cura para o HBV. No entanto, a taxa de incidência caiu nos países onde a vacina está disponível, e essa vacina é 95% eficaz contra a infecção.
Existe uma vacina segura e eficaz que pode proteger contra o HBV.
Hepatite C
O HCV pode levar a danos no fígado e inchaço. Cerca de 1 em cada 4 pessoas com HCV contrai cirrose, e isso pode levar ao câncer de fígado.
O sangue doado agora é testado para o HCV, mas as pessoas que receberam transplantes de órgãos ou doações de sangue antes do teste se tornaram parte do processo de doação podem estar em risco.
Outros grupos de risco incluem profissionais de saúde expostos a perfurocortantes, usuários de drogas intravenosas e bebês nascidos de mães com HCV.
O número de casos de HCV nos EUA aumentou quase três vezes entre 2010 e 2015, quando 2.436 casos foram relatados. No entanto, o CDC estima que 33.900 infecções ocorreram em 2015, incluindo aquelas não relatadas.
Tratamento
Alguns tipos e casos de hepatite podem curar sem intervenção, mas às vezes podem evoluir para cicatrizes do fígado ou cirrose.
Hepatite A
Não existe tratamento específico para o VHA. O médico aconselhará o paciente a se abster de álcool e drogas durante a recuperação. A maioria dos pacientes com hepatite A se recupera sem intervenção.
Hepatite B
Um paciente com HBV precisa descansar e se abster completamente de álcool. O médico pode prescrever um agente antiviral chamado interferon ou outras terapias supressoras antivirais.
Hepatite C
Um paciente com hepatite C receberá medicamentos antivirais, com ou sem ribavirina.
Alguns antivirais direcionados e terapias combinadas estão agora disponíveis para tratar o vírus da hepatite C com base em seu subtipo. Esses tratamentos têm como objetivo a replicação viral e impedem a reprodução do vírus. Quando tomada corretamente, a taxa de cura é muito alta.
Esses medicamentos podem ser caros e as seguradoras podem ter critérios específicos para o tratamento.
Sintomas
Muitas pessoas com hepatite apresentam sintomas leves ou inexistentes. Quando os sintomas aparecem, eles podem fazer isso de 15 a 180 dias após a infecção. Isso se aplica a todos os tipos de hepatite.
Hepatite aguda
A fase inicial da hepatite é chamada de fase aguda. Os sintomas são semelhantes à gripe leve e podem incluir:
A icterícia é um sintoma da hepatite.
diarréia
fadiga
perda de apetite
febre baixa
dores musculares ou articulares
náusea
dor abdominal leve
vômito
perda de peso
icterícia
A fase aguda geralmente não é perigosa, mas em certas pessoas, pode resultar em insuficiência hepática aguda e morte. Também pode progredir para uma infecção crônica. Isso é mais provável com HBV ou HCV.
À medida que a doença progride, a hepatite crônica pode levar à insuficiência hepática progressiva, resultando em icterícia, inchaço das extremidades inferiores, confusão e sangue nas fezes ou vômito.
Pode ocorrer o seguinte:
urina escura
urticária
comichão na pele
fezes de cor clara
pele amarela, parte branca dos olhos e língua
Os resultados dos pacientes após a fase aguda dependem de vários fatores, especialmente o tipo de hepatite. Algumas pessoas não sabem que têm hepatite crônica até que ocorra insuficiência hepática.
powered by Rubicon Project
Diagnóstico
Como os sintomas dos diferentes tipos de hepatite são semelhantes, o tipo e a gravidade da hepatite só podem ser diagnosticados por meio de exames laboratoriais.
Um médico fará um exame físico e solicitará um histórico médico para avaliar se um paciente foi exposto a uma provável causa de hepatite.
Se um paciente viajou recentemente para o exterior, ele pode ter HAV. Se eles tiveram sexo desprotegido, eles podem ter HBV.
Se houver suspeita de hepatite, os seguintes testes podem confirmar um diagnóstico:
Exames de sangue: Eles podem detectar se o corpo está produzindo anticorpos para combater a doença e avaliar a função hepática, verificando os níveis de certas proteínas e enzimas hepáticas.
Testes de ácido nucléico: para hepatite B e C, um teste de DNA do HBV ou RNA do HCV pode confirmar a velocidade com que o vírus está se reproduzindo no fígado, e isso mostrará a atividade da doença.
Uma biópsia do fígado: pode medir a extensão dos danos no fígado e a possibilidade de câncer.
Paracentese: O fluido abdominal é extraído e testado, para identificar a causa do acúmulo de líquido.
Elastografia: Mede a rigidez do fígado emitindo ondas sonoras.
Marcadores substitutos: Um tipo de exame de sangue para avaliar o desenvolvimento de cirrose e fibrose.
O tratamento dependerá do diagnóstico.
Causas
Os três tipos mais comuns de hepatite viral são todos causados por infecções virais.
A hepatite A é causada pelo consumo de alimentos ou água infectados com o vírus da hepatite A (HAV), geralmente em viagens ao exterior. O vírus também pode ser transmitido através do contato anal-oral durante o sexo ou injetando drogas.
A hepatite B é causada pelo vírus da hepatite B (HBV) e é transmitida através do contato com sangue infectado, sêmen e alguns outros fluidos corporais. Pode ser uma doença sexualmente transmissível (DST).
A hepatite C resulta principalmente de infecção percutânea, ocorrendo quando o vírus HCV fica sob a pele. Geralmente, é transmitida por narcóticos injetados, ferimentos por picada de agulha e falta de controle de infecção nos serviços de saúde.
O HCV não pode ser detectado pelo contato com fezes, e a transmissão sexual é menos comum do que em outros tipos.
Álcool, medicamentos, obesidade e exposição a produtos químicos não causam tipos A, B ou C, mas podem agravar a inflamação e piorar os sintomas.
Prevenção
A hepatite pode ser perigosa e difícil de tratar; portanto, as pessoas são aconselhadas a tomar precauções contra possíveis infecções.
Prevenção da hepatite A
A hepatite A é transmitida principalmente através de alimentos e água infectados.
As etapas a seguir podem ajudar a evitar a infecção, principalmente em viagens.
Lave as mãos com sabão depois de usar o banheiro.
Consuma apenas alimentos que acabaram de ser cozidos.
Beba apenas água engarrafada comercialmente ou água fervida se não tiver certeza do saneamento local.
Só coma frutas descascáveis se você estiver em um local com saneamento não confiável
Só coma vegetais crus se tiver certeza de que foram limpos ou desinfetados completamente.
Faça uma vacina contra o VHA antes de viajar para lugares onde a hepatite pode ser endêmica.
Prevenção da hepatite B
Para minimizar o risco de transmissão:
Informe qualquer parceiro sexual se você é portador ou tenta descobrir se ele é portador da doença.
Pratique sexo seguro usando preservativos.
Utilize apenas agulhas limpas anteriormente não utilizadas.
Não compartilhe escovas de dente, aparelhos de barbear ou instrumentos de manicure.
Permita apenas o uso de equipamentos perfurantes da pele bem esterilizados, como durante uma tatuagem, piercing ou acupuntura.
Faça a vacinação contra o HBV se você estiver em risco.
Como prevenir a hepatite C
Como isso geralmente é transmitido pela transferência de fluidos corporais infectados, as seguintes etapas podem ajudar a impedir a transmissão do HCV:
Não compartilhe agulhas, escovas de dente ou equipamentos de manicure.
Verifique se o equipamento está bem esterilizado para qualquer piercing na pele.
Consuma álcool com moderação.
Não injete drogas ilegais.
As hepatites A e C são curáveis, mas a hepatite B é evitável apenas pela vacina. A cura ainda está em desenvolvimento.
Outlook
Os diferentes tipos de hepatite têm chances diferentes de recuperação.
Hepatite A: Este tipo de hepatite normalmente se resolve em 2 meses sem deixar efeitos a longo prazo. Uma pessoa com HAV geralmente ficará imune à hepatite A pelo resto da vida.
Hepatite B: a maioria dos adultos infectados com o vírus HBV se recupera em 90 dias e atinge imunidade ao longo da vida. No entanto, 90% das crianças, 20% das crianças mais velhas e 5% dos adultos desenvolverão uma infecção crônica e problemas graves de saúde, como câncer de fígado e cirrose.
Hepatite C: isso se torna uma infecção ao longo da vida em 70 a 85% das pessoas que têm o vírus HCV. A hepatite C é fatal entre 1 e 5 por cento das pessoas. A infecção agora pode ser curada e 15 a 25% das pessoas com HCV limpam a infecção sem tratamento.
RECURSOS HERBAIS TRADICIONAIS DE YORUBA PARA HEPATITE DOCUMENTADOS POR BABALAWO OBANIFA
1
Ebu egbo Agbon sibi mewa (10 colheres cheias de pó de raiz de coco (Cocos Nucifera)
Ata ijosin sibi meta (três colheres cheias de pó de (pimenta de pássaro conhecida como Capsicum annum)
Sibi orogbo mewa ti a lo kunna (10 colheres cheias de pó de kola amarga, conhecida como Garcina kola
Oyin Igan (mel selvagem)
Preparação
Misture os três itens acima mencionados com uma garrafa de mel selvagem.
Uso
Os pacientes com hepatite tomarão 2 colheres de sopa cheia três vezes ao dia.
2)
Orogbo (kola amarga com nome científico Garcina kola)
Ovelha ewuro (licença amarga com nome científico Verlonia amygdalina)
Wonder kola
Muito suco de laranja limão.
Preparação
Ferva todos os itens juntos dentro do suco de laranja limão por meia hora.
Uso
Você deve sempre colocar uma colher cheia de mel dentro de um copo pequeno da decocção. Beba três vezes ao dia antes das refeições.
3
Eso owu (semente de algodão com nome científico Gossypium species)
Ovelha ewuro (licença amarga com nome científico Verlonia amygdalina)
Ope oyinbo dudu (abacaxi verde com nome científico Anana comosus)
Folhas de caju fresco
Preparação
Misture ou libra os quatro itens juntos. Peneire e obtenha seu suco. Adicione um pouco de álcool.
Uso
Beber meio copo de vidro três vezes por dia. É instrutivo observar que, se você quiser evitar o álcool, basta ferver todos os quatro itens mencionados na água por 40 minutos. Usos é o mesmo que explicado acima.
4)
Orogbo tutu lopo (kolas amargas frescas / Garcina kola)
Preparação
Bata a garcina kola e mergulhe-a na água por 74 horas ou mais.
Você começará a beber um copo cheio três vezes ao dia
Referências
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
Direitos autorais: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, telefone e whatsapp: +2348166343145, local Ile Ife osun state Nigeria.
AVISO IMPORTANTE: No que diz respeito ao artigo acima, nenhuma parte deste artigo pode ser reproduzida ou duplicada de qualquer forma ou por qualquer meio, eletrônico ou mecânico, incluindo fotocópia e gravação ou por qualquer sistema de armazenamento ou recuperação de informações sem a permissão prévia por escrito do detentor dos direitos autorais e o autor Babalawo Obanifa, fazê-lo será considerado ilegal e atrairá consequências legais
Version en español
IMPORTANT NOTICE :As regards the article above no part of this article may be reproduced or duplicated in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying and recording or by any information storage or retrieval system without prior written permission from the copyright holder and the author Babalawo Obanifa, doing so will be deem unlawful and will attract legal consequences
Versão em Português
RECURSOS HERBAIS PARA HEPATITE NA MEDICINA HERBAL DE YORUBA (VOLUME II) DE BABALAWO OBANIFA - Documentários extremos de Obanifa
Neste trabalho atual, Babalawo Obanifa documentará variedades de fórmulas à base de plantas disponíveis para o tratamento da hepatite na medicina herbal iorubá. Hepatite que é tradicionalmente conhecida como Aisan Jedojedo na medicina herbal iorubá. É uma das doenças mortais que afetam milhares de pessoas em todo o mundo. Neste trabalho, Babalawo Obanifa irá explicar e documentar diferentes tratamentos com ervas disponíveis na medicina herbal iorubá para curar diferentes tipos de hepatites. O trabalho examinará em detalhes o que é hepatite ?, causas de hepatite, sintomas, tratamento e prevenção da perspectiva ortodoxa, bem como remédios à base de plantas disponíveis para curar a hepatite. Antes de prosseguir com os detalhes da cura à base de plantas para a hepatite, primeiro gostaria de reproduzir aqui parte do trabalho de Christian Nordqvist, intitulado 'Hepatite: causas, sintomas e tratamento', publicado por www.medicalnewstoday.com.Este trabalho fornece informações valiosas sobre causas e sintomas e tratamento da hepatite da perspectiva ortodoxa. Se você estiver interessado apenas em remédios à base de plantas, apenas vá até o último parágrafo deste trabalho, mas se quiser ter conhecimento e informações completas sobre o tratamento e prevenção de hepatites, recomendo fortemente que você leia este artigo na íntegra.
De acordo com Christian Nordqvist, a palavra hepatite vem da palavra grega antiga hepar (palavra raiz hepat) que significa 'fígado', e o latim significa inflamação. Hepatite refere-se a uma inflamação das células do fígado e danos ao fígado. Existem diferentes tipos e causas, mas os sintomas podem ser semelhantes.
As funções do fígado incluem desintoxicar o sangue, armazenar vitaminas e produzir hormônios. A hepatite pode atrapalhar esses processos e criar graves problemas de saúde em todo o corpo.
Pelo menos cinco vírus podem causar hepatite. Os três mais comuns são os vírus da hepatite A, B e C. A infecção por qualquer um desses três pode ser fatal.
Outros tipos de hepatite podem resultar do consumo excessivo de álcool ou de uma condição auto-imune. Este artigo analisará as hepatites A, B e C. Essas são formas de hepatite transmitidas por um vírus.
Nos Estados Unidos, a incidência de hepatite A vem caindo nos últimos 20 anos, mas a hepatite C aguda registrou um aumento de 44% entre 2011 e 2012.
Tipos
A hepatite tem vários tipos diferentes, mas os sintomas de cada um são semelhantes. A hepatite pode assumir formas agudas e crônicas.
Os três principais tipos de hepatite são conhecidos como hepatite A, B e C. Cada um é causado por um vírus diferente. Todos os três tipos podem ser agudos, com duração de 6 meses ou menos, e os tipos B e C podem ser crônicos, com duração por mais tempo.
Cada tipo tem características diferentes e é transmitido de maneiras diferentes, mas os sintomas tendem a ser semelhantes.
Hepatite A
Nos Estados Unidos (EUA), 1.390 casos de hepatite A foram relatados em 2015.
Geralmente é leve e a maioria das pessoas se recupera completamente, após o que são imunes e, portanto, protegidas contra o vírus no futuro. No entanto, se progredir, os sintomas podem ser graves ou com risco de vida.
Pessoas em partes do mundo com falta de saneamento estão particularmente em risco de contrair HAV.
Existem vacinas seguras e eficazes que protegem contra esse vírus.
Hepatite B
A hepatite B pode ser transmitida quando uma pessoa:
tem relações sexuais desprotegidas com uma pessoa infectada
compartilha uma agulha com uma pessoa infectada, geralmente por uso ilegal de drogas ou esteróides
tem uma tatuagem criada com agulhas não esterilizadas
é acidentalmente picada, por exemplo, profissionais de saúde que lidam com objetos cortantes
compartilha itens pessoais, como escova de dentes ou navalha, com uma pessoa infectada
é mordido por alguém que está infectado
Uma mãe infectada pode transmitir o vírus para o bebê durante a amamentação.
O fígado de uma pessoa infectada com hepatite B aumenta. Podem ocorrer danos graves.
A infecção pelo HBV pode se tornar crônica. Isso pode levar a complicações, incluindo cicatrizes no fígado ou cirrose. Também pode causar um tipo de câncer conhecido como carcinoma hepatocelular.
Em 2015, 887.000 mortes em todo o mundo foram ligadas ao HBV, principalmente como resultado de complicações como essas.
Nos EUA, houve 3.370 casos relatados de HBV, mas os Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (CDC) estimam que o número real pode estar em torno de 21.900.
Atualmente, não existe uma cura para o HBV. No entanto, a taxa de incidência caiu nos países onde a vacina está disponível, e essa vacina é 95% eficaz contra a infecção.
Existe uma vacina segura e eficaz que pode proteger contra o HBV.
Hepatite C
O HCV pode levar a danos no fígado e inchaço. Cerca de 1 em cada 4 pessoas com HCV contrai cirrose, e isso pode levar ao câncer de fígado.
O sangue doado agora é testado para o HCV, mas as pessoas que receberam transplantes de órgãos ou doações de sangue antes do teste se tornaram parte do processo de doação podem estar em risco.
Outros grupos de risco incluem profissionais de saúde expostos a perfurocortantes, usuários de drogas intravenosas e bebês nascidos de mães com HCV.
O número de casos de HCV nos EUA aumentou quase três vezes entre 2010 e 2015, quando 2.436 casos foram relatados. No entanto, o CDC estima que 33.900 infecções ocorreram em 2015, incluindo aquelas não relatadas.
Tratamento
Alguns tipos e casos de hepatite podem curar sem intervenção, mas às vezes podem evoluir para cicatrizes do fígado ou cirrose.
Hepatite A
Não existe tratamento específico para o VHA. O médico aconselhará o paciente a se abster de álcool e drogas durante a recuperação. A maioria dos pacientes com hepatite A se recupera sem intervenção.
Hepatite B
Um paciente com HBV precisa descansar e se abster completamente de álcool. O médico pode prescrever um agente antiviral chamado interferon ou outras terapias supressoras antivirais.
Hepatite C
Um paciente com hepatite C receberá medicamentos antivirais, com ou sem ribavirina.
Alguns antivirais direcionados e terapias combinadas estão agora disponíveis para tratar o vírus da hepatite C com base em seu subtipo. Esses tratamentos têm como objetivo a replicação viral e impedem a reprodução do vírus. Quando tomada corretamente, a taxa de cura é muito alta.
Esses medicamentos podem ser caros e as seguradoras podem ter critérios específicos para o tratamento.
Sintomas
Muitas pessoas com hepatite apresentam sintomas leves ou inexistentes. Quando os sintomas aparecem, eles podem fazer isso de 15 a 180 dias após a infecção. Isso se aplica a todos os tipos de hepatite.
Hepatite aguda
A fase inicial da hepatite é chamada de fase aguda. Os sintomas são semelhantes à gripe leve e podem incluir:
A icterícia é um sintoma da hepatite.
diarréia
fadiga
perda de apetite
febre baixa
dores musculares ou articulares
náusea
dor abdominal leve
vômito
perda de peso
icterícia
A fase aguda geralmente não é perigosa, mas em certas pessoas, pode resultar em insuficiência hepática aguda e morte. Também pode progredir para uma infecção crônica. Isso é mais provável com HBV ou HCV.
À medida que a doença progride, a hepatite crônica pode levar à insuficiência hepática progressiva, resultando em icterícia, inchaço das extremidades inferiores, confusão e sangue nas fezes ou vômito.
Pode ocorrer o seguinte:
urina escura
urticária
comichão na pele
fezes de cor clara
pele amarela, parte branca dos olhos e língua
Os resultados dos pacientes após a fase aguda dependem de vários fatores, especialmente o tipo de hepatite. Algumas pessoas não sabem que têm hepatite crônica até que ocorra insuficiência hepática.
powered by Rubicon Project
Diagnóstico
Como os sintomas dos diferentes tipos de hepatite são semelhantes, o tipo e a gravidade da hepatite só podem ser diagnosticados por meio de exames laboratoriais.
Um médico fará um exame físico e solicitará um histórico médico para avaliar se um paciente foi exposto a uma provável causa de hepatite.
Se um paciente viajou recentemente para o exterior, ele pode ter HAV. Se eles tiveram sexo desprotegido, eles podem ter HBV.
Se houver suspeita de hepatite, os seguintes testes podem confirmar um diagnóstico:
Exames de sangue: Eles podem detectar se o corpo está produzindo anticorpos para combater a doença e avaliar a função hepática, verificando os níveis de certas proteínas e enzimas hepáticas.
Testes de ácido nucléico: para hepatite B e C, um teste de DNA do HBV ou RNA do HCV pode confirmar a velocidade com que o vírus está se reproduzindo no fígado, e isso mostrará a atividade da doença.
Uma biópsia do fígado: pode medir a extensão dos danos no fígado e a possibilidade de câncer.
Paracentese: O fluido abdominal é extraído e testado, para identificar a causa do acúmulo de líquido.
Elastografia: Mede a rigidez do fígado emitindo ondas sonoras.
Marcadores substitutos: Um tipo de exame de sangue para avaliar o desenvolvimento de cirrose e fibrose.
O tratamento dependerá do diagnóstico.
Causas
Os três tipos mais comuns de hepatite viral são todos causados por infecções virais.
A hepatite A é causada pelo consumo de alimentos ou água infectados com o vírus da hepatite A (HAV), geralmente em viagens ao exterior. O vírus também pode ser transmitido através do contato anal-oral durante o sexo ou injetando drogas.
A hepatite B é causada pelo vírus da hepatite B (HBV) e é transmitida através do contato com sangue infectado, sêmen e alguns outros fluidos corporais. Pode ser uma doença sexualmente transmissível (DST).
A hepatite C resulta principalmente de infecção percutânea, ocorrendo quando o vírus HCV fica sob a pele. Geralmente, é transmitida por narcóticos injetados, ferimentos por picada de agulha e falta de controle de infecção nos serviços de saúde.
O HCV não pode ser detectado pelo contato com fezes, e a transmissão sexual é menos comum do que em outros tipos.
Álcool, medicamentos, obesidade e exposição a produtos químicos não causam tipos A, B ou C, mas podem agravar a inflamação e piorar os sintomas.
Prevenção
A hepatite pode ser perigosa e difícil de tratar; portanto, as pessoas são aconselhadas a tomar precauções contra possíveis infecções.
Prevenção da hepatite A
A hepatite A é transmitida principalmente através de alimentos e água infectados.
As etapas a seguir podem ajudar a evitar a infecção, principalmente em viagens.
Lave as mãos com sabão depois de usar o banheiro.
Consuma apenas alimentos que acabaram de ser cozidos.
Beba apenas água engarrafada comercialmente ou água fervida se não tiver certeza do saneamento local.
Só coma frutas descascáveis se você estiver em um local com saneamento não confiável
Só coma vegetais crus se tiver certeza de que foram limpos ou desinfetados completamente.
Faça uma vacina contra o VHA antes de viajar para lugares onde a hepatite pode ser endêmica.
Prevenção da hepatite B
Para minimizar o risco de transmissão:
Informe qualquer parceiro sexual se você é portador ou tenta descobrir se ele é portador da doença.
Pratique sexo seguro usando preservativos.
Utilize apenas agulhas limpas anteriormente não utilizadas.
Não compartilhe escovas de dente, aparelhos de barbear ou instrumentos de manicure.
Permita apenas o uso de equipamentos perfurantes da pele bem esterilizados, como durante uma tatuagem, piercing ou acupuntura.
Faça a vacinação contra o HBV se você estiver em risco.
Como prevenir a hepatite C
Como isso geralmente é transmitido pela transferência de fluidos corporais infectados, as seguintes etapas podem ajudar a impedir a transmissão do HCV:
Não compartilhe agulhas, escovas de dente ou equipamentos de manicure.
Verifique se o equipamento está bem esterilizado para qualquer piercing na pele.
Consuma álcool com moderação.
Não injete drogas ilegais.
As hepatites A e C são curáveis, mas a hepatite B é evitável apenas pela vacina. A cura ainda está em desenvolvimento.
Outlook
Os diferentes tipos de hepatite têm chances diferentes de recuperação.
Hepatite A: Este tipo de hepatite normalmente se resolve em 2 meses sem deixar efeitos a longo prazo. Uma pessoa com HAV geralmente ficará imune à hepatite A pelo resto da vida.
Hepatite B: a maioria dos adultos infectados com o vírus HBV se recupera em 90 dias e atinge imunidade ao longo da vida. No entanto, 90% das crianças, 20% das crianças mais velhas e 5% dos adultos desenvolverão uma infecção crônica e problemas graves de saúde, como câncer de fígado e cirrose.
Hepatite C: isso se torna uma infecção ao longo da vida em 70 a 85% das pessoas que têm o vírus HCV. A hepatite C é fatal entre 1 e 5 por cento das pessoas. A infecção agora pode ser curada e 15 a 25% das pessoas com HCV limpam a infecção sem tratamento.
RECURSOS HERBAIS TRADICIONAIS DE YORUBA PARA HEPATITE DOCUMENTADOS POR BABALAWO OBANIFA
1
Ebu egbo Agbon sibi mewa (10 colheres cheias de pó de raiz de coco (Cocos Nucifera)
Ata ijosin sibi meta (três colheres cheias de pó de (pimenta de pássaro conhecida como Capsicum annum)
Sibi orogbo mewa ti a lo kunna (10 colheres cheias de pó de kola amarga, conhecida como Garcina kola
Oyin Igan (mel selvagem)
Preparação
Misture os três itens acima mencionados com uma garrafa de mel selvagem.
Uso
Os pacientes com hepatite tomarão 2 colheres de sopa cheia três vezes ao dia.
2)
Orogbo (kola amarga com nome científico Garcina kola)
Ovelha ewuro (licença amarga com nome científico Verlonia amygdalina)
Wonder kola
Muito suco de laranja limão.
Preparação
Ferva todos os itens juntos dentro do suco de laranja limão por meia hora.
Uso
Você deve sempre colocar uma colher cheia de mel dentro de um copo pequeno da decocção. Beba três vezes ao dia antes das refeições.
3
Eso owu (semente de algodão com nome científico Gossypium species)
Ovelha ewuro (licença amarga com nome científico Verlonia amygdalina)
Ope oyinbo dudu (abacaxi verde com nome científico Anana comosus)
Folhas de caju fresco
Preparação
Misture ou libra os quatro itens juntos. Peneire e obtenha seu suco. Adicione um pouco de álcool.
Uso
Beber meio copo de vidro três vezes por dia. É instrutivo observar que, se você quiser evitar o álcool, basta ferver todos os quatro itens mencionados na água por 40 minutos. Usos é o mesmo que explicado acima.
4)
Orogbo tutu lopo (kolas amargas frescas / Garcina kola)
Preparação
Bata a garcina kola e mergulhe-a na água por 74 horas ou mais.
Você começará a beber um copo cheio três vezes ao dia
Referências
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
Direitos autorais: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, telefone e whatsapp: +2348166343145, local Ile Ife osun state Nigeria.
AVISO IMPORTANTE: No que diz respeito ao artigo acima, nenhuma parte deste artigo pode ser reproduzida ou duplicada de qualquer forma ou por qualquer meio, eletrônico ou mecânico, incluindo fotocópia e gravação ou por qualquer sistema de armazenamento ou recuperação de informações sem a permissão prévia por escrito do detentor dos direitos autorais e o autor Babalawo Obanifa, fazê-lo será considerado ilegal e atrairá consequências legais
Version en español
RECURSOS HERBARIOS PARA LA HEPATITIS EN YORUBA MEDICINA HERBARIA (VOLUMEN II) POR BABALAWO OBANIFA -Obanifa documentales extremos
En este trabajo actual, Babalawo Obanifa documentará variedades de fórmulas herbales disponibles para el tratamiento de la hepatitis en la medicina herbaria yoruba. Hepatitis que tradicionalmente se conoce como Aisan Jedojedo en la medicina herbaria yoruba. Es una de las enfermedades mortales que afectan a miles de personas en todo el mundo. En este trabajo, Babalawo Obanifa explicará y documentará diferentes remedios herbales disponibles en la medicina herbaria yoruba para curar diferentes tipos de hepatitis. El trabajo examinará en detalle qué es la hepatitis ?, causas de hepatitis, síntomas, tratamiento y prevención desde una perspectiva ortodoxa, así como remedios herbales disponibles para curar la hepatitis. Antes de proceder a dar detalles de la cura a base de hierbas para la hepatitis, me gustaría reproducir aquí parte del trabajo de Christian Nordqvist Título 'Hepatitis: causas, síntomas y tratamiento' publicado por www.medicalnewstoday.com. Este trabajo proporciona información valiosa sobre causas y síntomas y tratamiento de la hepatitis desde una perspectiva ortodoxa. Si solo está interesado en los remedios herbales solo avance hasta el último párrafo de este trabajo, pero si desea tener pleno conocimiento e información sobre el tratamiento y la prevención de la hepatitis, le recomiendo que lea este artículo completo.
Según Christian Nordqvist, la palabra hepatitis proviene de la palabra griega antigua hepar (raíz de la palabra hepat) que significa "hígado", y el latín es inflamación. La hepatitis se refiere a una inflamación de las células del hígado y daño al hígado. Existen diferentes tipos y causas, pero los síntomas pueden ser similares.
Las funciones del hígado incluyen la desintoxicación de la sangre, el almacenamiento de vitaminas y la producción de hormonas. La hepatitis puede interrumpir estos procesos y crear graves problemas de salud en todo el cuerpo.
Al menos cinco virus pueden causar hepatitis. Los tres más comunes son los virus de hepatitis A, B y C. La infección con cualquiera de estos tres puede ser fatal.
Otros tipos de hepatitis pueden resultar del consumo excesivo de alcohol o una enfermedad autoinmune. Este artículo analizará las hepatitis A, B y C. Estas son formas de hepatitis transmitidas por un virus.
En los Estados Unidos, la incidencia de hepatitis A ha estado disminuyendo durante los últimos 20 años, pero la hepatitis C aguda ha experimentado un aumento del 44 por ciento entre 2011 y 2012.
Tipos
La hepatitis tiene varios tipos diferentes, pero los síntomas de cada uno son similares. La hepatitis puede tomar formas agudas y crónicas.
Los tres tipos principales de hepatitis se conocen como hepatitis A, B y C. Cada uno es causado por un virus diferente. Los tres tipos pueden ser agudos, durar 6 meses o menos, y los tipos B y C pueden ser crónicos, duran más.
Cada tipo tiene características diferentes y se transmite de diferentes maneras, pero los síntomas tienden a ser similares.
Hepatitis A
En los Estados Unidos (EE. UU.), Se notificaron 1.390 casos de hepatitis A en 2015.
A menudo es leve, y la mayoría de las personas se recuperan por completo, después de lo cual son inmunes y, por lo tanto, están protegidas del virus en el futuro. Sin embargo, si progresa, los síntomas pueden ser graves o potencialmente mortales.
Las personas en partes del mundo con saneamiento deficiente corren un riesgo particular de contraer el VHA.
Existen vacunas seguras y efectivas que protegen contra este virus.
Hepatitis B
La hepatitis B se puede transmitir cuando una persona:
tiene relaciones sexuales sin protección con una persona infectada
comparte una aguja con una persona infectada, a menudo por uso ilegal de drogas o esteroides
tiene un tatuaje creado con agujas no esterilizadas
se pincha accidentalmente, por ejemplo, trabajadores de la salud que manejan objetos afilados
comparte artículos personales, como un cepillo de dientes o una maquinilla de afeitar, con una persona infectada
es mordido por alguien infectado
Una madre infectada puede transmitir el virus a su bebé cuando está amamantando.
El hígado de una persona infectada con hepatitis B se hincha. Se pueden producir daños graves.
La infección por el VHB puede volverse crónica. Esto puede provocar complicaciones, como cicatrices en el hígado o cirrosis. También puede causar un tipo de cáncer conocido como carcinoma hepatocelular.
En 2015, 887,000 muertes en todo el mundo estaban relacionadas con el VHB, principalmente como resultado de complicaciones como estas.
En los EE. UU., Hubo 3,370 casos reportados de VHB, pero los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) estiman que la cifra real puede ser de alrededor de 21,900.
Actualmente no existe una cura para el VHB. Sin embargo, la tasa de incidencia ha disminuido en los países donde la vacuna está disponible, y esta vacuna es 95 por ciento efectiva contra la infección.
Existe una vacuna segura y efectiva que puede proteger contra el VHB.
Hepatitis C
El VHC puede provocar daño hepático e hinchazón. Alrededor de 1 de cada 4 personas con VHC contraen cirrosis, y esto puede provocar cáncer de hígado.
La sangre donada ahora se analiza para detectar el VHC, pero las personas que recibieron trasplantes de órganos o donaciones de sangre antes de la prueba se convirtieron en parte del proceso de donación pueden estar en riesgo.
Otros grupos en riesgo incluyen trabajadores de la salud que están expuestos a objetos punzantes, usuarios de drogas intravenosas y bebés nacidos de madres con VHC.
El número de casos de VHC en los EE. UU. Aumentó casi tres veces entre 2010 y 2015, cuando se notificaron 2.436 casos. Sin embargo, los CDC estiman que ocurrieron 33.900 infecciones en 2015, incluidas las no informadas.
Tratamiento
Algunos tipos y casos de hepatitis pueden sanar sin intervención, pero a veces pueden progresar a cicatrices en el hígado o cirrosis.
Hepatitis A
No existe un tratamiento específico para el VHA. El médico le aconsejará al paciente que se abstenga de alcohol y drogas durante la recuperación. La mayoría de los pacientes con hepatitis A se recuperarán sin intervención.
Hepatitis B
Un paciente con VHB necesita descansar y abstenerse por completo del alcohol. El médico puede recetar un agente antiviral llamado interferón u otras terapias antivirales supresoras.
Hepatitis C
A un paciente con hepatitis C se le recetarán agentes antivirales, con o sin ribavirina.
Algunos antivirales dirigidos y terapias combinadas ahora están disponibles para tratar el virus de la hepatitis C según su subtipo. Estos tratamientos tienen como objetivo la replicación viral y evitan que el virus pueda reproducirse. Cuando se toma correctamente, la tasa de curación es muy alta.
Estos medicamentos pueden ser costosos y las aseguradoras pueden tener criterios específicos para el tratamiento.
Síntomas
Muchas personas con hepatitis experimentan síntomas leves o nulos. Cuando aparecen los síntomas, pueden hacerlo de 15 a 180 días después de la infección. Esto se aplica a todos los tipos de hepatitis.
Hepatitis aguda
La fase inicial de la hepatitis se llama fase aguda. Los síntomas son similares a la gripe leve y pueden incluir:
La ictericia es un síntoma de hepatitis.
Diarrea
fatiga
pérdida de apetito
fiebre leve
dolores musculares o articulares
náusea
dolor abdominal leve
vómitos
pérdida de peso
ictericia
La fase aguda no suele ser peligrosa, pero en ciertas personas puede provocar insuficiencia hepática aguda y la muerte. También puede progresar a una infección crónica. Esto es más probable con HBV o HCV.
A medida que la enfermedad progresa, la hepatitis crónica puede conducir a insuficiencia hepática progresiva, lo que resulta en ictericia, hinchazón de las extremidades inferiores, confusión y sangre en las heces o el vómito.
Lo siguiente puede ocurrir:
orina oscura
urticaria
picazón en la piel
heces de color claro
piel amarilla, blanco de ojos y lengua
Los resultados del paciente después de la fase aguda dependen de varios factores, especialmente el tipo de hepatitis. Algunas personas no sabrán que tienen hepatitis crónica hasta que se presente insuficiencia hepática.
impulsado por Rubicon Project
Diagnóstico
Como los síntomas de los diferentes tipos de hepatitis son similares, el tipo y la gravedad de la hepatitis solo pueden diagnosticarse mediante pruebas de laboratorio.
Un médico realizará un examen físico y solicitará un historial médico para evaluar si un paciente ha estado expuesto a una causa probable de hepatitis.
Si un paciente viajó recientemente al extranjero, puede tener VHA. Si han tenido relaciones sexuales sin protección, pueden tener VHB.
Si se sospecha hepatitis, las siguientes pruebas pueden confirmar un diagnóstico:
Exámenes de sangre: pueden detectar si el cuerpo produce anticuerpos para combatir la enfermedad y pueden evaluar la función hepática al verificar los niveles de ciertas proteínas y enzimas hepáticas.
Pruebas de ácido nucleico: para la hepatitis B y C, una prueba de ADN del VHB o ARN del VHC puede confirmar la velocidad a la que se reproduce el virus en el hígado, y esto mostrará cuán activa es la enfermedad.
Una biopsia de hígado: esto puede medir la extensión del daño hepático y la posibilidad de cáncer.
Paracentesis: se extrae y analiza el líquido abdominal para identificar la causa de la acumulación de líquido.
Elastografía: mide la rigidez del hígado emitiendo ondas sonoras.
Marcadores sustitutos: un tipo de análisis de sangre para evaluar el desarrollo de cirrosis y fibrosis.
El tratamiento dependerá del diagnóstico.
Causas
Los tres tipos más comunes de hepatitis viral son todos causados por infecciones virales.
La hepatitis A es causada por el consumo de alimentos o agua infectados con el virus de la hepatitis A (VHA), a menudo mientras viaja al extranjero. El virus también se puede transmitir a través del contacto anal-oral durante el sexo o mediante la inyección de drogas.
La hepatitis B es causada por el virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) y se transmite a través del contacto con sangre infectada, semen y otros fluidos corporales. Puede ser una enfermedad de transmisión sexual (ETS).
La hepatitis C se debe principalmente a una infección percutánea, que ocurre cuando el virus VHC penetra debajo de la piel. Por lo general, se transmite a través de narcóticos inyectados, lesiones por pinchazo de aguja y falta de control de infecciones en entornos de atención médica.
El VHC no puede ser atrapado por el contacto con las heces, y la transmisión sexual es menos común que en otros tipos.
El alcohol, los medicamentos, la obesidad y la exposición a sustancias químicas no causan los tipos A, B o C, pero pueden agravar la inflamación y empeorar los síntomas.
Prevención
La hepatitis puede ser peligrosa y difícil de tratar, por lo que se recomienda a las personas que tomen precauciones contra una posible infección.
Prevenir la hepatitis A
La hepatitis A se transmite principalmente a través de alimentos y agua infectados.
Los siguientes pasos pueden ayudar a evitar infecciones, especialmente cuando viaja.
Lávese las manos con jabón después de usar el baño.
Solo consuma alimentos que se acaban de cocinar.
Solo beba agua embotellada comercialmente o agua hervida si no está seguro del saneamiento local.
Solo coma frutas pelables si se encuentra en un lugar con saneamiento poco confiable
Solo coma verduras crudas si está seguro de que se han limpiado o desinfectado a fondo.
Obtenga una vacuna contra el VHA antes de viajar a lugares donde la hepatitis puede ser endémica.
Prevenir la hepatitis B
Para minimizar el riesgo de transmisión:
Dígale a cualquier pareja sexual si es portador o trate de averiguar si es portador de la enfermedad.
Practique sexo seguro usando condones.
Solo use agujas limpias y sin usar previamente.
No comparta cepillos de dientes, maquinillas de afeitar ni instrumentos de manicura.
Solo permita el uso de equipos de perforación de la piel bien esterilizados, como durante un tatuaje, perforación o acupuntura.
Vacúnese contra el VHB si está en riesgo.
Como prevenir la hepatitis C
Como esto a menudo se transmite a través de la transferencia de fluidos corporales infectados, los siguientes pasos pueden ayudar a prevenir la transmisión del VHC:
No comparta agujas, cepillos de dientes o equipos de manicura.
Asegúrese de que el equipo esté bien esterilizado para cualquier perforación en la piel.
Consume alcohol con moderación.
No inyecte drogas ilegales.
Las hepatitis A y C son curables, pero la hepatitis B solo se puede prevenir con la vacuna. Una cura aún está en desarrollo.
panorama
Los diferentes tipos de hepatitis tienen diferentes posibilidades de recuperación.
Hepatitis A: este tipo de hepatitis normalmente se resolverá en 2 meses sin dejar ningún efecto a largo plazo. Una persona con VHA generalmente será inmune a la hepatitis A por el resto de su vida.
Hepatitis B: la mayoría de los adultos infectados con el virus HBV se recuperan en 90 días y logran inmunidad de por vida. Sin embargo, el 90 por ciento de los bebés, el 20 por ciento de los niños mayores y el 5 por ciento de los adultos desarrollarán una infección crónica y desarrollarán problemas de salud graves, como cáncer de hígado y cirrosis.
Hepatitis C: se convierte en una infección de por vida en 70 a 85 por ciento de las personas que tienen el virus VHC. La hepatitis C es mortal entre 1 y 5 por ciento de las personas. La infección ahora se puede curar, y del 15 al 25 por ciento de las personas con VHC eliminan la infección sin tratamiento.
RECURSOS HERBARIOS TRADICIONALES DE YORUBA PARA LA HEPATITIS DOCUMENTADOS POR BABALAWO OBANIFA
1)
Ebu egbo Agbon sibi mewa (10 cucharadas completas de polvo de raíz de coco (Cocos Nucifera)
Ata ijosin sibi meta (tres cucharadas en polvo de (pimienta de ave conocida como Capsicum annum)
Sibi orogbo mewa ti a lo kunna (10 cucharadas en polvo de kola amarga conocida como Garcina kola
Oyin Igan (miel salvaje)
Preparación
Mezcle los tres elementos antes mencionados junto con una botella de miel silvestre.
Uso
Los pacientes con hepatitis tomarán 2 cucharadas completas tres veces al día.
2)
Orogbo (kola amarga con nombre científico Garcina kola)
Ewuro de oveja (licencia amarga con nombre científico Verlonia amygdalina)
Wonder kola
Un montón de zumo de lima y naranja.
Preparación
Hervir todos los artículos juntos dentro del jugo de naranja y lima durante media hora.
Uso
Siempre debes poner una cucharada llena de miel de voluntad dentro de una taza pequeña de la decocción. Bébalo tres veces al día antes de la comida.
3
Eso owu (semilla de planta de algodón con nombre científico especie Gossypium)
Ewuro de oveja (licencia amarga con nombre científico Verlonia amygdalina)
Ope oyinbo dudu (piña verde con nombre científico Anana comosus)
Anacardos frescos planta hojas
Preparación
Mezcle o libere los cuatro elementos juntos. Tamizar y obtener su jugo. Agrega un poco de alcohol.
Uso
Beber medio vaso de vidrio tres veces al día. Es instructivo tener en cuenta que si desea evitar el alcohol, simplemente puede hervir los cuatro elementos antes mencionados en agua durante 40 minutos. Usos es el mismo que se explicó anteriormente.
4)
Orogbo tutu lopo (kolas amargas frescas / Garcina kola)
Preparación
Golpea la garcina kola y sumérgela en agua durante 74 horas o más.
Comenzará a beber un vaso lleno tres veces al día.
Referencias
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, teléfono y contacto de WhatsApp: +2348166343145, ubicación Ile Ife osun state Nigeria.
AVISO IMPORTANTE: en lo que respecta al artículo anterior, ninguna parte de este artículo puede reproducirse o duplicarse de ninguna forma ni por ningún medio, electrónico o mecánico, incluida la fotocopia y la grabación, o por cualquier sistema de almacenamiento o recuperación de información sin el permiso previo por escrito del titular de los derechos de autor y el autor Babalawo Obanifa, hacerlo será considerado ilegal y traerá consecuencias legales
Version française
REMÈDES À BASE D'HERBES CONTRE L'HÉPATITE DANS LA MÉDECINE AUX HERBES DU YORUBA (VOLUME II) DE BABALAWO OBANIFA-Documentaires extrêmes d'Obanifa
Dans ce travail en cours, Babalawo Obanifa documentera les variétés de formules à base de plantes disponibles pour le traitement de l'hépatite dans la phytothérapie à base de Yoruba. Hépatite qui est traditionnellement connue sous le nom de Aisan Jedojedo en phytothérapie Yoruba. Il s’agit d’une des maladies mortelles qui affecte des milliers de personnes dans le monde. Dans ce travail, Babalawo Obanifa expliquera et documentera les différents remèdes à base de plantes disponibles en phytothérapie Yoruba pour soigner différents types d’hépatite. Le travail examinera en détail ce qu'est l'hépatite ?, Les causes de l'hépatite, les symptômes, le traitement et la prévention du point de vue orthodoxe, ainsi que les remèdes à base de plantes disponibles pour soigner l'hépatite. Avant de donner des détails sur le traitement à base de plantes pour le traitement de l’hépatite, j’aimerais commencer par reproduire ici une partie de l’ouvrage de Christian Nordqvist intitulé «Hépatite: causes, symptômes et traitement», publié par www.medicalnewstoday.com. Cet ouvrage fournit des informations précieuses sur causes et symptômes et traitement de l'hépatite du point de vue orthodoxe. Si vous êtes uniquement intéressé par les remèdes à base de plantes, faites défiler jusqu'au dernier paragraphe de ce travail, mais si vous souhaitez avoir des connaissances complètes sur le traitement et la prévention de l'hépatite, je vous conseille vivement de lire cet article dans son intégralité.
Selon Christian Nordqvist, le mot hépatite vient du grec ancien hepar (mot racine hepat) qui signifie «foie», et le latin itis signifie inflammation. L'hépatite fait référence à une inflammation des cellules du foie et à des lésions du foie. Il existe différents types et causes, mais les symptômes peuvent être similaires.
Les fonctions du foie comprennent la détoxification du sang, la conservation des vitamines et la production d'hormones. L'hépatite peut perturber ces processus et créer de graves problèmes de santé dans tout le corps.
Au moins cinq virus peuvent causer l'hépatite. Les trois virus les plus courants sont les virus de l'hépatite A, B et C. L'infection par l'un de ces virus peut être fatale.
D'autres types d'hépatite peuvent résulter d'une surconsommation d'alcool ou d'une maladie auto-immune. Cet article portera sur les hépatites A, B et C. Il s’agit de formes d’hépatite transmises par un virus.
Aux États-Unis, l’incidence de l’hépatite A a diminué au cours des 20 dernières années, mais l’hépatite C aiguë a augmenté de 44% entre 2011 et 2012.
Les types
L'hépatite a plusieurs types différents, mais les symptômes de chacun sont similaires. L'hépatite peut prendre des formes aiguës et chroniques.
Les trois principaux types d'hépatite sont appelés hépatites A, B et C. Chacun est causé par un virus différent. Les trois types peuvent être aigus et durer 6 mois ou moins, et les types B et C peuvent être chroniques et durer plus longtemps.
Chaque type a des caractéristiques différentes et se transmet de différentes manières, mais les symptômes ont tendance à être similaires.
Hépatite A
Aux États-Unis (États-Unis), 1 390 cas d’hépatite A ont été signalés en 2015.
Il est souvent doux et la plupart des gens se rétablissent complètement, après quoi ils sont immunisés et donc protégés du virus à l'avenir. Cependant, s’il progresse, les symptômes peuvent être graves ou mettre la vie en danger.
Les habitants des régions du monde mal assainies risquent particulièrement de contracter le VHA.
Il existe des vaccins sûrs et efficaces qui protègent contre ce virus.
Hépatite B
L'hépatite B peut être transmise lorsqu'une personne:
a des rapports sexuels non protégés avec une personne infectée
partage une aiguille avec une personne infectée, souvent pour usage illicite de drogues ou de stéroïdes
a un tatouage créé avec des aiguilles non stérilisées
est accidentellement piqué, par exemple, des agents de santé manipulant des objets tranchants
partage des objets personnels, comme une brosse à dents ou un rasoir, avec une personne infectée
est piqué par une personne infectée
Une mère infectée peut transmettre le virus à son enfant lorsqu'elle allaite.
Le foie d'une personne infectée par l'hépatite B gonfle. De graves dommages peuvent en résulter.
L'infection par le VHB peut devenir chronique. Cela peut entraîner des complications, notamment des cicatrices du foie ou une cirrhose. Il peut également causer un type de cancer appelé carcinome hépatocellulaire.
En 2015, 887 000 décès dans le monde ont été liés au VHB, principalement à la suite de complications telles que celles-ci.
Aux États-Unis, 3 370 cas de VHB ont été signalés, mais les Centres de contrôle et de prévention des maladies (CDC) estiment que le chiffre réel pourrait être d’environ 21 900.
Il n’existe actuellement aucun traitement curatif pour le VHB. Cependant, le taux d'incidence a diminué dans les pays où le vaccin est disponible et ce vaccin est efficace à 95% contre l'infection.
Il existe un vaccin sûr et efficace pouvant protéger contre le VHB.
Hépatite C
Le VHC peut entraîner des lésions hépatiques et un gonflement. Une cirrhose est causée par environ 1 personne sur 4 infectée par le VHC, ce qui peut entraîner un cancer du foie.
Le sang de donneur fait maintenant l'objet d'un test de dépistage du VHC, mais les personnes qui ont reçu une greffe d'organe ou un don de sang avant que le test devienne une partie intégrante du processus de don pourraient être à risque.
Les autres groupes à risque incluent les travailleurs de la santé exposés à des objets tranchants, les utilisateurs de drogues injectables par voie intraveineuse et les nourrissons nés de mères atteintes du VHC.
Le nombre de cas de VHC aux États-Unis a presque triplé entre 2010 et 2015, lorsque 2436 cas ont été signalés. Cependant, les CDC estiment à 33 900 le nombre d'infections survenues en 2015, y compris celles non signalées.
Traitement
Certains types et certains cas d'hépatite peuvent guérir sans intervention, mais ils peuvent parfois évoluer en cicatrices du foie ou en cirrhose.
Hépatite A
Il n'y a pas de traitement spécifique pour le VHA. Le médecin conseillera au patient de s'abstenir d'alcool et de drogues pendant la guérison. La plupart des patients atteints d'hépatite A se rétabliront sans intervention.
Hépatite B
Un patient atteint du VHB doit se reposer et s'abstenir complètement de boire de l'alcool. Le médecin peut vous prescrire un agent antiviral appelé interféron ou d'autres traitements antiviraux suppressifs.
Hépatite C
Les patients antiviraux, avec ou sans ribavirine, seront prescrits à un patient atteint d'hépatite C.
Certains antiviraux dirigés et combinaisons thérapeutiques sont maintenant disponibles pour traiter le virus de l'hépatite C en fonction de son sous-type. Ces traitements ciblent la réplication virale et empêchent le virus de se reproduire. Correctement pris, le taux de guérison est très élevé.
Ces médicaments peuvent être coûteux et les assureurs peuvent avoir des critères de traitement spécifiques.
Symptômes
Beaucoup de personnes atteintes d'hépatite présentent des symptômes légers ou nuls. Lorsque les symptômes apparaissent, ils peuvent le faire de 15 à 180 jours après l’infection. Cela s'applique à tous les types d'hépatite.
Hépatite aiguë
La phase initiale de l'hépatite s'appelle la phase aiguë. Les symptômes ressemblent à ceux de la grippe légère et peuvent inclure:
La jaunisse est un symptôme de l'hépatite.
la diarrhée
fatigue
perte d'appétit
légère fièvre
douleurs musculaires ou articulaires
la nausée
légère douleur abdominale
vomissement
perte de poids
jaunisse
La phase aiguë n'est généralement pas dangereuse, mais chez certaines personnes, elle peut entraîner une insuffisance hépatique aiguë et la mort. Il peut également évoluer vers une infection chronique. Ceci est très probablement lié au VHB ou au VHC.
Au fur et à mesure que la maladie progresse, l'hépatite chronique peut entraîner une insuffisance hépatique progressive, entraînant une jaunisse, un gonflement des membres inférieurs, une confusion et du sang dans les selles ou les vomissements.
Les événements suivants peuvent se produire:
urine sombre
urticaire
la peau qui gratte
excréments de couleur claire
peau jaune, blanc des yeux et langue
Les résultats pour les patients après la phase aiguë dépendent de divers facteurs, notamment du type d'hépatite. Certaines personnes ne sauront pas qu'elles ont une hépatite chronique jusqu'à ce qu'une insuffisance hépatique se produise.
propulsé par Rubicon Project
Diagnostic
Comme les symptômes des différents types d'hépatite sont similaires, le type et la gravité de l'hépatite ne peuvent être diagnostiqués que par des tests de laboratoire.
Un médecin effectuera un examen physique et demandera des antécédents médicaux pour déterminer si un patient a été exposé à une cause probable de l'hépatite.
Si un patient a récemment voyagé à l'étranger, il est possible qu'il soit porteur du VHA. S'ils ont eu des rapports sexuels non protégés, ils peuvent être infectés par le VHB.
En cas de suspicion d'hépatite, les tests suivants peuvent confirmer un diagnostic:
Analyses de sang: elles permettent de détecter si le corps produit des anticorps pour combattre la maladie et d'évaluer la fonction hépatique en vérifiant les taux de certaines protéines et enzymes du foie.
Tests d’acide nucléique: Pour les hépatites B et C, un test d’ADN du VHB ou du VHC permet de confirmer la vitesse à laquelle le virus se reproduit dans le foie, ce qui montre l’activité de la maladie.
Une biopsie du foie: elle permet de mesurer l'étendue des dommages au foie et la possibilité de cancer.
Paracentèse: le liquide abdominal est extrait et testé afin d'identifier la cause de son accumulation.
Élastographie: elle mesure la rigidité du foie en émettant des ondes sonores.
Marqueurs de substitution: Un type de test sanguin pour évaluer le développement de la cirrhose et de la fibrose.
Le traitement dépendra du diagnostic.
Les causes
Les trois types les plus courants d'hépatite virale sont tous causés par des infections virales.
L'hépatite A est causée par la consommation d'aliments ou d'eau contaminés par le virus de l'hépatite A (VHA), souvent lors de voyages à l'étranger. Le virus peut également être transmis par contact anal-oral pendant les rapports sexuels ou par injection de drogues.
L'hépatite B est causée par le virus de l'hépatite B (VHB) et se transmet par contact avec du sang infecté, du sperme et d'autres liquides organiques. Ce peut être une maladie sexuellement transmissible (MST).
L'hépatite C résulte principalement d'une infection percutanée, qui survient lorsque le virus du VHC pénètre sous la peau. Il se transmet généralement par injection de narcotiques, par piqûre d'aiguille et par un manque de contrôle des infections dans les établissements de santé.
Le VHC ne peut pas être attrapé par le contact avec les matières fécales et la transmission sexuelle est moins commune que dans les autres types.
L'alcool, les médicaments, l'obésité et l'exposition aux produits chimiques ne causent pas les types A, B ou C, mais ils peuvent aggraver l'inflammation et aggraver les symptômes.
La prévention
L'hépatite peut être dangereuse et difficile à traiter, il est donc conseillé aux personnes de prendre des précautions pour éviter une éventuelle infection.
Prévenir l'hépatite A
L'hépatite A se transmet principalement par la nourriture et l'eau contaminées.
Les étapes suivantes peuvent aider à éviter l’infection, en particulier en voyage.
Se laver les mains avec du savon après avoir utilisé la salle de bain.
Ne consommez que des aliments qui viennent d'être cuits.
Ne buvez que de l'eau en bouteille, ou de l'eau bouillie, si vous n'êtes pas sûr de l'assainissement local.
Ne consommez des fruits pelables que si vous êtes dans un endroit où l'assainissement est peu fiable
Ne consommez des légumes crus que si vous êtes sûr qu'ils ont été nettoyés ou désinfectés à fond.
Faites-vous vacciner contre le VHA avant de vous rendre dans des endroits où l'hépatite peut être endémique.
Prévenir l'hépatite B
Pour minimiser les risques de transmission:
Si vous êtes porteur ou si vous essayez de savoir s’ils sont porteurs de la maladie, parlez-en à tout partenaire sexuel.
Pratiquez le sexe sans risque en utilisant des préservatifs.
Utilisez uniquement des aiguilles propres, non utilisées auparavant.
Ne partagez pas les brosses à dents, les rasoirs ou les instruments de manucure.
N'autorisez l'utilisation que de matériel de perforation de la peau bien stérilisé, par exemple lors d'un tatouage, d'un perçage ou de l'acupuncture.
Si vous êtes à risque, faites-vous vacciner contre le VHB.
Comment prévenir l'hépatite C
Comme cela est souvent transmis lors du transfert de fluides corporels infectés, les étapes suivantes peuvent aider à prévenir la transmission du VHC:
Ne partagez pas d'aiguilles, de brosses à dents ou d'équipement de manucure.
Assurez-vous que le matériel est bien stérilisé pour tout perçage cutané.
Consommez de l'alcool avec modération.
Ne pas injecter de drogues illégales.
Les hépatites A et C sont curables, mais l'hépatite B ne peut être prévenue que par la vaccination. Un traitement est encore en développement.
Perspective; vue; vision; horizon
Les différents types d'hépatite ont différentes chances de guérison.
Hépatite A: Ce type d'hépatite disparaîtra normalement en 2 mois sans laisser d'effet à long terme. Une personne atteinte du VHA sera généralement immunisée contre l'hépatite A pour le reste de sa vie.
Hépatite B: La plupart des adultes infectés par le virus VHB se rétablissent dans les 90 jours et acquièrent une immunité à vie. Cependant, 90% des nourrissons, 20% des enfants plus âgés et 5% des adultes développent une infection chronique et développent de graves problèmes de santé, tels que le cancer du foie et la cirrhose.
Hépatite C: Cela devient une infection à vie chez 70 à 85% des personnes infectées par le VHC. L'hépatite C est mortelle chez 1 à 5% des personnes. L'infection peut maintenant être guérie et 15 à 25% des personnes infectées par le VHC la suppriment sans traitement.
REMÈDES TRADITIONNELS AUX HERBES DU YORUBA CONTRE L'HÉPATITE TELS QUE DOCUMENTÉS PAR BABALAWO OBANIFA
1.
Ebu egbo Agbon sibi mewa (10 cuillères à soupe de poudre de racine de coco (Cocos Nucifera))
Ata ijosin sibi meta (poudre de trois cuillères à soupe de (piment de poivron connu sous le nom de Capsicum annum)
Sibi orogbo mewa ti a lo kunna (10 cuillères à café de poudre de kola amère connues sous le nom de Garcina kola
Oyin Igan (miel sauvage)
Préparation
Mélangez les trois articles susmentionnés avec une bouteille de miel sauvage.
Usage
Les patients atteints d'hépatite prendront 2 cuillères à soupe complètes trois fois par jour.
2
Orogbo (cola amère avec nom scientifique Garcina kola)
Ewe ewuro (congé amer avec nom scientifique Verlonia amygdalina)
Merveille kola
Beaucoup de jus d'orange citron vert.
Préparation
Faites bouillir tous les articles ensemble dans le jus d'orange citron vert pendant une demi-heure.
Usage
Vous devriez toujours mettre une cuillère pleine de miel à volonté dans une petite tasse de décoction. Buvez-le trois fois par jour avant les repas.
3
Eso owu (graine de plant de coton portant le nom scientifique de l'espèce Gossypium)
Ewe ewuro (congé amer avec nom scientifique Verlonia amygdalina)
Ope oyinbo dudu (ananas immature portant le nom scientifique Anana comosus)
Noix de cajou fraîches
Préparation
Mélangez ou pilez les quatre articles ensemble. Tamisez et obtenez leur jus. Ajouter un peu d'alcool.
Usage
Il est instructif de noter que si vous voulez éviter l’alcool, vous pouvez simplement faire bouillir les quatre éléments susmentionnés dans de l’eau pendant 40 minutes. Les utilisations sont les mêmes que celles expliquées ci-dessus.
4
Orogbo tutu lopo (colza amer frais / Garcina kola)
Préparation
Pound le garcina kola et trempez-le dans l'eau pendant 74 heures ou plus.
Vous commencerez à boire un verre plein trois fois par jour
Références
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, contact téléphonique et whatsapp: +2348166343145, lieu-dit Ile Ife osun, Nigeria.
AVIS IMPORTANT: En ce qui concerne l’article ci-dessus, aucune partie de cet article ne peut être reproduite ou dupliquée sous quelque forme ou par quelque moyen que ce soit, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et l’enregistrement, ou par tout système de stockage ou de récupération des informations sans l’autorisation écrite préalable du détenteur des droits d’auteur. l'auteur Babalawo Obanifa, cela sera jugé illégal et entraînera des conséquences juridiques
deutsche Version unten
HERBAL REMEDIES FÜR HEPATITIS IN YORUBA HERBAL MEDICINE (BAND II) VON BABALAWO OBANIFA -Obanifa extremen Dokumentarfilmen
In dieser aktuellen Arbeit wird Babalawo Obanifa verschiedene Kräuterrezepturen dokumentieren, die zur Behandlung von Hepatitis in der Yoruba-Kräutermedizin erhältlich sind. Hepatitis, die traditionell als Aisan Jedojedo in der Yoruba-Kräutermedizin bekannt ist. Es ist eine der tödlichen Krankheiten, die Tausende von Menschen auf der ganzen Welt betreffen. In dieser Arbeit erklärt und dokumentiert Babalawo Obanifa verschiedene pflanzliche Heilmittel, die in der Yoruba-Kräutermedizin zur Heilung verschiedener Hepatitis-Typen erhältlich sind. Die Arbeit wird im Detail untersuchen, was ist Hepatitis ?, Ursachen von Hepatitis, Symptome, Behandlung und Prävention aus orthodoxer Sicht sowie pflanzliche Heilmittel zur Heilung von Hepatitis. Bevor ich näher auf die pflanzliche Heilung von Hepatitis eingehe, möchte ich zunächst einen Teil der Arbeit von Christian Nordqvist mit dem Titel "Hepatitis: Ursachen, Symptome und Behandlung" von www.medicalnewstoday.com wiedergeben. Diese Arbeit liefert wertvolle Informationen zu Ursachen und Symptome sowie Behandlung von Hepatitis aus orthodoxer Sicht. Wenn Sie nur an pflanzlichen Heilmitteln interessiert sind, blättern Sie einfach zum letzten Abschnitt dieser Arbeit, aber wenn Sie umfassende Kenntnisse und Informationen über Hepatitis-Behandlung und Prävention haben möchten, rate ich Ihnen dringend, diesen Artikel vollständig zu lesen.
Nach Christian Nordqvist kommt das Wort Hepatitis vom altgriechischen Wort Hepar (Wurzelwort Hepat) und bedeutet „Leber“, und das lateinische Wort ist „Entzündung“. Hepatitis bezeichnet eine Entzündung der Leberzellen und eine Schädigung der Leber. Es gibt verschiedene Arten und Ursachen, aber die Symptome können ähnlich sein.
Die Funktionen der Leber umfassen die Entgiftung des Blutes, die Speicherung von Vitaminen und die Produktion von Hormonen. Hepatitis kann diese Prozesse stören und schwerwiegende Gesundheitsprobleme im ganzen Körper hervorrufen.
Mindestens fünf Viren können Hepatitis verursachen. Die drei häufigsten sind Hepatitis-Viren A, B und C. Eine Infektion mit einem dieser drei Viren kann tödlich sein.
Andere Arten von Hepatitis können durch übermäßigen Alkoholkonsum oder eine Autoimmunerkrankung hervorgerufen werden. Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit Hepatitis A, B und C. Dies sind Formen der Hepatitis, die von einem Virus übertragen werden.
In den Vereinigten Staaten ist die Inzidenz von Hepatitis A in den letzten 20 Jahren zurückgegangen, während die akute Hepatitis C zwischen 2011 und 2012 um 44 Prozent angestiegen ist.
Typen
Hepatitis hat mehrere verschiedene Typen, aber die Symptome von jedem sind ähnlich. Hepatitis kann akute und chronische Formen annehmen.
Die drei Hauptarten der Hepatitis sind Hepatitis A, B und C. Jede wird von einem anderen Virus verursacht. Alle drei Typen können akut sein und 6 Monate oder weniger andauern, und die Typen B und C können chronisch sein und länger andauern.
Jeder Typ hat unterschiedliche Eigenschaften und wird auf unterschiedliche Weise übertragen, die Symptome sind jedoch in der Regel ähnlich.
Hepatitis A
In den Vereinigten Staaten (USA) wurden im Jahr 2015 1.390 Fälle von Hepatitis A gemeldet.
Es ist oft mild und die meisten Menschen machen eine vollständige Genesung, danach sind sie immun und daher in Zukunft vor dem Virus geschützt. Wenn es jedoch fortschreitet, können die Symptome schwerwiegend oder lebensbedrohlich sein.
Menschen in Teilen der Welt mit schlechten sanitären Einrichtungen sind besonders gefährdet, an HAV zu erkranken.
Es gibt sichere und wirksame Impfstoffe, die gegen dieses Virus schützen.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B kann übertragen werden, wenn eine Person:
ungeschützten Geschlechtsverkehr mit einer infizierten Person hat
teilt eine Nadel mit einer infizierten Person, oft für illegale Drogen- oder Steroidgebrauch
hat eine Tätowierung mit nicht sterilisierten Nadeln erstellt
wird versehentlich gestochen, zum Beispiel von Angehörigen der Gesundheitsberufe, die mit scharfen Gegenständen zu tun haben
teilt persönliche Gegenstände wie eine Zahnbürste oder ein Rasiermesser mit einer infizierten Person
wird von jemandem gebissen, der infiziert ist
Eine infizierte Mutter kann das Virus beim Stillen auf ihr Kind übertragen.
Die Leber einer mit Hepatitis B infizierten Person schwillt an. Dies kann zu schweren Schäden führen.
Eine HBV-Infektion kann chronisch werden. Dies kann zu Komplikationen führen, einschließlich einer Vernarbung der Leber oder einer Leberzirrhose. Es kann auch eine Krebsart verursachen, die als hepatozelluläres Karzinom bekannt ist.
Im Jahr 2015 wurden weltweit 887.000 Todesfälle mit HBV in Verbindung gebracht, hauptsächlich als Folge solcher Komplikationen.
In den USA gab es 3.370 gemeldete Fälle von HBV, aber die Zentren für Krankheitskontrolle und Prävention (CDC) schätzen, dass die tatsächliche Zahl bei 21.900 liegen könnte.
Es gibt derzeit kein Heilmittel für HBV. Die Inzidenzrate ist jedoch in Ländern gesunken, in denen der Impfstoff erhältlich ist, und dieser Impfstoff ist zu 95 Prozent wirksam gegen die Infektion.
Es gibt einen sicheren und wirksamen Impfstoff, der vor HBV schützen kann.
Hepatitis C
HCV kann zu Leberschäden und Schwellungen führen. Ungefähr 1 von 4 Menschen mit HCV bekommen eine Leberzirrhose, was zu Leberkrebs führen kann.
Gespendetes Blut wird jetzt auf HCV getestet, aber Personen, die vor dem Test Organtransplantationen oder Blutspenden erhalten haben, sind möglicherweise gefährdet.
Andere gefährdete Gruppen sind Mitarbeiter des Gesundheitswesens, die scharfen Gegenständen ausgesetzt sind, Konsumenten von intravenösen Medikamenten und Säuglinge von Müttern mit HCV.
Die Zahl der Fälle von HCV in den USA hat sich zwischen 2010 und 2015 fast verdreifacht, als 2.436 Fälle gemeldet wurden. Die CDC schätzt jedoch, dass im Jahr 2015 33.900 Infektionen aufgetreten sind, einschließlich der nicht gemeldeten.
Behandlung, Therapie, Kur
Einige Arten und Fälle von Hepatitis können ohne Intervention heilen, aber manchmal kann es zu einer Vernarbung der Leber oder einer Leberzirrhose kommen.
Hepatitis A
Es gibt keine spezifische Behandlung für HAV. Der Arzt wird dem Patienten raten, während der Genesung auf Alkohol und Drogen zu verzichten. Die meisten Patienten mit Hepatitis A erholen sich ohne Intervention.
Hepatitis B
Ein Patient mit HBV muss sich ausruhen und ganz auf Alkohol verzichten. Der Arzt kann ein als Interferon bezeichnetes antivirales Mittel oder andere antivirale supprimierende Therapien verschreiben.
Hepatitis C
Einem Patienten mit Hepatitis C werden antivirale Wirkstoffe mit oder ohne Ribavirin verschrieben.
Einige gezielte Virostatika und Kombinationstherapien sind jetzt verfügbar, um das Hepatitis-C-Virus basierend auf seinem Subtyp zu behandeln. Diese Behandlungen zielen auf die Virusreplikation ab und verhindern, dass sich das Virus vermehren kann. Bei richtiger Einnahme ist die Heilungsrate sehr hoch.
Diese Medikamente können teuer sein, und die Versicherer haben möglicherweise bestimmte Kriterien für die Behandlung.
Symptome
Viele Menschen mit Hepatitis haben entweder leichte oder keine Symptome. Wenn Symptome auftreten, können sie dies 15 bis 180 Tage nach der Infektion tun. Dies gilt für alle Arten von Hepatitis.
Akute Hepatitis
Die Anfangsphase der Hepatitis wird als akute Phase bezeichnet. Die Symptome ähneln der milden Grippe und können Folgendes umfassen:
Gelbsucht ist ein Symptom der Hepatitis.
Durchfall
ermüden
Appetitverlust
leichtes Fieber
Muskel- oder Gelenkschmerzen
Übelkeit
leichte Bauchschmerzen
Erbrechen
Gewichtsverlust
Gelbsucht
Die akute Phase ist normalerweise nicht gefährlich, kann jedoch bei bestimmten Personen zu akutem Leberversagen und zum Tod führen. Es kann auch zu einer chronischen Infektion kommen. Dies ist am wahrscheinlichsten bei HBV oder HCV.
Mit fortschreitender Krankheit kann eine chronische Hepatitis zu einem fortschreitenden Leberversagen führen, was zu Gelbsucht, Schwellung der unteren Extremitäten, Verwirrung und Blut im Kot oder Erbrechen führt.
Folgendes kann auftreten:
dunkler Urin
Nesselsucht
juckende Haut
heller Kot
gelbe Haut, Weiß der Augen und Zunge
Die Patientenergebnisse nach der akuten Phase hängen von verschiedenen Faktoren ab, insbesondere von der Art der Hepatitis. Manche Menschen werden nicht wissen, dass sie eine chronische Hepatitis haben, bis ein Leberversagen auftritt.
bereitgestellt von Rubicon Project
Diagnose
Da die Symptome der verschiedenen Hepatitistypen ähnlich sind, können Art und Schwere der Hepatitis nur durch Labortests diagnostiziert werden.
Ein Arzt führt eine körperliche Untersuchung durch und bittet um eine Anamnese, um festzustellen, ob ein Patient einer wahrscheinlichen Ursache für Hepatitis ausgesetzt war.
Wenn ein Patient kürzlich ins Ausland gereist ist, hat er möglicherweise HAV. Wenn sie ungeschützten Sex hatten, haben sie möglicherweise HBV.
Bei Verdacht auf Hepatitis können folgende Tests eine Diagnose bestätigen:
Blutuntersuchungen: Diese können feststellen, ob der Körper Antikörper zur Bekämpfung der Krankheit produziert, und sie können die Leberfunktion durch Überprüfen der Gehalte bestimmter Leberproteine und -enzyme beurteilen.
Nukleinsäuretests: Bei Hepatitis B und C kann ein HBV-DNA- oder HCV-RNA-Test die Geschwindigkeit bestätigen, mit der sich das Virus in der Leber fortpflanzt. Dies zeigt, wie aktiv die Krankheit ist.
Eine Leberbiopsie: Diese kann das Ausmaß von Leberschäden und die Möglichkeit von Krebs messen.
Parazentese: Abdominalflüssigkeit wird extrahiert und getestet, um die Ursache für die Ansammlung von Flüssigkeit zu identifizieren.
Elastographie: Misst die Steifheit der Leber durch Aussenden von Schallwellen.
Ersatzmarker: Eine Art Blutuntersuchung zur Beurteilung der Entwicklung von Leberzirrhose und Fibrose.
Die Behandlung hängt von der Diagnose ab.
Ursachen
Die drei häufigsten Arten der Virushepatitis werden alle durch Virusinfektionen verursacht.
Hepatitis A wird durch den Verzehr von mit dem Hepatitis-A-Virus (HAV) infizierten Lebensmitteln oder Wasser verursacht, häufig auf Reisen ins Ausland. Das Virus kann auch durch anal-oralen Kontakt beim Sex oder durch Injektion von Medikamenten übertragen werden.
Hepatitis B wird durch das Hepatitis-B-Virus (HBV) verursacht und durch Kontakt mit infiziertem Blut, Sperma und einigen anderen Körperflüssigkeiten übertragen. Es kann sich um eine sexuell übertragbare Krankheit handeln.
Hepatitis C resultiert hauptsächlich aus einer perkutanen Infektion, die auftritt, wenn das HCV-Virus unter die Haut gelangt. Es wird normalerweise durch injizierte Betäubungsmittel, Nadelstichverletzungen und mangelnde Infektionskontrolle im Gesundheitswesen übertragen.
HCV kann nicht durch Kontakt mit Kot aufgefangen werden, und die sexuelle Übertragung ist seltener als bei anderen Arten.
Alkohol, Medikamente, Fettleibigkeit und chemische Einflüsse verursachen nicht die Typen A, B oder C, können jedoch Entzündungen verschlimmern und die Symptome verschlimmern.
Verhütung
Hepatitis kann gefährlich und schwierig zu behandeln sein. Daher wird empfohlen, Vorsichtsmaßnahmen gegen mögliche Infektionen zu treffen.
Hepatitis A vorbeugen
Hepatitis A wird hauptsächlich durch infizierte Nahrung und Wasser übertragen.
Die folgenden Schritte können helfen, Infektionen zu vermeiden, insbesondere auf Reisen.
Waschen Sie sich die Hände mit Seife, nachdem Sie das Badezimmer benutzt haben.
Essen Sie nur gekochte Lebensmittel.
Trinken Sie nur Wasser in handelsüblichen Flaschen oder abgekochtes Wasser, wenn Sie sich nicht sicher sind, ob die Hygiene vor Ort gewährleistet ist.
Essen Sie schälbare Früchte nur, wenn Sie sich an einem Ort mit unzuverlässiger Hygiene befinden
Essen Sie rohes Gemüse nur, wenn Sie sicher sind, dass es gründlich gereinigt oder desinfiziert wurde.
Holen Sie sich einen Impfstoff gegen HAV, bevor Sie an Orte reisen, an denen Hepatitis endemisch sein kann.
Hepatitis B vorbeugen
So minimieren Sie das Übertragungsrisiko:
Informieren Sie einen Sexualpartner, wenn Sie Träger sind, oder versuchen Sie herauszufinden, ob er die Krankheit trägt.
Übe sicheren Sex mit Kondomen.
Verwenden Sie nur zuvor unbenutzte, saubere Nadeln.
Teilen Sie keine Zahnbürsten, Rasierer oder Maniküreinstrumente mit anderen.
Erlauben Sie nur die Verwendung von gut sterilisierten Geräten zum Perforieren der Haut, z. B. während einer Tätowierung, eines Piercings oder einer Akupunktur.
Lassen Sie sich HBV impfen, wenn Sie einem Risiko ausgesetzt sind.
Wie man Hepatitis C vorbeugt
Da dies häufig durch die Übertragung infizierter Körperflüssigkeiten weitergegeben wird, können die folgenden Schritte dazu beitragen, die HCV-Übertragung zu verhindern:
Teilen Sie keine Nadeln, Zahnbürsten oder Maniküregeräte.
Vergewissern Sie sich, dass die Geräte für Hautpiercing gut sterilisiert sind.
Trinken Sie Alkohol mit Mäßigung.
Spritzen Sie keine illegalen Drogen.
Hepatitis A und C sind heilbar, aber Hepatitis B kann nur durch Impfung verhindert werden. Eine Heilung ist noch in der Entwicklung.
Ausblick
Die verschiedenen Arten von Hepatitis haben unterschiedliche Heilungschancen.
Hepatitis A: Diese Art von Hepatitis verschwindet normalerweise innerhalb von 2 Monaten, ohne dass Langzeiteffekte auftreten. Eine Person mit HAV ist normalerweise für den Rest ihres Lebens immun gegen Hepatitis A.
Hepatitis B: Die meisten mit dem HBV-Virus infizierten Erwachsenen erholen sich innerhalb von 90 Tagen und erreichen eine lebenslange Immunität. 90 Prozent der Säuglinge, 20 Prozent der älteren Kinder und 5 Prozent der Erwachsenen entwickeln jedoch eine chronische Infektion und schwerwiegende Gesundheitsprobleme wie Leberkrebs und Leberzirrhose.
Hepatitis C: Dies wird eine lebenslange Infektion bei 70 bis 85 Prozent der Menschen, die das HCV-Virus haben. Hepatitis C ist bei 1 bis 5 Prozent der Menschen tödlich. Die Infektion kann jetzt geheilt werden, und 15 bis 25 Prozent der Menschen mit HCV klären die Infektion ohne Behandlung.
TRADITIONELLE YORUBA KRÄUTERHILFSMITTEL FÜR HEPATITIS, WIE VON BABALAWO OBANIFA DOKUMENTIERT
1.
Ebu egbo Agbon sibi mewa (10 Esslöffel Kokosnusswurzelpulver (Cocos Nucifera))
Ata ijosin sibi meta (drei volle Löffel Pulver von (Vogelpfeffer als Capsicum annum bekannt)
Sibi orogbo mewa ti a lo kunna (10 volle Löffel Pulver von bitterem Kola, bekannt als Garcina kola)
Oyin Igan (wilder Honig)
Vorbereitung
Mischen Sie die drei oben genannten Elemente zusammen mit einer Flasche Wildhonig.
Verwendungszweck
Die Hepatitis-Patienten nehmen dreimal täglich 2 volle Esslöffel ein.
2.
Orogbo (Bitterkola mit wissenschaftlichem Namen Garcina kola)
Ewe ewuro (bitterer Urlaub mit wissenschaftlichem Namen Verlonia amygdalina)
Frage mich, Kola
Viel Limetten-Orangensaft.
Vorbereitung
Kochen Sie alle Zutaten zusammen eine halbe Stunde lang im Limetten-Orangensaft.
Verwendungszweck
Sie sollten immer einen vollen Löffel Willenshonig in eine kleine Tasse des Suds geben. Trinken Sie es dreimal täglich vor dem Essen.
3
Eso owu (Baumwollpflanzensamen mit wissenschaftlichem Namen Gossypium species)
Ewe ewuro (bitterer Urlaub mit wissenschaftlichem Namen Verlonia amygdalina)
Ope oyinbo dudu (unreife Ananas mit wissenschaftlichem Namen Anana comosus)
Frische Cashew-Pflanzenblätter
Vorbereitung
Mischen Sie oder zerstoßen Sie die vier Einzelteile zusammen. Sieben und erhalten ihren Saft. Fügen Sie wenig Alkohol hinzu.
Verwendungszweck
Trinken Sie es dreimal täglich eine halbe Glasschale. Beachten Sie, dass Sie, wenn Sie Alkohol vermeiden möchten, einfach alle vier oben genannten Zutaten 40 Minuten lang in Wasser kochen können. Die Verwendung ist die gleiche wie oben erläutert.
4.
Orogbo tutu lopo (frische bittere kolas / Garcina kola)
Vorbereitung
Den Garcina kola schlagen und 74 Stunden oder länger in Wasser einweichen.
Sie werden beginnen, dreimal täglich ein volles Glas zu trinken
Verweise
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, Telefon- und WhatsApp-Kontakt: +2348166343145, Standort Ile Ife Osun, Bundesstaat Nigeria.
WICHTIGER HINWEIS: In Bezug auf den obigen Artikel darf kein Teil dieses Artikels in irgendeiner Form oder auf irgendeine Weise reproduziert oder vervielfältigt werden, elektronisch oder mechanisch, einschließlich Fotokopieren und Aufzeichnen oder durch ein Informationsspeicher- oder -abrufsystem ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Inhabers des Urheberrechts und Der Autor Babalawo Obanifa wird als rechtswidrig eingestuft und zieht rechtliche Konsequenzen nach sich
Русская версия
ТРАВЯНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА ДЛЯ ГЕПАТИТА В ЙОРУБЕ ТРАВЯНАЯ МЕДИЦИНА (ТОМ II) БАБАЛАВО ОБАНИФА -Обанифа экстремальные документальные фильмы
В этой текущей работе Бабалаво Обанифа документирует различные травяные формулы, доступные для лечения гепатита в травяной медицине йоруба. Гепатит, который традиционно известен как Aisan Jedojedo в фитотерапии йоруба. Это одна из смертельных болезней, которые поражают тысячи людей во всем мире. В этой работе Бабалаво Обанифа объяснит и задокументирует различные методы лечения травами, доступные в фитотерапии йоруба для лечения различных типов гепатитов. В работе будет подробно рассмотрено, что такое гепатит, причины гепатита, симптомы, лечение и профилактика с ортодоксальной точки зрения, а также растительные лекарственные средства, доступные для лечения гепатита. Прежде чем приступить к подробному описанию лечения от гепатита травами, я хотел бы сначала воспроизвести здесь часть работы Кристиана Нордквиста под названием «Гепатит: причины, симптомы и лечение», опубликованной www.medicalnewstoday.com. Эта работа предоставляет ценную информацию о причины и симптомы и лечение гепатита с ортодоксальной точки зрения. Если вас интересуют только травяные средства, просто перейдите к последнему абзацу этой работы, но если вы хотите получить полные знания и информацию о лечении и профилактике гепатита, я настоятельно рекомендую вам полностью прочитать эту статью.
Согласно Кристиану Нордквисту, слово «гепатит» происходит от древнегреческого слова «гепар» (корневое слово «гепат»), означающего «печень», а по-латыни - «воспаление». Гепатит относится к воспалению клеток печени и повреждению печени. Существуют разные типы и причины, но симптомы могут быть похожими.
Функции печени включают детоксикацию крови, хранение витаминов и выработку гормонов. Гепатит может нарушить эти процессы и создать серьезные проблемы со здоровьем во всем теле.
По крайней мере пять вирусов могут вызвать гепатит. Три наиболее распространенных вируса гепатита А, В и С. Заражение любым из этих трех может быть смертельным.
Другие типы гепатита могут возникнуть в результате чрезмерного употребления алкоголя или аутоиммунных заболеваний. В этой статье мы рассмотрим гепатит A, B и C. Это формы гепатита, передаваемого вирусом.
В Соединенных Штатах, заболеваемость гепатитом А снижается в течение последних 20 лет, но острый гепатит С увеличился на 44 процента в период с 2011 по 2012 годы.
Типы
Гепатит имеет несколько различных типов, но симптомы каждого похожи. Гепатит может принимать острые и хронические формы.
Три основных типа гепатита известны как гепатит A, B и C. Каждый из них вызван различным вирусом. Все три типа могут быть острыми, продолжаться в течение 6 месяцев или менее, а типы B и C могут быть хроническими и продолжаться дольше.
Каждый тип имеет разные характеристики и передается по-разному, но симптомы, как правило, похожи.
Гепатит А
В Соединенных Штатах (США) в 2015 году было зарегистрировано 1390 случаев гепатита А.
Он часто бывает легким, и большинство людей полностью выздоравливают, после чего они становятся невосприимчивыми и поэтому защищены от вируса в будущем. Однако, если это прогрессирует, симптомы могут быть серьезными или опасными для жизни.
Люди в некоторых частях мира с плохими санитарными условиями особенно подвержены риску заражения HAV.
Существуют безопасные и эффективные вакцины, защищающие от этого вируса.
Гепатит Б
Гепатит В может передаваться, когда человек:
имеет незащищенный половой акт с инфицированным человеком
делится иглой с инфицированным человеком, часто для нелегального употребления наркотиков или стероидов
имеет татуировку с нестерилизованными иглами
случайно колется, например, медработники, имеющие дело с острыми предметами
делится личными вещами, такими как зубная щетка или бритва, с зараженным человеком
укушен кем-то, кто заражен
Зараженная мать может передать вирус своему ребенку при кормлении грудью.
Печень человека, зараженного гепатитом В, набухает. Это может привести к серьезным повреждениям.
HBV-инфекция может стать хронической. Это может привести к осложнениям, включая рубцевание печени или цирроз печени. Это может также вызвать тип рака, известного как гепатоцеллюлярная карцинома.
В 2015 году 887 000 смертей во всем мире были связаны с ВГВ, главным образом в результате таких осложнений.
В США было зарегистрировано 3370 случаев ВГВ, но, по оценкам Центров по контролю и профилактике заболеваний (CDC), реальная цифра может быть около 21,900.
В настоящее время нет лекарства от HBV. Тем не менее, уровень заболеваемости снизился в странах, где вакцина доступна, и эта вакцина на 95 процентов эффективна против инфекции.
Существует безопасная и эффективная вакцина, которая может защитить от HBV.
Гепатит С
HCV может привести к повреждению печени и отечности. Приблизительно у 1 из 4 человек с ВГС цирроз печени, и это может привести к раку печени.
Донорская кровь в настоящее время проверяется на ВГС, но люди, которые получили трансплантации органов или донорскую кровь до того, как тестирование стало частью процесса донорства, могут подвергаться риску.
Другие группы риска включают работников здравоохранения, которые подвергаются воздействию острых предметов, потребителей внутривенных наркотиков и детей, рожденных от матерей с ВГС.
Число случаев ВГС в США выросло почти в три раза в период с 2010 по 2015 г., когда было зарегистрировано 2436 случаев. Тем не менее, по оценкам CDC, в 2015 году произошло 33 900 случаев инфицирования, включая случаи, о которых не сообщалось.
лечение
Некоторые типы и случаи гепатита могут заживать без вмешательства, но иногда он может прогрессировать до рубцевания печени или цирроза печени.
Гепатит А
Специального лечения ВГА не существует. Врач посоветует пациенту воздерживаться от алкоголя и наркотиков во время выздоровления. Большинство пациентов с гепатитом А выздоравливают без вмешательства.
Гепатит Б
Пациент с ВГВ должен отдыхать и полностью воздерживаться от алкоголя. Врач может назначить противовирусный препарат под названием интерферон или другие противовирусные препараты для подавления.
Гепатит С
Пациентам с гепатитом С будут назначены противовирусные препараты с рибавирином или без него.
В настоящее время доступны некоторые направленные противовирусные препараты и комбинированные препараты для лечения вируса гепатита С на основе его подтипа. Эти методы лечения направлены на репликацию вируса и не позволяют вирусу размножаться. При правильном применении скорость излечения очень высока.
Эти лекарства могут быть дорогими, и у страховщиков могут быть определенные критерии для лечения.
симптомы
Многие люди с гепатитом испытывают либо легкие симптомы, либо их нет. Когда появляются симптомы, они могут сделать это через 15 - 180 дней после заражения. Это относится ко всем типам гепатита.
Острый гепатит
Начальная фаза гепатита называется острой фазой. Симптомы похожи на легкий грипп и могут включать:
Желтуха является симптомом гепатита.
понос
усталость
потеря аппетита
слабая лихорадка
мышечные или суставные боли
тошнота
легкая боль в животе
рвота
потеря веса
желтуха
Острая фаза обычно не опасна, но у некоторых людей она может привести к острой печеночной недостаточности и смерти. Это может также прогрессировать до хронической инфекции. Это наиболее вероятно с HBV или HCV.
По мере прогрессирования заболевания хронический гепатит может привести к прогрессирующей печеночной недостаточности, что приводит к желтухе, отекам нижних конечностей, спутанности сознания и крови в кале или рвоте.
Может произойти следующее:
темная моча
крапивница
зудящая кожа
светлые фекалии
желтая кожа, белки глаз и язык
Результаты лечения пациентов после острой фазы зависят от различных факторов, особенно от типа гепатита. Некоторые люди не будут знать, что у них хронический гепатит, пока не произойдет печеночная недостаточность.
при поддержке Rubicon Project
диагностика
Поскольку симптомы различных типов гепатита схожи, тип и степень тяжести гепатита могут быть диагностированы только с помощью лабораторных исследований.
Врач проведет медицинское обследование и запросит историю болезни, чтобы оценить, был ли пациент подвержен вероятной причине гепатита.
Если пациент недавно ездил за границу, у него может быть ВГА. Если у них был незащищенный секс, у них может быть ВГВ.
Если подозревается гепатит, следующие тесты могут подтвердить диагноз:
Анализы крови: они могут определить, вырабатывает ли организм антитела для борьбы с болезнью, и они могут оценить функцию печени, проверяя уровни определенных белков печени и ферментов.
Тесты на нуклеиновую кислоту: Для гепатита B и C тест на HBV DNA или HCV RNA может подтвердить скорость, с которой вирус размножается в печени, и это покажет, насколько активна болезнь.
Биопсия печени: это может измерить степень повреждения печени и возможность рака.
Парацентез: брюшная жидкость извлекается и проверяется, чтобы определить причину накопления жидкости.
Эластография: это измеряет жесткость печени, испуская звуковые волны.
Суррогатные маркеры: тип анализа крови для оценки развития цирроза и фиброза.
Лечение будет зависеть от диагноза.
причины
Три наиболее распространенных типа вирусного гепатита - все это вызвано вирусными инфекциями.
Гепатит А вызывается употреблением пищи или воды, зараженной вирусом гепатита А (HAV), часто во время поездки за границу. Вирус также может передаваться через анально-оральный контакт во время секса или путем инъекций наркотиков.
Гепатит В вызывается вирусом гепатита В (ВГВ) и распространяется при контакте с зараженной кровью, спермой и некоторыми другими биологическими жидкостями организма. Это может быть венерическое заболевание (ЗППП).
Гепатит С в основном возникает в результате чрескожной инфекции, возникающей, когда вирус HCV попадает под кожу. Обычно он распространяется через инъекционные наркотики, травмы от укола иглой и отсутствие контроля над инфекцией в медицинских учреждениях.
HCV не может быть пойман от контакта с фекалиями, и передача половым путем встречается реже, чем у других типов.
Алкоголь, лекарства, ожирение и химическое воздействие не вызывают типы A, B или C, но они могут усугубить воспаление и усугубить симптомы.
профилактика
Гепатит может быть опасным и трудно поддающимся лечению, поэтому людям рекомендуется принимать меры предосторожности против возможной инфекции.
Профилактика гепатита А
Гепатит А в основном распространяется через зараженную пищу и воду.
Следующие шаги помогут избежать заражения, особенно во время путешествий.
Мойте руки с мылом после использования в ванной.
Потребляйте только то, что только что приготовили.
Пейте только воду в бутылках или кипяченую воду, если вы не уверены в местных санитарных условиях.
Ешьте очищенные фрукты только в том случае, если вы находитесь в месте с ненадежной санитарией
Ешьте сырые овощи только в том случае, если вы уверены, что они были тщательно очищены или продезинфицированы.
Получите вакцину против ВГА перед поездкой в места, где гепатит может быть эндемичным.
Профилактика гепатита В
Чтобы минимизировать риск передачи:
Сообщите любому сексуальному партнеру, если вы являетесь носителем, или попытайтесь выяснить, переносят ли они болезнь.
Практикуйте безопасный секс, используя презервативы.
Используйте только ранее не использованные чистые иглы.
Не делите зубные щетки, бритвы или маникюрные инструменты.
Разрешается использовать только перфорированное оборудование для стерилизации кожи, например, во время татуировки, пирсинга или иглоукалывания.
Сделайте прививку против гепатита В, если вы находитесь в группе риска.
Как предотвратить гепатит С
Поскольку это часто передается через передачу зараженных биологических жидкостей, следующие шаги могут помочь предотвратить передачу ВГС:
Не делитесь иглами, зубными щетками или маникюрным оборудованием.
Убедитесь, что оборудование хорошо стерилизовано для любого пирсинга кожи.
Употребляйте алкоголь с умеренностью.
Не вводите запрещенные наркотики.
Гепатит А и С излечимы, но гепатит В можно предотвратить только с помощью вакцины. Лечение все еще находится в стадии разработки.
прогноз
Различные типы гепатита имеют разные шансы на выздоровление.
Гепатит А: Этот тип гепатита обычно проходит через 2 месяца, не оставляя каких-либо долгосрочных последствий. Человек с ВГА обычно будет невосприимчив к гепатиту А до конца жизни.
Гепатит B: большинство взрослых, инфицированных вирусом HBV, выздоравливают в течение 90 дней и достигают пожизненного иммунитета. Однако у 90 процентов младенцев, 20 процентов детей старшего возраста и 5 процентов взрослых разовьется хроническая инфекция и возникнут серьезные проблемы со здоровьем, такие как рак печени и цирроз печени.
Гепатит С: это становится пожизненной инфекцией у 70-85 процентов людей, у которых есть вирус ВГС. Гепатит С смертелен от 1 до 5 процентов людей. Теперь инфекцию можно вылечить, и от 15 до 25 процентов людей с ВГС вылечивают инфекцию без лечения.
ТРАДИЦИОННЫЕ ТРАВЯНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА ЙОРУБЫ ДЛЯ ГЕПАТИТА, ДОКУМЕНТИРОВАННЫЕ БАБАЛАВО ОБАНИФА
1.
Ebu egbo Agbon sibi mewa (10 полных ложек порошка корня кокоса (Cocos Nucifera)
Ata ijosin sibi meta (три полных ложки порошка (птичий перец известен как Capsicum annum)
Сиби орогбо мева ти ло ло кунна (10 полных ложек порошка горькой колы, известной как гарцина кола
Ойин иган (дикий мед)
подготовка
Смешайте три вышеупомянутых продукта вместе с бутылкой дикого меда.
использование
Пациенты с гепатитом будут принимать по 2 столовых ложки три раза в день.
2.
Орогбо (горькая кола с научным названием Гарцина кола)
Ewe ewuro (горький отпуск с научным названием Verlonia amygdalina)
Чудо-кола
Много лайма апельсинового сока.
подготовка
Сварите все предметы вместе в апельсиновом соке лайма в течение получаса.
использование
Вы всегда должны положить одну полную ложку меда в маленькую чашку отвара. Пейте его три раза в день до еды.
3
Eso owu (семена хлопчатника с научным названием вида Gossypium)
Ewe ewuro (горький отпуск с научным названием Verlonia amygdalina)
Ope oyinbo dudu (незрелый ананас с научным названием Anana comosus)
Свежие листья растения кешью
подготовка
Смешать или растереть четыре предмета вместе. Просеять и получить их сок. Добавьте немного алкоголя.
использование
Пить его по полстакана три раза в день. Поучительно отметить, что если вы хотите избежать употребления алкоголя, вы можете просто кипятить все четыре вышеупомянутых предмета в воде в течение 40 минут. Использование такое же, как описано выше.
4.
Орогбо пачка лопо (свежие горькие кола / гарсина кола)
подготовка
Разотрите гарсина колу и погрузите его в воду на 74 часа и более.
Вы начнете пить один полный стакан три раза в день
Рекомендации
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
Авторское право: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, телефон и контакт WhatsApp: +2348166343145, местоположение Ile Ife osun штат Нигерия.
ВАЖНОЕ УВЕДОМЛЕНИЕ. Что касается статьи выше, никакая часть этой статьи не может быть воспроизведена или воспроизведена в любой форме или любым способом, электронным или механическим, включая фотокопирование и запись, или любой системой хранения или поиска информации без предварительного письменного разрешения владельца авторских прав и автор Бабалаво Обанифа, поступивший таким образом, будет признан незаконным и повлечет за собой юридические последствия
中文版
BABALAWO OBANIFA -Obanifa极端纪录片在约鲁巴族草药中对肝炎的草药疗法（第二卷）
在目前的工作中，Babalawo Obanifa将记录可用于约鲁巴草药治疗肝炎的各种草药配方。 肝炎在约鲁巴草药中传统上称为``Aisan Jedojedo''。 它是一种致命的疾病，影响着全球成千上万的人。 在这项工作中，Babalawo Obanifa将解释并记录约鲁巴草药中可用于治疗不同类型肝炎的不同草药疗法。 该工作将从正统的角度详细检查什么是肝炎？，肝炎的成因，症状，治疗和预防，以及可用于治疗肝炎的草药。 在我继续详细介绍治疗肝炎的草药之前，我想先在此处复制由www.medicalnewstoday.com出版的Christian Nordqvist著作``肝炎：原因，症状和治疗方法''的部分内容。 从正统的角度看肝炎的病因，症状和治疗。 如果您仅对草药有兴趣，请滚动至本工作的最后一段，但是如果您想全面了解肝炎的治疗和预防知识，我强烈建议您完整阅读本文。
根据克里斯蒂安·诺德奎斯特（Christian Nordqvist）的说法，肝炎一词来自古希腊语hepar（根词hepat），意为“肝脏”，而拉丁语炎性表示炎症。 肝炎是指肝细胞发炎和对肝的损害。 有不同的类型和原因，但症状可能相似。
肝脏的功能包括使血液排毒，储存维生素和产生激素。 肝炎会破坏这些过程，并在整个身体中造成严重的健康问题。
至少有五种病毒可以引起肝炎。 三种最常见的病毒是甲型，乙型和丙型肝炎病毒。这三种病毒中的任何一种都可能致命。
过量饮酒或自身免疫性疾病可导致其他类型的肝炎。 本文将研究甲型，乙型和丙型肝炎。这些都是通过病毒传播的肝炎。
在美国，过去20年中甲型肝炎的发病率一直在下降，但在2011年至2012年之间，急性丙型肝炎的发病率增加了44％。
种类
肝炎有几种不同的类型，但是每种的症状都相似。 肝炎可以采取急性和慢性形式。
肝炎的三种主要类型称为甲型，乙型和丙型肝炎。每种类型都是由不同的病毒引起的。 这三种类型都可能是急性的，持续时间不超过6个月，而B和C类型则可以是慢性的，持续时间更长。
每种类型都有不同的特征，并以不同的方式传播，但症状往往相似。
甲型肝炎
在美国（美国），2015年报告了1,390例甲型肝炎病例。
它通常是温和的，大多数人都可以完全康复，此后他们便免疫了，因此将来可以免受病毒侵袭。 但是，如果进展的话，症状可能很严重或危及生命。
世界部分地区卫生条件差的人尤其容易感染甲型肝炎。
有安全有效的疫苗可以抵抗这种病毒。
乙肝
当一个人：
与受感染者进行无保护的性交
与感染者共用针头，通常用于非法药物或类固醇的使用
纹身用未消毒的针头制成
被意外刺破，例如，医务人员处理锋利的物体
与被感染者共享牙刷或剃须刀等个人物品
被感染者咬伤
受感染的母亲可以在母乳喂养时将病毒传染给婴儿。
感染了乙型肝炎的人的肝脏肿胀。 可能会导致严重损坏。
HBV感染可成为慢性。 这可能导致并发症，包括肝脏疤痕或肝硬化。 它也可以引起一种称为肝细胞癌的癌症。
2015年，全世界有887,000例死亡与HBV相关，主要是由于此类并发症引起的。
在美国，报告的HBV病例为3,370例，但疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）估计实际数字可能约为21,900例。
目前尚无法治愈HBV。 但是，在可以买到疫苗的国家中，发病率下降了，这种疫苗对感染的有效率为95％。
有一种安全有效的疫苗可以预防HBV。
丙型肝炎
HCV可导致肝损害和肿胀。 HCV患者中约有四分之一患有肝硬化，这可能导致肝癌。
现在已经对捐献的血液进行了HCV检测，但是在进行检测成为捐献过程的一部分之前接受器官移植或献血的人可能会处于危险之中。
其他高风险人群包括暴露于利器的医护人员，静脉注射毒品的使用者以及HCV母亲所生的婴儿。
在2010年至2015年间，美国的HCV病例数增长了近三倍，当时报告了2,436例。 但是，疾病预防控制中心（CDC）估计，2015年有33,900例感染，包括未报告的感染。
治疗
某些类型和病例的肝炎无需干预即可he愈，但有时会发展成肝脏疤痕或肝硬化。
甲型肝炎
没有针对HAV的特定治疗方法。 医生会建议病人在康复期间戒酒和戒毒。 大多数甲型肝炎患者无需干预即可康复。
乙肝
HBV患者需要休息并完全戒酒。 医生可能会开出一种称为干扰素的抗病毒药，或其他抗病毒抑制疗法。
丙型肝炎
患有丙型肝炎的患者将开具抗病毒药，有或没有利巴韦林。
现在有一些针对性的抗病毒药物和联合疗法可用于治疗丙型肝炎病毒的亚型。 这些治疗以病毒复制为目标，并阻止病毒繁殖。 正确服用后，治愈率非常高。
这些药物可能很昂贵，保险公司可能有特定的治疗标准。
病征
许多肝炎患者均无轻度或无症状。 当出现症状时，他们可以在感染后15到180天这样做。 这适用于所有类型的肝炎。
急性肝炎
肝炎的初期称为急性期。 症状类似于轻度流感，可能包括：
黄疸是肝炎的症状。
腹泻
疲劳
食欲不振
低烧
肌肉或关节酸痛
恶心
轻度腹痛
呕吐
减肥
黄疸
急性期通常并不危险，但是在某些人中，它可能导致急性肝衰竭和死亡。 它也可能发展为慢性感染。 HBV或HCV最有可能出现这种情况。
随着疾病的进展，慢性肝炎可导致进行性肝衰竭，导致黄疸，下肢肿胀，混乱以及粪便或呕吐物中的血液。
可能发生以下情况：
黑尿
麻疹
皮肤发痒
浅色粪便
黄皮肤，眼睛白和舌头
急性期后的患者预后取决于多种因素，尤其是肝炎的类型。 有些人直到肝衰竭才知道自己患有慢性肝炎。
由Rubicon Project提供支持
诊断
由于不同类型肝炎的症状相似，因此只能通过实验室测试来诊断肝炎的类型和严重程度。
医生将进行体格检查并询问病史，以评估患者是否已暴露于可能的肝炎病因。
如果患者最近出国旅行，他们可能患有HAV。 如果他们有未保护的性行为，则可能患有HBV。
如果怀疑是肝炎，可以通过以下检查来确诊：
验血：这些可以检测人体是否正在产生抵抗疾病的抗体，并且可以通过检查某些肝脏蛋白质和酶的水平来评估肝功能。
核酸检测：对于乙型和丙型肝炎，HBV DNA或HCV RNA检测可以确认病毒在肝脏中繁殖的速度，这将表明该疾病的活跃程度。
肝活检：可以测量肝损害的程度和癌症的可能性。
腹腔穿刺术：提取并测试腹腔积液，以确定积液的原因。
弹性成像：通过发出声波来测量肝脏的硬度。
替代指标：一种血液测试，用于评估肝硬化和纤维化的发展。
治疗将取决于诊断。
原因
三种最常见的病毒性肝炎都是由病毒感染引起的。
甲型肝炎是由经常在国外旅行时食用被甲型肝炎病毒（HAV）感染的食物或水引起的。 该病毒还可以在性交期间通过肛门-口腔接触或通过注射药物传播。
乙型肝炎是由乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）引起的，并通过接触受感染的血液，精液和一些其他体液传播。 它可以是性传播疾病（STD）。
丙型肝炎主要是由HCV病毒进入皮下引起的经皮感染引起的。 它通常是通过注射麻醉品，针刺伤和缺乏医疗机构的感染控制来传播的。
HCV不能与粪便接触而被捕获，并且性传播比其他类型少。
酒精，药物，肥胖和化学暴露不会引起A，B或C型，但它们可能加剧炎症并加剧症状。
预防
肝炎可能很危险且难以治疗，因此建议人们采取预防措施以防止可能的感染。
预防甲型肝炎
甲型肝炎主要通过受感染的食物和水传播。
以下步骤可以帮助避免感染，尤其是在旅行时。
使用浴室后用肥皂洗手。
只吃刚煮过的食物。
如果您不确定当地的卫生条件，请只喝市售瓶装水或开水。
仅在卫生条件不佳的地方才能吃可剥的水果
仅在确定已将其彻底清洁或消毒后再吃生蔬菜。
前往肝炎可能流行的地方之前，应接种HAV疫苗。
预防乙肝
为了最大程度地减少传播风险：
告诉任何性伴侣您是否是携带者，或尝试查明他们是否携带这种疾病。
使用安全套进行安全的性行为。
仅使用以前未使用过的清洁针头。
请勿共用牙刷，剃刀或修指甲工具。
仅允许使用经过良好消毒的皮肤穿刺设备，例如在纹身，穿刺或针刺过程中。
如果有危险，请接种HBV疫苗。
如何预防丙型肝炎
由于这通常是通过受感染体液的转移来进行的，因此以下步骤可以帮助防止HCV传播：
不要共用针头，牙刷或修指甲设备。
确保对设备进行任何皮肤穿刺的消毒。
适度饮酒。
请勿注射违禁药物。
甲型和丙型肝炎可以治愈，但乙型肝炎只能通过疫苗预防。 一种治疗方法仍在开发中。
外表
不同类型的肝炎有不同的康复机会。
甲型肝炎：这种类型的肝炎通常会在2个月内消退而不会产生任何长期影响。 甲型肝炎患者一生中通常对甲型肝炎免疫。
乙型肝炎：大多数感染了HBV病毒的成年人都能在90天内康复并获得终生免疫。 但是，90％的婴儿，20％的较大儿童和5％的成年人会发展为慢性感染并出现严重的健康问题，例如肝癌和肝硬化。
丙型肝炎：这在70至85％的HCV病毒感染者中成为终身感染。 丙型肝炎在1％至5％的人群中致命。 现在可以治愈感染，并且15至25％的HCV患者无需治疗即可清除感染。
巴巴拉·奥巴尼法（BABALAWO OBANIFA）记录的传统的约鲁巴草药疗法对肝炎的治疗
1。
Ebu egbo Agbon sibi mewa（10满匙椰子（Cocos Nucifera）根粉
Ata ijosin sibi meta（三汤匙全粉（鸟胡椒称为辣椒）
Sibi orogbo mewa ti a lo kunna（10勺完整的苦可乐粉，称为Garcina可乐
Oyin Igan（野生蜂蜜）
制备
将上述三个项目与一瓶野生蜂蜜混合在一起。
用法
肝炎患者每天三次服用全汤匙2汤匙。
2。
Orogbo（苦可乐，学名Garcina kola）
母羊ewuro（苦涩假，学名Verlonia amygdalina）
神奇可乐
大量的石灰橙汁。
制备
将所有物品一起放入石灰橙汁中煮半小时。
用法
您应该始终在一小杯水煎汤中放满一汤匙的蜂蜜。 每天饭前喝三遍。
3
Eso owu（棉花植物种子，科学名称棉属种）
母羊ewuro（苦涩假，学名Verlonia amygdalina）
Ope oyinbo dudu（未熟菠萝，学名Anana comosus）
新鲜腰果植物叶子
制备
将四个项目混合或捣碎。 筛分并获得果汁。 加一点酒精。
用法
每天三次喝半杯。提醒您，如果要避免饮酒，只需将上述四个物品在水中煮40分钟即可。 用途与上述相同。
4。
Orogbo tutu lopo（鲜苦可乐/ Garcina可乐）
制备
捣碎可可树并将其浸泡在水中74个小时或更长时间。
您将开始每天三杯喝一整杯
参考文献
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
版权：Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa，电话和whatsapp联系人：+2348166343145，位于尼日利亚Ile Ife osun省。
重要声明：关于以上文章，未经版权所有者和作者的事先书面许可，不得以任何形式或通过任何方式（包括影印和记录的电子或机械方式）或通过任何信息存储或检索系统来复制或复制本文的任何部分。 作者Babalawo Obanifa，这样做将被视为非法，并将引起法律后果
हिंदी संस्करण
BORALAWO OBANIFA -Obanifa चरम वृत्तचित्रों द्वारा YORUBA HERBAL MEDICINE (VOLUME II) में हेपेटाइटिस के लिए हर्बल उपचार
इस वर्तमान कार्य में बबालाव ओबनिफा योरूबा मेडिसिन चिकित्सा में हेपेटाइटिस के उपचार के लिए उपलब्ध हर्बल फार्मूले की किस्मों का दस्तावेजीकरण करेगा। हेपेटाइटिस जिसे पारंपरिक रूप से योरूबा हर्बल चिकित्सा में ऐसन जेडोजेडो के रूप में जाना जाता है। यह एक घातक बीमारी है जो दुनिया भर के हजारों लोगों को प्रभावित करती है। इस काम में बाबालाव ओबनिफा विभिन्न प्रकार के हेपेटाइटिस को ठीक करने के लिए योरूबा हर्बल दवा में उपलब्ध विभिन्न हर्बल उपचारों की व्याख्या और दस्तावेज़ करेंगे। काम हेपेटाइटिस के विवरण में जांच करेगा ?, हेपेटाइटिस के लक्षण, लक्षण, उपचार और रूढ़िवादी दृष्टिकोण से रोकथाम और साथ ही हेपेटाइटिस को ठीक करने के लिए उपलब्ध हर्बल उपचार। इससे पहले कि मैं हेपेटाइटिस के लिए हर्बल उपचार का विवरण देने के लिए आगे बढ़ूं, मैं पहले यहां ईसाई नॉर्डकविस्ट काम शीर्षक 'हेपेटाइटिस: कारणों, लक्षणों और उपचार' के कुछ हिस्सों को पुन: पेश करना चाहूंगा, जैसा कि www.medicalnewstoday.com द्वारा प्रकाशित किया गया था। यह एक बहुमूल्य जानकारी प्रदान करता है। रूढ़िवादी दृष्टिकोण से हेपेटाइटिस के कारण और लक्षण और उपचार। यदि आप केवल हर्बल उपचार में रुचि रखते हैं, तो केवल इस काम के अंतिम पैराग्राफ तक स्क्रॉल करें, लेकिन यदि आप हेपेटाइटिस के उपचार और रोकथाम के बारे में पूरी जानकारी और जानकारी चाहते हैं, तो मैं आपको दृढ़ता से सलाह देता हूं कि आप इस लेख को पूरा पढ़ें।
क्रिश्चियन नॉर्डकविस्ट के अनुसार, हेपेटाइटिस शब्द प्राचीन ग्रीक शब्द हेपर (मूल शब्द हेपेट) से आया है जिसका अर्थ है 'जिगर', और लैटिन इटिस का अर्थ है सूजन। हेपेटाइटिस यकृत कोशिकाओं की सूजन और यकृत को नुकसान को संदर्भित करता है। विभिन्न प्रकार और कारण हैं, लेकिन लक्षण समान हो सकते हैं।
यकृत के कार्यों में रक्त को डिटॉक्सीफाई करना, विटामिन का भंडारण करना, और हार्मोन का उत्पादन करना शामिल है। हेपेटाइटिस इन प्रक्रियाओं को बाधित कर सकता है और पूरे शरीर में गंभीर स्वास्थ्य समस्याएं पैदा कर सकता है।
कम से कम पांच वायरस हेपेटाइटिस का कारण बन सकते हैं। तीन सबसे आम हेपेटाइटिस वायरस ए, बी और सी हैं। इन तीनों में से किसी के साथ संक्रमण घातक हो सकता है।
अन्य प्रकार के हेपेटाइटिस शराब या एक ऑटोइम्यून स्थिति के सेवन से उत्पन्न हो सकते हैं। यह लेख हेपेटाइटिस ए, बी और सी पर दिखेगा। ये एक वायरस द्वारा प्रेषित हेपेटाइटिस के रूप हैं।
संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में, हेपेटाइटिस ए की घटना पिछले 20 वर्षों से गिर रही है, लेकिन तीव्र हेपेटाइटिस सी में 2011 और 2012 के बीच 44 प्रतिशत की वृद्धि देखी गई है।
प्रकार
हेपेटाइटिस के कई अलग-अलग प्रकार हैं, लेकिन प्रत्येक के लक्षण समान हैं। हेपेटाइटिस तीव्र और जीर्ण रूप ले सकता है।
हेपेटाइटिस के तीन मुख्य प्रकार हेपेटाइटिस ए, बी और सी के रूप में जाने जाते हैं। प्रत्येक एक अलग वायरस के कारण होता है। सभी तीन प्रकार तीव्र हो सकते हैं, 6 महीने या उससे कम समय तक चल सकते हैं, और बी और सी पुराने हो सकते हैं, लंबे समय तक चल सकते हैं।
प्रत्येक प्रकार की अलग-अलग विशेषताएं होती हैं और विभिन्न तरीकों से प्रेषित होती हैं, लेकिन लक्षण समान होते हैं।
हेपेटाइटिस ए
संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका (U.S.) में 2015 में हेपेटाइटिस ए के 1,390 मामले सामने आए थे।
यह अक्सर हल्का होता है, और अधिकांश लोग पूरी तरह से ठीक हो जाते हैं, जिसके बाद वे प्रतिरक्षा करते हैं और इसलिए भविष्य में वायरस से सुरक्षित रहते हैं। हालांकि, यदि यह प्रगति करता है, तो लक्षण गंभीर या जीवन-धमकी दे सकते हैं।
खराब स्वच्छता वाले दुनिया के कुछ हिस्सों में लोगों को विशेष रूप से एचएवी के संकुचन का खतरा है।
सुरक्षित और प्रभावी टीके हैं जो इस वायरस से बचाते हैं।
हेपेटाइटिस बी
जब एक व्यक्ति को हेपेटाइटिस बी प्रेषित किया जा सकता है:
एक संक्रमित व्यक्ति के साथ असुरक्षित संभोग किया है
एक संक्रमित व्यक्ति के साथ एक सुई साझा करता है, अक्सर अवैध दवा या स्टेरॉयड उपयोग के लिए
एक टैटू है जिसे बिना सुइयों के बनाया गया है
गलती से, उदाहरण के लिए, तेज वस्तुओं से निपटने वाले स्वास्थ्य कार्यकर्ता
एक संक्रमित व्यक्ति के साथ व्यक्तिगत आइटम, जैसे टूथब्रश या रेजर साझा करता है
संक्रमित व्यक्ति द्वारा काट लिया जाता है
स्तनपान कराने पर संक्रमित मां अपने शिशु को वायरस दे सकती है।
हेपेटाइटिस बी से संक्रमित व्यक्ति का लीवर सूज जाता है। गंभीर नुकसान हो सकता है।
एचबीवी संक्रमण क्रोनिक हो सकता है। यह जिगर, या सिरोसिस के निशान सहित जटिलताओं को जन्म दे सकता है। यह एक प्रकार के कैंसर का कारण भी हो सकता है जिसे हेपेटोसेल्यूलर कार्सिनोमा के रूप में जाना जाता है।
2015 में, दुनिया भर में 887,000 मौतें एचबीवी से जुड़ी थीं, जो ज्यादातर इन जैसी जटिलताओं के परिणामस्वरूप हुईं।
यू.एस. में, एचबीवी के 3,370 रिपोर्ट किए गए मामले थे, लेकिन रोग नियंत्रण और रोकथाम केंद्र (सीडीसी) का अनुमान है कि वास्तविक आंकड़ा लगभग 21,900 हो सकता है।
वर्तमान में HBV का कोई इलाज नहीं है। हालांकि, जिन देशों में यह टीका उपलब्ध है, वहां घटना की दर कम हो गई है, और यह टीका संक्रमण के खिलाफ 95 प्रतिशत प्रभावी है।
एक सुरक्षित और प्रभावी टीका है जो एचबीवी से रक्षा कर सकता है।
हेपेटाइटस सी
एचसीवी से यकृत को नुकसान और सूजन हो सकती है। एचसीवी वाले लगभग 1 से 4 लोगों में सिरोसिस हो जाता है, और इससे लीवर कैंसर हो सकता है।
दान किए गए रक्त का अब एचसीवी के लिए परीक्षण किया जाता है, लेकिन परीक्षण से पहले अंग प्रत्यारोपण या रक्त दान प्राप्त करने वाले लोग दान की प्रक्रिया का हिस्सा बन सकते हैं।
अन्य जोखिम वाले समूहों में हेल्थकेयर कार्यकर्ता शामिल हैं जो शार्प, अंतःशिरा दवाओं के उपयोगकर्ता और एचसीवी से माताओं के लिए जन्म लेने वाले शिशुओं के संपर्क में हैं।
अमेरिका में एचसीवी के मामलों की संख्या 2010 और 2015 के बीच लगभग तीन गुना बढ़ी जब 2,436 मामले सामने आए। हालांकि, सीडीसी का अनुमान है कि 2015 में 33,900 संक्रमण हुए, जिनमें रिपोर्ट नहीं है।
इलाज
हेपेटाइटिस के कुछ प्रकार और मामले हस्तक्षेप के बिना ठीक हो सकते हैं, लेकिन कभी-कभी यह जिगर, या सिरोसिस के निशान को प्रगति कर सकता है।
हेपेटाइटिस ए
एचएवी के लिए कोई विशिष्ट उपचार नहीं है। रिकवरी के दौरान डॉक्टर मरीज को शराब और ड्रग्स से दूर रहने की सलाह देंगे। हेपेटाइटिस ए वाले अधिकांश रोगी हस्तक्षेप के बिना ठीक हो जाएंगे।
हेपेटाइटिस बी
एचबीवी के साथ एक रोगी को शराब से पूरी तरह से आराम और परहेज करना होगा। डॉक्टर एक एंटीवायरल एजेंट लिख सकता है जिसे इंटरफेरॉन, या अन्य एंटीवायरल सप्रेसिव थेरेपी कहा जाता है।
हेपेटाइटस सी
हेपेटाइटिस सी के साथ एक रोगी को एंटीवायरल एजेंट निर्धारित किया जाएगा, साथ या बिना रिबाविरिन।
कुछ निर्देशित एंटीवायरल और संयोजन चिकित्सा अब इसके उपप्रकार के आधार पर हेपेटाइटिस सी वायरस के इलाज के लिए उपलब्ध हैं। ये उपचार वायरल प्रतिकृति को लक्षित करते हैं और वायरस को पुन: उत्पन्न करने में सक्षम होने से रोकते हैं। जब सही तरीके से लिया जाता है, तो इलाज की दर बहुत अधिक होती है।
ये दवाएं महंगी हो सकती हैं, और बीमाकर्ताओं के पास उपचार के लिए विशिष्ट मानदंड हो सकते हैं।
लक्षण
हेपेटाइटिस वाले कई लोग हल्के या कोई लक्षण नहीं अनुभव करते हैं। जब लक्षण दिखाई देते हैं, तो वे संक्रमण के बाद 15 से 180 दिनों तक ऐसा कर सकते हैं। यह सभी प्रकार के हेपेटाइटिस पर लागू होता है।
तीव्र हेपेटाइटिस
हेपेटाइटिस के प्रारंभिक चरण को तीव्र चरण कहा जाता है। लक्षण हल्के फ्लू के समान हैं, और इसमें शामिल हो सकते हैं:
पीलिया हेपेटाइटिस का एक लक्षण है।
दस्त
थकान
भूख में कमी
हल्का बुखार
मांसपेशियों या जोड़ों का दर्द
जी मिचलाना
हल्का पेट दर्द
उल्टी
वजन घटना
पीलिया
तीव्र चरण आमतौर पर खतरनाक नहीं होता है, लेकिन कुछ लोगों में, इसका परिणाम तीव्र यकृत विफलता और मृत्यु हो सकता है। यह एक पुराने संक्रमण के लिए भी प्रगति कर सकता है। यह एचबीवी या एचसीवी के साथ सबसे अधिक संभावना है।
जैसे-जैसे बीमारी बढ़ती है, क्रोनिक हेपेटाइटिस प्रगतिशील यकृत विफलता का कारण बन सकता है, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप पीलिया, निचले छोरों की सूजन, भ्रम और मल या उल्टी में रक्त हो सकता है।
निम्नलिखित हो सकते हैं:
गहरा मूत्र
हीव्स
त्वचा में खुजली
हल्के रंग का मल
पीली त्वचा, आंखों का सफेद होना, और जीभ
तीव्र चरण के बाद रोगी के परिणाम विभिन्न कारकों, विशेष रूप से हेपेटाइटिस के प्रकार पर निर्भर करते हैं। कुछ लोगों को नहीं पता होगा कि जब तक जिगर की विफलता नहीं होती है तब तक उन्हें क्रोनिक हेपेटाइटिस होता है।
रुबिकॉन परियोजना द्वारा संचालित
निदान
चूंकि विभिन्न प्रकार के हेपेटाइटिस के लक्षण समान हैं, हेपेटाइटिस के प्रकार और गंभीरता का निदान केवल प्रयोगशाला परीक्षणों के माध्यम से किया जा सकता है।
एक चिकित्सक एक शारीरिक परीक्षा करेगा और यह आकलन करने के लिए एक चिकित्सा इतिहास मांगेगा कि क्या किसी रोगी को हेपेटाइटिस के संभावित कारण से अवगत कराया गया है।
यदि कोई मरीज हाल ही में विदेश यात्रा करता है, तो उन्हें एचएवी हो सकता है। यदि उन्होंने असुरक्षित यौन संबंध बनाए हैं, तो उन्हें एचबीवी हो सकता है।
यदि हेपेटाइटिस का संदेह है, तो निम्नलिखित परीक्षण एक निदान की पुष्टि कर सकते हैं:
रक्त परीक्षण: ये पता लगा सकते हैं कि शरीर रोग से लड़ने के लिए एंटीबॉडी का उत्पादन कर रहा है या नहीं, और वे कुछ यकृत प्रोटीन और एंजाइमों के स्तर की जाँच करके यकृत के कार्य का आकलन कर सकते हैं।
न्यूक्लिक एसिड परीक्षण: हेपेटाइटिस बी और सी के लिए, एक एचबीवी डीएनए या एचसीवी आरएनए परीक्षण उस गति की पुष्टि कर सकता है जिस पर वायरस यकृत में प्रजनन कर रहा है, और यह दिखाएगा कि रोग कितना सक्रिय है।
एक यकृत बायोप्सी: यह यकृत की क्षति की सीमा और कैंसर की संभावना को माप सकता है।
पैरासेंटिसिस: तरल पदार्थ के संचय के कारण की पहचान करने के लिए, पेट के तरल पदार्थ को निकाला जाता है और परीक्षण किया जाता है।
इलास्टोग्राफी: यह ध्वनि तरंगों का उत्सर्जन करके यकृत की कठोरता को मापता है।
सरोगेट मार्कर: सिरोसिस और फाइब्रोसिस के विकास का आकलन करने के लिए एक प्रकार का रक्त परीक्षण।
उपचार निदान पर निर्भर करेगा।
कारण
वायरल हेपेटाइटिस के तीन सबसे आम प्रकार वायरल संक्रमण के कारण होते हैं।
हेपेटाइटिस ए हेपेटाइटिस ए वायरस (एचएवी) से संक्रमित भोजन या पानी के सेवन से होता है, जो अक्सर विदेश यात्रा के दौरान होता है। वायरस को सेक्स के दौरान या दवाओं को इंजेक्ट करके गुदा-मौखिक संपर्क के माध्यम से भी प्रसारित किया जा सकता है।
हेपेटाइटिस बी हेपेटाइटिस बी वायरस (एचबीवी) के कारण होता है और संक्रमित रक्त, वीर्य और शरीर के कुछ अन्य तरल पदार्थों के संपर्क में आने से फैलता है। यह एक यौन संचारित रोग (एसटीडी) हो सकता है।
हेपेटाइटिस सी ज्यादातर परक्यूटेनियस संक्रमण से होता है, जब एचसीवी वायरस त्वचा के नीचे हो जाता है। यह आमतौर पर इंजेक्शन नशीले पदार्थों, सुई-छड़ी चोटों और स्वास्थ्य देखभाल सेटिंग्स में संक्रमण नियंत्रण की कमी के माध्यम से फैलता है।
एचसीवी को मल के संपर्क से नहीं पकड़ा जा सकता है, और यौन संचरण अन्य प्रकारों की तुलना में कम आम है।
शराब, दवाइयाँ, मोटापा, और रासायनिक एक्सपोज़र A, B, या C प्रकार का कारण नहीं बनते हैं, लेकिन वे सूजन को बढ़ा सकते हैं और लक्षणों को बदतर बना सकते हैं।
निवारण
हेपेटाइटिस खतरनाक और इलाज के लिए मुश्किल हो सकता है, इसलिए लोगों को संभावित संक्रमण के खिलाफ सावधानी बरतने की सलाह दी जाती है।
हेपेटाइटिस ए को रोकना
हेपेटाइटिस ए ज्यादातर संक्रमित भोजन और पानी से फैलता है।
निम्नलिखित कदम संक्रमण से बचने में मदद कर सकते हैं, खासकर जब यात्रा।
बाथरूम का उपयोग करने के बाद साबुन से हाथ धोएं।
केवल वही खाना खाएं जो अभी पकाया गया हो।
यदि आप स्थानीय स्वच्छता के बारे में अनिश्चित हैं, तो केवल व्यावसायिक रूप से बोतलबंद पानी, या उबला हुआ पानी पिएं।
यदि आप अविश्वसनीय स्वच्छता के साथ किसी स्थान पर हैं तो केवल छिलके वाले फल खाएं
केवल कच्ची सब्जियां खाएं यदि आप सुनिश्चित हैं कि उन्हें अच्छी तरह से साफ या कीटाणुरहित किया गया है।
एचएवी के लिए वैक्सीन प्राप्त करें उन स्थानों पर जाने से पहले जहां हेपेटाइटिस हो सकता है।
हेपेटाइटिस बी को रोकना
संचरण के जोखिम को कम करने के लिए:
किसी भी यौन साथी को बताएं कि क्या आप एक वाहक हैं या यह पता लगाने की कोशिश करते हैं कि क्या वे बीमारी को ले जाते हैं।
कंडोम का उपयोग करके सुरक्षित सेक्स का अभ्यास करें।
केवल पहले अप्रयुक्त, साफ सुइयों का उपयोग करें।
टूथब्रश, रेजर, या मैनीक्योर उपकरणों को साझा न करें।
केवल अच्छी तरह से निष्फल त्वचा छिद्रित उपकरण के उपयोग की अनुमति दें, जैसे कि टैटू, भेदी या एक्यूपंक्चर के दौरान।
यदि आपको खतरा है तो एचबीवी टीकाकरण करवाएं।
हेपेटाइटिस सी को कैसे रोकें
जैसा कि यह अक्सर संक्रमित शारीरिक द्रव के हस्तांतरण के माध्यम से पारित किया जाता है, निम्नलिखित कदम एचसीवी संचरण को रोकने में मदद कर सकते हैं:
सुई, टूथब्रश, या मैनीक्योर उपकरण साझा न करें।
सुनिश्चित करें कि उपकरण किसी भी त्वचा भेदी के लिए अच्छी तरह से निष्फल है।
मॉडरेशन के साथ शराब का सेवन करें।
अवैध दवाओं का इंजेक्शन न लगाएं।
हेपेटाइटिस ए और सी के इलाज योग्य हैं, लेकिन हेपेटाइटिस बी केवल वैक्सीन द्वारा ही रोका जा सकता है। एक इलाज अभी भी चल रहा है।
आउटलुक
विभिन्न प्रकार के हेपेटाइटिस के ठीक होने की अलग-अलग संभावना होती है।
हेपेटाइटिस ए: इस प्रकार का हेपेटाइटिस सामान्य रूप से 2 महीने में बिना किसी दीर्घकालिक प्रभाव को छोड़ देगा। एचएवी वाला व्यक्ति आमतौर पर अपने जीवन के बाकी हिस्सों के लिए हेपेटाइटिस ए से प्रतिरक्षा करेगा।
हेपेटाइटिस बी: एचबीवी वायरस से संक्रमित अधिकांश वयस्क 90 दिनों के भीतर ठीक हो जाते हैं और आजीवन प्रतिरक्षा प्राप्त करते हैं। हालांकि, 90 प्रतिशत शिशुओं, 20 प्रतिशत बड़े बच्चों और 5 प्रतिशत वयस्कों में क्रोनिक संक्रमण होगा और गंभीर स्वास्थ्य समस्याओं का विकास होगा, जैसे कि लीवर कैंसर और सिरोसिस।
हेपेटाइटिस सी: यह 70 से 85 प्रतिशत लोगों में एक आजीवन संक्रमण बन जाता है जिसमें एचसीवी वायरस होता है। हेपेटाइटिस सी 1 और 5 प्रतिशत लोगों के बीच घातक है। संक्रमण अब ठीक हो सकता है, और एचसीवी वाले 15 से 25 प्रतिशत लोग बिना इलाज के संक्रमण को साफ कर देते हैं।
BABALAWO ओबनिफा द्वारा प्राप्त की गई हेपेटाइटिस के लिए ट्राइडेटियन योरबा हर्बल उपचार
1।
Ebu egbo Agbon sibi mewa (10 पूर्ण चम्मच नारियल (Cocos Nucifera)) जड़ पाउडर
अता इज़ोसिन सिब मेटा (तीन पूर्ण चम्मच पाउडर (पक्षी काली मिर्च शिमला मिर्च वार्षिक के रूप में जानते हैं)
सिबी ओरोगो मेवा ते लो कुन्ना (कड़वे कोला के 10 पूर्ण चम्मच पाउडर को गार्सिना कोला के रूप में जानते हैं
ओयिन इगन (जंगली शहद)
तैयारी
जंगली शहद की एक बोतल के साथ तीन उपरोक्त वस्तुओं को मिलाएं।
प्रयोग
हेपेटाइटिस के मरीज इसे दिन में तीन बार 2 फुल टेबल स्पून लेंगे।
2।
ओरोगो (वैज्ञानिक नाम गार्सिना कोला के साथ कड़वा कोला)
ईवे इर्वो (वैज्ञानिक नाम वर्लोनिया अमिग्डालिना के साथ कड़वा अवकाश)
आश्चर्य है कोला
संतरे के रस से भरपूर।
तैयारी
आधे घंटे के लिए चूने के रस के अंदर सभी वस्तुओं को एक साथ उबालें।
प्रयोग
काढ़ा के एक छोटे कप के अंदर आपको हमेशा एक पूर्ण चम्मच विल शहद डालना चाहिए। भोजन से एक दिन पहले इसे तीन बार पिएं।
3
एसो उल्लू (कपास का पौधा बीज जिसका वैज्ञानिक नाम गॉसिपियम प्रजाति है)
ईवे इवुरो (वैज्ञानिक नाम वर्लोनिया अमिग्डालिना के साथ कड़वा अवकाश)
ओपे ओइनबो डुडु (वैज्ञानिक नाम अनाना कोमोसस के साथ अनानास अनानास)
ताजा काजू के पौधे की पत्तियां
तैयारी
चार वस्तुओं को एक साथ ब्लेंड या पाउंड करें। छलनी और उनका रस प्राप्त करें। थोड़ा शराब जोड़ें।
प्रयोग
इसे दिन में तीन बार आधा गिलास प्याला पीने से यह ध्यान देने योग्य है कि यदि आप शराब से बचना चाहते हैं, तो आप बस उक्त सभी चार वस्तुओं को 40 मिनट तक पानी में उबाल सकते हैं। उपयोग जैसा कि ऊपर बताया गया है।
4।
ओरोग्बो टूटू लोपो (ताजा कड़वा कोला / गार्सिना कोला)
तैयारी
गार्सिना कोला को पाउंड करें और इसे 74 घंटे या उससे अधिक समय तक पानी के अंदर भिगोएँ।
आप रोजाना तीन बार एक पूरा गिलास पीना शुरू कर देंगे
संदर्भ
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
कॉपीराइट: बबालावो पेले ओबासा ओबनिफा, फोन और व्हाट्सएप संपर्क: 13:48166343145, स्थान इले इफ ओसुन राज्य नाइजीरिया।
महत्वपूर्ण सूचना: जैसा कि इस लेख के किसी भी भाग के ऊपर दिए गए लेख को किसी भी रूप में या किसी भी माध्यम से इलेक्ट्रॉनिक या यांत्रिक रूप से पुन: प्रस्तुत या दोहराया नहीं जा सकता है, फोटोकॉपी और रिकॉर्डिंग सहित या किसी भी जानकारी के भंडारण या पुनर्प्राप्ति प्रणाली द्वारा कॉपीराइट धारक से पूर्व लिखित अनुमति के बिना। लेखक बबालावो ओबनिफा, ऐसा करना गैर-कानूनी होगा और कानूनी परिणामों को आकर्षित करेगा
النسخة العربية
العلاجات العشبية لالتهاب الكبد في يوروبا طب الأعشاب (المجلد الثاني) بقلم بابلو أبانيفة - الأفلام الوثائقية المتطرفة
في هذا العمل الحالي ، سيقوم Babalawo Obanifa بتوثيق أنواع مختلفة من الصيغ العشبية المتاحة لعلاج التهاب الكبد في طب الأعشاب اليوروبا. التهاب الكبد المعروف تقليديا باسم آيسان جيدوجيدو في الطب العشبي اليوروبا. إنه أحد الأمراض الفتاكة التي تصيب الآلاف من الناس حول العالم. في هذا العمل ، سوف يشرح Babalawo Obanifa ويوثق العلاجات العشبية المختلفة المتاحة في طب الأعشاب Yoruba لعلاج أنواع مختلفة من التهاب الكبد. سوف يدرس العمل بالتفصيل ما هو التهاب الكبد ؟، أسباب التهاب الكبد والأعراض والعلاج والوقاية من وجهة نظر الأرثوذكسية وكذلك العلاجات العشبية المتاحة لعلاج التهاب الكبد. قبل الشروع في تقديم تفاصيل عن العلاج بالاعشاب لالتهاب الكبد ، أود أولاً إعادة إنتاج جزء من عمل كريستيان نوردكفيست بعنوان "التهاب الكبد: الأسباب والأعراض والعلاج" كما نشرته www.medicalnewstoday.com.This أسباب وأعراض وعلاج التهاب الكبد من منظور الأرثوذكسية. إذا كنت مهتمًا فقط بالعلاجات العشبية وحدها ، فكل ما عليك هو التمرير إلى الفقرة الأخيرة من هذا العمل ، ولكن إذا كنت ترغب في الحصول على المعرفة والمعلومات الكاملة حول علاج التهاب الكبد والوقاية منه ، أنصحك بشدة بقراءة هذه المقالة بالكامل.
وفقا لكريستيان نوردكفيست ، فإن كلمة التهاب الكبد تأتي من الكلمة اليونانية القديمة hepar (كلمة الجذر hepat) التي تعني "الكبد" ، و itis اللاتينية تعني الالتهاب. يشير التهاب الكبد إلى التهاب خلايا الكبد وتلف الكبد. هناك أنواع وأسباب مختلفة ، لكن الأعراض قد تكون متشابهة.
تشمل وظائف الكبد إزالة السموم من الدم وتخزين الفيتامينات وإنتاج الهرمونات. يمكن أن يعطل التهاب الكبد هذه العمليات ويخلق مشاكل صحية حادة في جميع أنحاء الجسم.
يمكن أن تسبب خمسة فيروسات على الأقل التهاب الكبد. الثلاثة الأكثر شيوعا هي فيروسات التهاب الكبد A و B و C. العدوى مع أي من هذه الثلاثة يمكن أن تكون قاتلة.
أنواع أخرى من التهاب الكبد يمكن أن تنتج عن الإفراط في استهلاك الكحول أو حالة المناعة الذاتية. سوف تتناول هذه المقالة التهاب الكبد A ، B ، و C. هذه هي أشكال التهاب الكبد التي تنتقل عن طريق الفيروس.
في الولايات المتحدة ، انخفض معدل الإصابة بالتهاب الكبد الوبائي A على مدار العشرين عامًا الماضية ، ولكن التهاب الكبد الوبائي الحاد شهد زيادة بنسبة 44 بالمائة بين عامي 2011 و 2012.
أنواع
التهاب الكبد لديه عدة أنواع مختلفة ، لكن أعراض كل منها متشابهة. التهاب الكبد يمكن أن تتخذ أشكالا حادة ومزمنة.
تُعرف الأنواع الثلاثة الرئيسية لالتهاب الكبد بالتهاب الكبد (أ) و (ب) و (ج). يمكن أن تكون الأنواع الثلاثة حادة ودائمة لمدة 6 أشهر أو أقل ، ويمكن أن تكون الأنواع B و C مزمنة ، وتستمر لمدة أطول.
كل نوع له خصائص مختلفة وينتقل بطرق مختلفة ، لكن الأعراض تكون متشابهة.
التهاب الكبد A
في الولايات المتحدة (الولايات المتحدة) ، تم الإبلاغ عن 1،390 حالة من حالات التهاب الكبد A في عام 2015.
غالبًا ما يكون خفيفًا ، ومعظم الناس يتعافون تمامًا ، وبعد ذلك يكونون محصنين وبالتالي يتمتعون بالحماية من الفيروس في المستقبل. ومع ذلك ، إذا تقدمت ، فقد تكون الأعراض شديدة أو تهدد الحياة.
الناس في أجزاء من العالم يعانون من سوء الصرف الصحي معرضون بشكل خاص لخطر الإصابة بفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية.
هناك لقاحات آمنة وفعالة تحمي من هذا الفيروس.
التهاب الكبد ب
يمكن أن ينتقل التهاب الكبد B عندما يكون الشخص:
لديه اتصال جنسي غير محمي مع شخص مصاب
يشارك إبرة مع شخص مصاب ، وغالبًا ما يكون بسبب استخدام المخدرات أو الستيرويد بشكل غير قانوني
لديه وشم تم إنشاؤها باستخدام إبر غير معقمة
وخز عن طريق الخطأ ، على سبيل المثال ، العاملين في مجال الصحة التعامل مع الأشياء الحادة
يشارك العناصر الشخصية ، مثل فرشاة الأسنان أو ماكينة الحلاقة ، مع شخص مصاب
عض شخص مصاب
يمكن للأم المصابة أن تنقل الفيروس إلى رضيعها عند الرضاعة.
تضخم كبد الشخص المصاب بالتهاب الكبد B. ضرر شديد يمكن أن يؤدي.
عدوى HBV يمكن أن تصبح مزمنة. هذا يمكن أن يؤدي إلى مضاعفات ، بما في ذلك تندب الكبد ، أو تليف الكبد. يمكن أن يسبب أيضًا نوعًا من السرطان يُعرف باسم سرطان الكبد.
في عام 2015 ، تم ربط 887000 حالة وفاة في جميع أنحاء العالم بالتهاب الكبد الفيروسي ، ومعظمها نتيجة لمضاعفات مثل هذه.
في الولايات المتحدة ، تم الإبلاغ عن 3،370 حالة إصابة بفيروس HBV ، لكن مراكز السيطرة على الأمراض والوقاية منها (CDC) تقدر أن الرقم الحقيقي قد يكون حوالي 21،900.
لا يوجد حاليًا علاج لمرض التهاب الكبد البائي. ومع ذلك ، انخفض معدل الإصابة في البلدان التي يتوفر فيها اللقاح ، وهذا اللقاح فعال بنسبة 95 في المائة ضد العدوى.
هناك لقاح آمن وفعال يمكن أن يحمي من فيروس التهاب الكبد البائي.
التهاب الكبد ج
HCV يمكن أن يؤدي إلى تلف الكبد وتورم. يصاب تليف الكبد بحوالي 1 من كل 4 أشخاص مصابين بالتهاب الكبد الفيروسي ، وقد يؤدي ذلك إلى سرطان الكبد.
يتم الآن اختبار الدم المتبرع به لفيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي ، ولكن الأشخاص الذين تلقوا عمليات زرع الأعضاء أو التبرع بالدم قبل أن يصبح الاختبار جزءًا من عملية التبرع قد يتعرضون للخطر.
وتشمل المجموعات الأخرى المعرضة للخطر العاملين في مجال الرعاية الصحية الذين يتعرضون للأدوات الحادة ومتعاطي المخدرات بالحقن الوريدي والرضع المولودين لأمهات مصابات بفيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي.
ارتفع عدد حالات الإصابة بفيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي في الولايات المتحدة بثلاثة أضعاف تقريبًا بين عامي 2010 و 2015 عندما تم الإبلاغ عن 2،436 حالة. ومع ذلك ، يقدر مركز السيطرة على الأمراض أن 33900 إصابة حدثت في عام 2015 ، بما في ذلك تلك التي لم يتم الإبلاغ عنها.
علاج او معاملة
بعض أنواع وحالات التهاب الكبد يمكن أن تلتئم دون تدخل ، ولكن في بعض الأحيان يمكن أن تتطور إلى تندب الكبد ، أو تليف الكبد.
التهاب الكبد A
لا يوجد علاج محدد للـ HAV. سينصح الطبيب المريض بالامتناع عن تناول الكحول والمخدرات أثناء فترة الشفاء. سوف يتعافى معظم مرضى التهاب الكبد الوبائي (أ) دون تدخل.
التهاب الكبد ب
يحتاج المريض المصاب بفيروس HBV إلى الراحة والامتناع تمامًا عن الكحول. قد يصف الطبيب عاملًا مضادًا للفيروسات يُسمى الانترفيرون أو غيره من العلاجات المضادة للفيروسات.
التهاب الكبد ج
سيصف المريض المصاب بالتهاب الكبد الوبائي C عوامل مضادة للفيروسات ، مع أو بدون ريبافيرين.
تتوفر الآن بعض الأدوية المضادة للفيروسات الموجهة والعلاجات المركبة لعلاج فيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي C على أساس نوعه الفرعي. تستهدف هذه العلاجات التكاثر الفيروسي وتمنع الفيروس من التكاثر. عندما يؤخذ بشكل صحيح ، فإن معدل الشفاء مرتفع للغاية.
قد تكون هذه الأدوية باهظة الثمن ، وقد يكون لشركات التأمين معايير محددة للعلاج.
الأعراض
يعاني الكثير من المصابين بالتهاب الكبد من أعراض خفيفة أو معدومة. عندما تظهر الأعراض ، يمكنهم القيام بذلك من 15 إلى 180 يومًا بعد الإصابة. وهذا ينطبق على جميع أنواع التهاب الكبد.
التهاب كبد حاد
المرحلة الأولى من التهاب الكبد تسمى المرحلة الحادة. تشبه الأعراض الإصابة بالأنفلونزا الخفيفة ، وقد تشمل:
اليرقان هو أحد أعراض التهاب الكبد.
إسهال
إعياء
فقدان الشهية
حمى خفيفة
آلام في العضلات أو المفاصل
غثيان
ألم طفيف في البطن
قيء
فقدان الوزن
اليرقان
المرحلة الحادة ليست خطرة في العادة ، ولكن في بعض الناس ، يمكن أن تؤدي إلى فشل الكبد الحاد والموت. قد يتقدم أيضًا إلى التهاب مزمن. هذا هو الأرجح مع HBV أو HCV.
مع تقدم المرض ، يمكن أن يؤدي التهاب الكبد المزمن إلى فشل الكبد التدريجي ، مما يؤدي إلى اليرقان ، وتورم في الأطراف السفلية ، والارتباك ، والدم في البراز أو القيء.
قد يحدث ما يلي:
البول الداكن
قشعريرة
حكة في الجلد
براز فاتح اللون
جلد أصفر ، بياض العينين واللسان
تعتمد نتائج المريض بعد المرحلة الحادة على عوامل مختلفة ، وخاصة نوع التهاب الكبد. لن يعرف بعض الأشخاص أنهم مصابون بالتهاب الكبد المزمن حتى يحدث فشل الكبد.
مدعوم من مشروع روبيكون
التشخيص
بما أن أعراض أنواع مختلفة من التهاب الكبد متشابهة ، فإن نوع وشدة التهاب الكبد لا يمكن تشخيصهما إلا من خلال الاختبارات المعملية.
سيقوم الطبيب بإجراء فحص بدني وطلب سجل طبي لتقييم ما إذا كان المريض قد تعرض لسبب محتمل من التهاب الكبد.
إذا كان المريض قد سافر مؤخرًا إلى الخارج ، فقد يصاب به. إذا كانوا قد مارسوا الجنس بدون وقاية ، فقد يكون لديهم فيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي.
في حالة الاشتباه بالتهاب الكبد ، يمكن أن تؤكد الاختبارات التالية التشخيص:
اختبارات الدم: يمكن أن يكتشف هؤلاء ما إذا كان الجسم ينتج أجسامًا مضادة لمكافحة المرض ، ويمكنهم تقييم وظائف الكبد عن طريق فحص مستويات بعض بروتينات وأنزيمات الكبد.
اختبارات الحمض النووي: بالنسبة إلى التهاب الكبد B و C ، يمكن لاختبار الحمض النووي HBV أو HCV RNA أن يؤكد السرعة التي يتكاثر بها الفيروس في الكبد ، وهذا سيوضح مدى نشاط المرض.
خزعة الكبد: يمكن أن يقيس مدى تلف الكبد وإمكانية الإصابة بالسرطان.
بزل: يتم استخراج السائل البطني واختباره ، لتحديد سبب تراكم السوائل.
Elastography: يقيس تصلب الكبد عن طريق إصدار موجات صوتية.
علامات بديلة: نوع من اختبارات الدم لتقييم تطور تليف الكبد والتليف.
سوف يعتمد العلاج على التشخيص.
الأسباب
ثلاثة أنواع شائعة من التهاب الكبد الفيروسي كلها تسببها الالتهابات الفيروسية.
يحدث الالتهاب الكبدي الوبائي "أ" بسبب تناول الطعام أو الماء المصاب بفيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي "أ" (HAV) ، غالبًا أثناء السفر إلى الخارج. يمكن أيضا أن ينتقل الفيروس عن طريق الاتصال الشفهي أثناء ممارسة الجنس أو عن طريق الحقن بالمخدرات.
يحدث التهاب الكبد B بسبب فيروس التهاب الكبد B (HBV) وينتشر عن طريق التلامس مع الدم المصاب ، السائل المنوي ، وبعض سوائل الجسم الأخرى. يمكن أن يكون مرض ينتقل عن طريق الاتصال الجنسي (الأمراض المنقولة جنسيا).
ينتج التهاب الكبد C في الغالب عن الإصابة عن طريق الجلد التي تحدث عندما يحدث فيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي تحت الجلد. وعادة ما ينتشر عن طريق المخدرات المحقونة ، وإصابات عصي الإبرة ، وعدم التحكم في العدوى في مرافق الرعاية الصحية.
لا يمكن اكتشاف فيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي من البراز ، والانتقال الجنسي أقل شيوعًا منه في الأنواع الأخرى.
الكحول والأدوية والسمنة والتعرض الكيميائي لا تسبب الأنواع A أو B أو C ، ولكنها قد تؤدي إلى تفاقم الالتهاب وتزيد الأعراض سوءًا.
الوقاية
قد يكون التهاب الكبد خطيرًا ومن الصعب علاجه ، لذلك ينصح الأشخاص باتخاذ الاحتياطات اللازمة ضد العدوى المحتملة.
منع التهاب الكبد A
ينتشر التهاب الكبد الوبائي (أ) في الغالب من خلال الطعام والماء المصابين.
يمكن أن تساعد الخطوات التالية في تجنب العدوى ، خاصة عند السفر.
اغسل يديك بالصابون بعد استخدام الحمام.
تستهلك فقط الطعام الذي تم طهيه للتو.
لا تشرب سوى المياه المعبأة في زجاجات تجاريًا أو الماء المغلي إذا كنت غير متأكد من الصرف الصحي المحلي.
لا تأكل سوى الفواكه القابلة للنزع إذا كنت في مكان به صرف صحي غير موثوق به
لا تأكل سوى الخضار النيئة إذا كنت متأكدًا من تنظيفها أو تطهيرها جيدًا.
احصل على لقاح ضد فيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي قبل السفر إلى الأماكن التي قد يكون فيها التهاب الكبد مستوطنًا.
منع التهاب الكبد B
لتقليل خطر انتقال العدوى:
أخبر أي شريك جنسي إذا كنت حامل أو حاول معرفة ما إذا كانت تحمل المرض.
مارس الجنس الآمن باستخدام الواقي الذكري.
استخدم فقط الإبر النظيفة غير المستخدمة سابقًا.
لا تشارك فرشاة الأسنان أو شفرات الحلاقة أو أدوات تجميل الأظافر.
لا تسمح إلا باستخدام أجهزة ثقب الجلد المعقمة جيدًا ، كما هو الحال أثناء الوشم ، أو ثقب ، أو الوخز بالإبر.
هل لديك التطعيم HBV إذا كنت في خطر.
كيفية الوقاية من التهاب الكبد الوبائي
نظرًا لأن هذا يتم في كثير من الأحيان من خلال نقل سوائل الجسم المصابة ، يمكن أن تساعد الخطوات التالية في منع انتقال فيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي:
لا تشارك الإبر ، وفرشاة الأسنان ، أو معدات مانيكير.
تأكد من تعقيم المعدات جيدًا لأي ثقب للجلد.
تستهلك الكحول مع الاعتدال.
لا حقن المخدرات غير المشروعة.
التهاب الكبد A و C قابل للشفاء ، لكن التهاب الكبد B لا يمكن الوقاية منه إلا عن طريق اللقاح. العلاج لا يزال قيد التطوير.
الآفاق
أنواع مختلفة من التهاب الكبد لديها فرص مختلفة للشفاء.
الالتهاب الكبدي الوبائي A: هذا النوع من التهاب الكبد سيحل عادة في غضون شهرين دون أن يترك أي آثار طويلة الأجل. عادة ما يكون الشخص المصاب بمرض التهاب الكبد الوعائي محصن ضد التهاب الكبد (أ) لبقية حياته.
التهاب الكبد B: يتعافى معظم البالغين المصابين بفيروس HBV في غضون 90 يومًا ويحققون مناعة مدى الحياة. ومع ذلك ، فإن 90 في المائة من الأطفال الرضع ، و 20 في المائة من الأطفال الأكبر سنا ، و 5 في المائة من البالغين سوف يصابون بعدوى مزمنة ويصابون بمشاكل صحية حادة ، مثل سرطان الكبد وتليف الكبد.
الالتهاب الكبدي الوبائي (C): يصبح هذا العدوى مدى الحياة في 70 إلى 85 في المئة من الأشخاص المصابين بفيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي. الالتهاب الكبدي الوبائي (ج) قاتل في ما بين 1 و 5 في المئة من الناس. يمكن الآن علاج العدوى ، و 15 إلى 25 في المائة من المصابين بفيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي يزيلون العدوى دون علاج.
علاجات اليوروبا التقليدية للالتهاب الكبدي حسب وثائق بابلو أبانيفا
1.
Ebu egbo Agbon sibi mewa (10 ملعقة كاملة من مسحوق جوز الهند (Cocos Nucifera)
عطا ijosin سيبي ميتا (ثلاثة مسحوق ملعقة كاملة من (الفلفل الطيور تعرف باسم الفليفلة السنوية)
Sibi orogbo mewa ti a lo kunna (10 ملعقة صغيرة كاملة من الكولا المرة تعرف باسم Garcina kola
عيني ايجان (عسل بري)
تجهيز
امزج العناصر الثلاثة المذكورة أعلاه مع زجاجة من العسل البري.
استعمال
سوف يأخذ مرضى التهاب الكبد ملعقتين كاملتين ثلاث مرات في اليوم.
2.
Orogbo (الكولا المرة مع الاسم العلمي Garcina kola)
إوي ewuro (إجازة مريرة تحمل الاسم العلمي Verlonia amygdalina)
عجب كولا
الكثير من عصير البرتقال الجير.
تجهيز
غلي جميع العناصر معًا داخل عصير البرتقال بالليمون لمدة نصف ساعة.
استعمال
يجب عليك دائمًا وضع ملعقة واحدة كاملة من عسل النحل داخل كوب صغير من المغلي. اشربه ثلاث مرات في اليوم قبل الطعام.
3
Eso owu (بذور نبات القطن مع الأنواع العلمية Gossypium الأنواع)
إوي ewuro (إجازة مريرة تحمل الاسم العلمي Verlonia amygdalina)
Ope oyinbo dudu (أناناس غير ناضج يحمل الاسم العلمي Anana comosus)
أوراق نبات الكاجو الطازجة
تجهيز
مزيج أو جنيه العناصر الأربعة معا. غربال واحصل على العصير. أضف القليل من الكحول.
استعمال
شربه نصف كوب زجاجي ثلاث مرات في اليوم. من المفيد ملاحظة أنه إذا كنت تريد تجنب الكحول ، فيمكنك غلي جميع العناصر الأربعة المذكورة أعلاه في الماء لمدة 40 دقيقة. يستخدم هو نفسه كما هو موضح أعلاه.
4.
Orogbo توتو لوبو (كولا المريرة الطازجة / جارسينا كولا)
تجهيز
قم بقصف الجرسينا كولا ونقعها في الماء لمدة 74 ساعة أو أكثر.
ستبدأ في شرب كوب كامل ثلاث مرات يوميًا
المراجع
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
حقوق الطبع والنشر: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa ، الهاتف واتس اب الاتصال: +2348166343145 ، موقع إيل إيف أوسون ولاية نيجيريا.
إشعار هام: فيما يتعلق بالمادة أعلاه ، لا يجوز إعادة إنتاج أو تكرار أي جزء من هذه المادة بأي شكل أو بأي وسيلة ، سواء كانت إلكترونية أو ميكانيكية ، بما في ذلك التصوير والتسجيل أو بأي نظام لتخزين المعلومات أو استرجاعها دون إذن كتابي مسبق من صاحب حقوق الطبع والنشر و المؤلف Babalawo Obanifa ، القيام بذلك سوف يعتبر غير قانوني وسوف يجلب عواقب قانونية
Hepatitis causes, Symptoms and Treatment Explanation According To Different Medical Author And website s
What is hepatitis?
Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the liver. It’s commonly caused by a viral infection, but there are other possible causes of hepatitis. These include autoimmune hepatitis and hepatitis that occurs as a secondary result of medications, drugs, toxins, and alcohol. Autoimmune hepatitis is a disease that occurs when your body makes antibodies against your liver tissue.
Your liver is located in the right upper area of your abdomen. It performs many critical functions that affect metabolism throughout your body, including:
bile production, which is essential to digestion
filtering of toxins from your body
excretion of bilirubin (a product of broken-down red blood cells), cholesterol, hormones, and drugs
breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
activation of enzymes, which are specialized proteins essential to body functions
storage of glycogen (a form of sugar), minerals, and vitamins (A, D, E, and K)
synthesis of blood proteins, such as albumin
synthesis of clotting factors
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source, approximately 4.4 million Americans are currently living with chronic hepatitis B and C. Many more people don’t even know that they have hepatitis.
Treatment options vary depending on which type of hepatitis you have. You can prevent some forms of hepatitis through immunizations and lifestyle precautions.
The 5 types of viral hepatitis
Viral infections of the liver that are classified as hepatitis include hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. A different virus is responsible for each type of virally transmitted hepatitis.
Hepatitis A is always an acute, short-term disease, while hepatitis B, C, and D are most likely to become ongoing and chronic. Hepatitis E is usually acute but can be particularly dangerous in pregnant women.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is caused by an infection with the hepatitis A virus (HAV). This type of hepatitis is most commonly transmitted by consuming food or water contaminated by feces from a person infected with hepatitis A.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is transmitted through contact with infectious body fluids, such as blood, vaginal secretions, or semen, containing the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Injection drug use, having sex with an infected partner, or sharing razors with an infected person increase your risk of getting hepatitis B.
It’s estimated by the CDCTrusted Source that 1.2 million people in the United States and 350 million people worldwide live with this chronic disease.
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C comes from the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Hepatitis C is transmitted through direct contact with infected body fluids, typically through injection drug use and sexual contact. HCV is among the most common bloodborne viral infections in the United States. Approximately 2.7 to 3.9 million AmericansTrusted Source are currently living with a chronic form of this infection.
Hepatitis D
Also called delta hepatitis, hepatitis D is a serious liver disease caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV). HDV is contracted through direct contact with infected blood. Hepatitis D is a rare form of hepatitis that only occurs in conjunction with hepatitis B infection. The hepatitis D virus can’t multiply without the presence of hepatitis B. It’s very uncommon in the United States.
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is a waterborne disease caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV). Hepatitis E is mainly found in areas with poor sanitation and typically results from ingesting fecal matter that contaminates the water supply. This disease is uncommon in the United States. However, cases of hepatitis E have been reported in the Middle East, Asia, Central America, and Africa, according to the CDCTrusted Source.
Causes of noninfectious hepatitis
Alcohol and other toxins
Excessive alcohol consumption can cause liver damage and inflammation. This is sometimes referred to as alcoholic hepatitis. The alcohol directly injures the cells of your liver. Over time, it can cause permanent damage and lead to liver failure and cirrhosis, a thickening and scarring of the liver.
Other toxic causes of hepatitis include overuse or overdose of medications and exposure to poisons.
Autoimmune system response
In some cases, the immune system mistakes the liver as a harmful object and begins to attack it. It causes ongoing inflammation that can range from mild to severe, often hindering liver function. It’s three times more common in women than in men.
Common symptoms of hepatitis
If you have infectious forms of hepatitis that are chronic, like hepatitis B and C, you may not have symptoms in the beginning. Symptoms may not occur until the damage affects liver function.
Signs and symptoms of acute hepatitis appear quickly. They include:
fatigue
flu-like symptoms
dark urine
pale stool
abdominal pain
loss of appetite
unexplained weight loss
yellow skin and eyes, which may be signs of jaundice
Chronic hepatitis develops slowly, so these signs and symptoms may be too subtle to notice.
How hepatitis is diagnosed
History and physical exam
To diagnose hepatitis, first your doctor will take your history to determine any risk factors you may have for infectious or noninfectious hepatitis.
During a physical examination, your doctor may press down gently on your abdomen to see if there’s pain or tenderness. Your doctor may also feel to see if your liver is enlarged. If your skin or eyes are yellow, your doctor will note this during the exam.
Liver function tests
Liver function tests use blood samples to determine how efficiently your liver works. Abnormal results of these tests may be the first indication that there is a problem, especially if you don’t show any signs on a physical exam of liver disease. High liver enzyme levels may indicate that your liver is stressed, damaged, or not functioning properly.
Other blood tests
If your liver function tests are abnormal, your doctor will likely order other bloodtests to detect the source of the problem. These tests can check for the viruses that cause hepatitis. They can also be used to check for antibodies that are common in conditions like autoimmune hepatitis.
Ultrasound
An abdominal ultrasound uses ultrasound waves to create an image of the organs within your abdomen. This test allows your doctor to take a close at your liver and nearby organs. It can reveal:
fluid in your abdomen
liver damage or enlargement
liver tumors
abnormalities of your gallbladder
Sometimes the pancreas shows up on ultrasound images as well. This can be a useful test in determining the cause of your abnormal liver function.
Liver biopsy
A liver biopsy is an invasive procedure that involves your doctor taking a sample of tissue from your liver. It can be done through your skin with a needle and doesn’t require surgery. Typically, an ultrasound is used to guide your doctor when taking the biopsy sample.
This test allows your doctor to determine how infection or inflammation has affected your liver. It can also be used to sample any areas in your liver that appear abnormal.
How hepatitis is treated
Treatment options are determined by which type of hepatitis you have and whether the infection is acute or chronic.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A usually doesn’t require treatment because it’s a short-term illness. Bed rest may be recommended if symptoms cause a great deal of discomfort. If you experience vomiting or diarrhea, follow your doctor’s orders for hydration and nutrition.
The hepatitis A vaccine is available to prevent this infection. Most children begin vaccination between ages 12 and 18 months. It’s a series of two vaccines. Vaccination for hepatitis A is also available for adults and can be combined with the hepatitis B vaccine.
Hepatitis B
Acute hepatitis B doesn’t require specific treatment.
Chronic hepatitis B is treated with antiviral medications. This form of treatment can be costly because it must be continued for several months or years. Treatment for chronic hepatitis B also requires regular medical evaluations and monitoring to determine if the virus is responding to treatment.
Hepatitis B can be prevented with vaccination. The CDCTrusted Source recommends hepatitis B vaccinations for all newborns. The series of three vaccines is typically completed over the first six months of childhood. The vaccine is also recommended for all healthcare and medical personnel.
Hepatitis C
Antiviral medications are used to treat both acute and chronic forms of hepatitis C. People who develop chronic hepatitis C are typically treated with a combination of antiviral drug therapies. They may also need further testing to determine the best form of treatment.
People who develop cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) or liver disease as a result of chronic hepatitis C may be candidates for a liver transplant.
Currently, there is no vaccination for hepatitis C.
Hepatitis D
No antiviral medications exist for the treatment of hepatitis D at this time. According to a 2013 studyTrusted Source, a drug called alpha interferon can be used to treat hepatitis D, but it only shows improvement in about 25 to 30 percent of people.
Hepatitis D can be prevented by getting the vaccination for hepatitis B, as infection with hepatitis B is necessary for hepatitis D to develop.
Hepatitis E
Currently, no specific medical therapies are available to treat hepatitis E. Because the infection is often acute, it typically resolves on its own. People with this type of infection are often advised to get adequate rest, drink plenty of fluids, get enough nutrients, and avoid alcohol. However, pregnant women who develop this infection require close monitoring and care.
Autoimmune hepatitis
Corticosteroids, like prednisone or budesonide, are extremely important in the early treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. They’re effective in about 80 percent of people with this condition.
Azothioprine (Imuran), a drug that suppresses the immune system, is often included in treatment. It can be used with or without steroids.
Other immune suppressing drugs like mycophenolate (CellCept), tacrolimus (Prograf) and cyclosporine (Neoral) can also be used as alternatives to azathioprine for treatment.
Tips to prevent hepatitis
Hygiene
Practicing good hygiene is one key way to avoid contracting hepatitis A and E. If you’re traveling to a developing country, you should avoid:
local water
ice
raw or undercooked shellfish and oysters
raw fruit and vegetables
Hepatitis B, C, and D contracted through contaminated blood can be prevented by:
not sharing drug needles
not sharing razors
not using someone else’s toothbrush
not touching spilled blood
Hepatitis B and C can also be contracted through sexual intercourse and intimate sexual contact. Practicing safe sex by using condoms and dental dams can help decrease the risk of infection. You can find many options available for purchase online.
Vaccines
The use of vaccines is an important key to preventing hepatitis. Vaccinations are available to prevent the development of hepatitis A and B. Experts Complications of hepatitis
Chronic hepatitis B or C can often lead to more serious health problems. Because the virus affects the liver, people with chronic hepatitis B or C are at risk for:
chronic liver disease
cirrhosis
liver cancer
When your liver stops functioning normally, liver failure can occur. Complications of liver failure include:
bleeding disorders
a buildup of fluid in your abdomen, known as ascites
increased blood pressure in portal veins that enter your liver, known as portal hypertension
kidney failure
hepatic encephalopathy, which can involve fatigue, memory loss, and diminished mental abilities due to the buildup of toxins, like ammonia, that affect brain function
hepatocellular carcinoma, which is a form of liver cancer
death
People with chronic hepatitis B and C are encouraged to avoid alcohol because it can accelerate liver disease and failure. Certain supplements and medications can also affect liver function. If you have chronic hepatitis B or C, check with your doctor before taking any new medications.
HEALTHLINE CHALLENGES
Looking to cut back on sugar? We’ll give you some sweet tips
Our Nutrition newsletter’s 10 day sugar challenge guides you in bringing more awareness to the sugars in the foods you eat and gives you the tools you need to make healthier choices. Let’s get started
What is hepatitis?
Online Q&A
Reviewed September 2019
Q: What is hepatitis?
A: Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. The condition can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world but other infections, toxic substances (e.g. alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis.
There are 5 main hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E. These 5 types are of greatest concern because of the burden of illness and death they cause and the potential for outbreaks and epidemic spread. In particular, types B and C lead to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people and, together, are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer.
Hepatitis A and E are typically caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B, C and D usually occur as a result of parenteral contact with infected body fluids. Common modes of transmission for these viruses include receipt of contaminated blood or blood products, invasive medical procedures using contaminated equipment and for hepatitis B transmission from mother to baby at birth, from family member to child, and also by sexual contact.
Acute infection may occur with limited or no symptoms, or may include symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain.
Q: What are the different hepatitis viruses?
A: Scientists have identified 5 unique hepatitis viruses, identified by the letters A, B, C, D, and E. While all cause liver disease, they vary in important ways.
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is present in the faeces of infected persons and is most often transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food. Certain sex practices can also spread HAV. Infections are in many cases mild, with most people making a full recovery and remaining immune from further HAV infections. However, HAV infections can also be severe and life threatening. Most people in areas of the world with poor sanitation have been infected with this virus. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent HAV.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted through exposure to infective blood, semen, and other body fluids. HBV can be transmitted from infected mothers to infants at the time of birth or from family member to infant in early childhood. Transmission may also occur through transfusions of HBV-contaminated blood and blood products, contaminated injections during medical procedures, and through injection drug use. HBV also poses a risk to healthcare workers who sustain accidental needle stick injuries while caring for infected-HBV patients. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent HBV.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is mostly transmitted through exposure to infective blood. This may happen through transfusions of HCV-contaminated blood and blood products, contaminated injections during medical procedures, and through injection drug use. Sexual transmission is also possible, but is much less common. There is no vaccine for HCV.
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections occur only in those who are infected with HBV. The dual infection of HDV and HBV can result in a more serious disease and worse outcome. Hepatitis B vaccines provide protection from HDV infection.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is mostly transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food. HEV is a common cause of hepatitis outbreaks in developing parts of the world and is increasingly recognized as an important cause of disease in developed countries. Safe and effective vaccines to prevent HEV infection have been developed but are not widely available.
Hepatitis Health Center
1234
PrevNext
Hepatitis Overview
Viral hepatitis, including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, are a group of distinct diseases that affect the liver. Each have different hepatitis symptoms and treatments. Some causes of hepatitis include recreational drugs and prescription medications. Laboratory tests can determine hepatitis types.
Hepatitis B
What Is Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is an infection of your liver. It can cause scarring of the organ, liver failure, and cancer. It can be fatal if it isn’t treated.
It’s spread when people come in contact with the blood, open sores, or body fluids of someone who has the hepatitis B virus.
It's serious, but if you get the disease as an adult, it shouldn’t last a long time. Your body fights it off within a few months, and you’re immune for the rest of your life. That means you can't get it again. But if you get it at birth, it’ unlikely to go away.
What Are the Symptoms of Hepatitis B?
When you’re first infected, the warning signs include:
Jaundice.- Your skin or the whites of the eyes turn yellow, and your pee turns brown or orange.)
Light-colored poop
Fever
Fatigue that persists for weeks or months
Stomach trouble like loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting
Belly pain
Symptoms may not show up until 1 to 6 months after you catch the virus. You might not feel anything. About a third of the people who have this disease don’t. They only find out through a blood test.
A Visual Guide to Hepatitis
epatitis is an inflammation of the liver. It may be caused by drugs, alcohol use, or certain medical conditions. But in most cases, it's caused by a virus. This is known as viral hepatitis, and the most common forms are hepatitis A, B, and C.
2/23Hepatitis Symptoms
Sometimes there are no symptoms of hepatitis in the first weeks after infection -- the acute phase. But when they happen, the symptoms of types A, B, and C may include fatigue, nausea, poor appetite, belly pain, a mild fever, or yellow skin or eyes (jaundice). When hepatitis B and C become chronic, they may cause no symptoms for years. By the time there are any warning signs, the liver may already be damaged.
3/23Hepatitis A: What Happens
Hepatitis A is highly contagious and can spread from person to person in many different settings. It typically causes only a mild illness, and many people who are infected may never realize they're sick at all. The virus almost always goes away on its own and does not cause long-term liver damage.
4/23Hepatitis A: How Does It Spread?
It usually spreads through food or water. Food can be tainted when it's touched by a person with hepatitis who did not wash his hands after using the bathroom. This transfers tiny amounts of infected stool to the food. Raw shellfish, fruits, vegetables, and undercooked foods are common culprits in hepatitis A outbreaks. The virus can also spread in daycare centers if employees aren't careful about washing hands after changing diapers.
5/23Hepatitis A: Who Is at Risk?
A prime risk factor for hepatitis A is traveling to or living in a country with high infection rates. You can check the CDC's travel advisories to learn about recent outbreaks. Eating raw foods or drinking tap water can raise your risk while traveling. Children who attend daycare centers also have a higher risk of getting hepatitis A.
6/23Hepatitis B: What Happens
Many adults who get hepatitis B have mild symptoms for a short time and then get better on their own. But some people are not able to clear the virus from the body, which causes a long-term infection. Nearly 90% of infants who get the virus will carry it for life. Over time, hepatitis B can lead to serious problems, such as liver damage, liver failure, and liver cancer.
7/23Hepatitis B: How Does It Spread?
You can get it through contact with the blood or body fluids of an infected person. In the U.S., it's most often spread through unprotected sex. It's also possible to get hepatitis B by sharing an infected person's needles, razors, or toothbrush. And an infected mother can pass the virus to her baby during childbirth. Hepatitis B is not spread by hugging, sharing food, or coughing.
8/23Hepatitis B: Who Is at Risk?
Anyone can get hepatitis B, but people who have multiple sex partners or inject illegal drugs have a higher risk. Other risk factors include being a health care worker who is exposed to blood, or living with someone who has chronic hepatitis B.
9/23Hepatitis C: What Happens
About 25% of people who get hepatitis C defeat the virus after a short-term infection. The rest will carry the virus in their body for the long term. Chronic hepatitis C can cause very serious complications, including liver failure and liver cancer. There are effective treatments for the virus, though.
9/23Hepatitis C: What Happens
About 25% of people who get hepatitis C defeat the virus after a short-term infection. The rest will carry the virus in their body for the long term. Chronic hepatitis C can cause very serious complications, including liver failure and liver cancer. There are effective treatments for the virus, though.
10/23Hepatitis C: How Does It Spread?
It spreads through infected blood. In the U.S., sharing needles or other items used to inject drugs is the most common cause of infection. Getting a tattoo or body piercing with an infected needle is another means of exposure. A mother may pass the virus to her child at birth. In rare cases, unprotected sex spreads hepatitis C, but the risk appears small. Having multiple sex partners, HIV, or rough sex seems to raise risk for spreading hepatitis C.
11/23Hepatitis C: Who Is at Risk?
People who have injected illegal drugs at any time, even one time, many years ago, could be walking around with chronic hepatitis C. Because there are often no symptoms, many former drug users may not realize they have the infection. People who received a blood transfusion before 1992 also have a higher risk. Before that year, donated blood was not screened for the hepatitis C virus.
12/23How Is Hepatitis Diagnosed?
Chronic hepatitis can quietly attack the liver for years without causing any symptoms. Unless the infection is diagnosed, monitored, and treated, many of these people will eventually have serious liver damage. Fortunately, blood tests can determine whether you have viral hepatitis, and if so, which kind.
13/23Who Should Be Tested for Hepatitis?
Testing is important for anyone with the risk factors we've mentioned, particularly injected drug users and people who have had multiple sex partners. Health advocates are also urging people of Asian heritage to get tested. Stanford University's Asian Liver Center estimates that 1 in 10 Asians living in the U.S. has chronic hepatitis B. Many of them have probably had the virus since birth.
Also, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that health care providers offer a one-time hepatitis C screening for anyone born between 1945 and 1965.
14/23What if You Test Positive?
If a test says you have viral hepatitis, you can take steps to protect the ones you love. For hepatitis A, wash hands frequently. For hepatitis B and C, avoid sharing nail clippers, razors, or toothbrushes. Hepatitis B, and sometimes hepatitis C, can be passed through sexual contact. Make sure everyone in your household gets the hepatitis B vaccine. An important step is to see a specialist to discuss treatment options.
15/23Treatment: Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A almost always goes away on its own, and no medication is needed. If nausea is a problem, try eating several small meals throughout the day instead of three large ones. Drink water, juice, or sports drinks to stay hydrated. And avoid hard exercise until you're feeling better.
Treatment: Chronic Hepatitis B
The goal of treating chronic hepatitis B is to control the virus and keep it from damaging the liver. This begins with regular monitoring for signs of liver disease. Antiviral medications may help, but not everyone can take them or needs to be on medication. Be sure to discuss the risks and benefits of antiviral therapy with your doctor.
17/23Treatment: Chronic Hepatitis C
The latest drug to be approved by the FDA is glecaprevir and pibrentasvir (Mavyret). This medication offers a shorter treatment cycle of 8 weeks for adult patients with all types of HCV who don’t have cirrhosis and who have not been previously treated. The length of treatment is longer for those who are in a different disease stage. The prescribed dosage for this medicine is 3 tablets daily.
There are several other combination drugs available, as well as some single drugs that may be used in combination. Your doctor will choose the right one for you depending on the type of hepatitis C you have, how well your liver is functioning and any other medical problems you may have. Also be sure to discuss your insurance coverage since these medications are expensive.
18/23Monitoring Chronic Hepatitis
20/23Complications: Liver Cancer
Viral hepatitis is the top cause of liver cancer, so people with chronic hepatitis B or C need monitoring even if they feel healthy. Blood tests can detect proteins that suggest the presence of liver cancer. Ultrasounds, CT scans, and MRIs can reveal abnormal lesions in the liver (seen here in green). A biopsy is needed to determine if these areas are cancerous. Tumors that are found early may be surgically removed. But most liver cancers are difficult to treat.
21/23Liver Transplant
The liver is a vital organ that aids in metabolism, digestion, detoxifying, and the production of many proteins needed by the body. If a large part of the liver is damaged beyond repair, it will no longer be able to perform these important jobs. People cannot live without a working liver. In this case, a liver transplant may be the best hope. This option provides the patient with a healthy liver from a donor.
22/23Hepatitis A and B Vaccines
There are vaccines to protect against hepatitis A and B. The CDC recommends hepatitis A vaccination for all children ages 12 to 23 months and for adults who plan to travel or work in areas with hepatitis A outbreaks or who have other risk factors. People with chronic hepatitis B or C should also get the hepatitis A vaccine if they don't already have immunity to the disease. The hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for all infants at birth and for adults who have any of the risk factors we discussed earlier. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C.
23/23Protecting Your Liver
If you have chronic hepatitis, there are steps you can take to keep your liver resilient. Avoid alcohol, which can cause additional liver damage. Check with your doctor before taking any medications or supplements, because some are tough on the liver or may not be safe in people with liver disease. Most importantly, keep your appointments for regular monitoring. By watching for any changes in your liver, you and your health care provider can stay one step ahead of the virus.
Viral Hepatitis
Section NavigationWhat is Viral Hepatitis?
Viral Hepatitis
Section NavigationWhat is Viral Hepatitis?
Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. The liver is a vital organ that processes nutrients, filters the blood, and fights infections. When the liver is inflamed or damaged, its function can be affected. Heavy alcohol use, toxins, some medications, and certain medical conditions can cause hepatitis. However, hepatitis is often caused by a virus. In the United States, the most common types of viral hepatitis are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.
ABC Table
What causes it?
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis C virus
Number of U.S. cases
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
About 6,700 new infections each year
About 22,100 new infections each year
Estimated 862,000 people living with hepatitis B
About 44,300 new infections each year
Estimated 2.4 million people living with hepatitis C
Key facts
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
Effective vaccine available
Outbreaks still occur in the United States; currently there are outbreaks among people who use drugs, people experiencing homelessness, and men who have sex with men
Recent foodborne outbreaks in US traced to imported food
Common in many countries, especially those without modern sanitation
Effective vaccine available
About 2 in 3 people with hepatitis B do not know they are infected
About 50% of people with hepatitis B in the U.S are Asian
Hepatitis B is a leading cause of liver cancer
About 50% of people with hepatitis C do not know they are infected
3 in 4 people with hepatitis C were born from 1945-1965
Hepatitis C is a leading cause of liver transplants and liver cancer
How long does it last?
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A can last from a few weeks to several months. Hepatitis B can range from a mild illness, lasting a few weeks, to a serious, life-long (chronic) condition. More than 90% of unimmunized infants who get infected develop a chronic infection, but 6%–10% of older children and adults who get infected develop chronic hepatitis B. Hepatitis C can range from a mild illness, lasting a few weeks, to a serious, life-long (chronic) infection. Most people who get infected with the hepatitis C virus develop chronic hepatitis C.
How is it spread?
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A is spread when a person ingests fecal matter—even in microscopic amounts—from contact with objects, food, or drinks contaminated by feces or stool from an infected person. Hepatitis B is primarily spread when blood, semen, or certain other body fluids- even in microscopic amounts – from a person infected with the hepatitis B virus enters the body of someone who is not infected. The hepatitis B virus can also be transmitted from:
Birth to an infected mother
Sex with an infected person
Sharing equipment that has been contaminated with blood from an infected person, such as needles, syringes, and even medical equipment, such as glucose monitors
Sharing personal items such as toothbrushes or razors
Poor infection control has resulted in outbreaks in health care facilities
Hepatitis C is spread when blood from a person infected with the Hepatitis C virus – even in microscopic amounts – enters the body of someone who is not infected. The hepatitis C virus can also be transmitted from:
Sharing equipment that has been contaminated with blood from an infected person, such as needles and syringes
Receiving a blood transfusion or organ transplant before 1992 (when widespread screening virtually eliminated hepatitis C from the blood supply)
Poor infection control has resulted in outbreaks in health care facilities
Birth to an infected mother
Who should be vaccinated?
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
All children at age 1 year
Travelers to countries where hepatitis A is common
Family and caregivers of adoptees from countries where hepatitis A is common
Men who have sexual encounters with other men
People who use drugs, whether injected or not
People with chronic or long-term liver disease, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C
People with clotting-factor disorders
People with direct contact with others who have hepatitis A
Any person wishing to obtain immunity (protection)
People who are experiencing homelessness
All infants
All children and adolescents younger than 19 years of age who have not been vaccinated
People at risk for infection by sexual exposure including: people whose sex partners have hepatitis B, sexually active people who are not in a long-term, mutually moAll children at age 1 year
Travelers to countries where hepatitis A is common
Family and caregivers of adoptees from countries where hepatitis A is common
Men who have sexual encounters with other men
People who use drugs, whether injected or not
People with chronic or long-term liver disease, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C
People with clotting-factor disorders
People with direct contact with others who have hepatitis A
Any person wishing to obtain immunity (protection)
People who are experiencing homelessness
All infants
All children and adolescents younger than 19 years of age who have not been vaccinated
People at risk for infection by sexual exposure including: people whose sex partners have hepatitis B, sexually active people who are not in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship, people seeking evaluation or treatment for an STD, and men who have sex with men
People at risk for infection by exposure to blood including: people who inject drugs, people who live with a person who has hepatitis B, residents and staff of facilities for developmentally disabled people, health care and public safety workers at risk for exposure to blood or blood-contaminated body fluids on the job
Hemodialysis patients and predialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and home dialysis patients
People with diabetes aged 19–59 years; people with diabetes aged 60 or older should ask their doctor.
International travelers to countries where hepatitis B is common
People with hepatitis C
People with chronic liver disease
People with HIV
People who are in jail or prison
All other people seeking protection from hepatitis B virus infection
There is no vaccine available for hepatitis C.kWhat causes it?
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis C virus
Number of U.S. cases
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
About 6,700 new infections each year
About 22,100 new infections each year
Estimated 862,000 people living with hepatitis B
About 44,300 new infections each year
Estimated 2.4 million people living with hepatitis C
Key facts
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
Effective vaccine available
Outbreaks still occur in the United States; currently there are outbreaks among people who use drugs, people experiencing homelessness, and men who have sex with men
Recent foodborne outbreaks in US traced to imported food
Common in many countries, especially those without modern sanitation
Effective vaccine available
About 2 in 3 people with hepatitis B do not know they are infected
About 50% of people with hepatitis B in the U.S are Asian
Hepatitis B is a leading cause of liver cancer
About 50% of people with hepatitis C do not know they are infected
3 in 4 people with hepatitis C were born from 1945-1965
Hepatitis C is a leading cause of liver transplants and liver cancer
How long does it last?
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A can last from a few weeks to several months. Hepatitis B can range from a mild illness, lasting a few weeks, to a serious, life-long (chronic) condition. More than 90% of unimmunized infants who get infected develop a chronic infection, but 6%–10% of older children and adults who get infected develop chronic hepatitis B. Hepatitis C can range from a mild illness, lasting a few weeks, to a serious, life-long (chronic) infection. Most people who get infected with the hepatitis C virus develop chronic hepatitis C.
How is it spread?
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A is spread when a person ingests fecal matter—even in microscopic amounts—from contact with objects, food, or drinks contaminated by feces or stool from an infected person. Hepatitis B is primarily spread when blood, semen, or certain other body fluids- even in microscopic amounts – from a person infected with the hepatitis B virus enters the body of someone who is not infected. The hepatitis B virus can also be transmitted from:
Birth to an infected mother
Sex with an infected person
Sharing equipment that has been contaminated with blood from an infected person, such as needles, syringes, and even medical equipment, such as glucose monitors
Sharing personal items such as toothbrushes or razors
Poor infection control has resulted in outbreaks in health care facilities
Hepatitis C is spread when blood from a person infected with the Hepatitis C virus – even in microscopic amounts – enters the body of someone who is not infected. The hepatitis C virus can also be transmitted from:
Sharing equipment that has been contaminated with blood from an infected person, such as needles and syringes
Receiving a blood transfusion or organ transplant before 1992 (when widespread screening virtually eliminated hepatitis C from the blood supply)
Poor infection control has resulted in outbreaks in health care facilities
Birth to an infected mother
Who should be vaccinated?
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
All children at age 1 year
Travelers to countries where hepatitis A is common
Family and caregivers of adoptees from countries where hepatitis A is common
Men who have sexual encounters with other men
People who use drugs, whether injected or not
People with chronic or long-term liver disease, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C
People with clotting-factor disorders
People with direct contact with others who have hepatitis A
Any person wishing to obtain immunity (protection)
People who are experiencing homelessness
All infants
All children and adolescents younger than 19 years of age who have not been vaccinated
People at risk for infection by sexual exposure including: people whose sex partners have hepatitis B, sexually active people who are not in a long-term, mutually monogamous
Hepatitis
Also called: Viral hepatitis
Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver.
Viruses cause most cases of hepatitis. The type of hepatitis is named for the virus that causes it; for example, hepatitis A, hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Drug or alcohol use can also cause hepatitis. In other cases, your body mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the liver.
Some people who have hepatitis have no symptoms. Others may have
Loss of appetite
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea
Dark-colored urine and pale bowel movements
Stomach pain
Jaundice, yellowing of skin and eyes
Some forms of hepatitis are mild, and others can be serious. Some can lead to scarring, called cirrhosis, or to liver cancer.
Sometimes hepatitis goes away by itself. If it does not, it can be treated with drugs. Sometimes hepatitis lasts a lifetime. Vaccines can help prevent some viral forms
Hepatitis: Viral Hepatitis A, B, & C
Several viruses are known to cause hepatitis, which refers to inflammation of the liver. There are many causes of hepatitis and prevention is discussed. Hepatitis Types A, B, and C are outlined.
Hepatitis: Viral Hepatitis A, B, & C Menu
What is hepatitis?
Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver. Inflammation is a tissue’s reaction to irritation or injury. It generally results in pain, redness, and swelling.
There are many causes of hepatitis. Viral hepatitis is caused by a virus. Viral hepatitis can either be acute (lasting less than 6 months) or chronic (lasting more than 6 months). Viral hepatitis can be spread from person to person. Some types of viral hepatitis can be spread through sexual contact.
Several viruses are known to cause hepatitis. Common forms of viral hepatitis include:
Hepatitis A: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there were about 3,050 instances of acute hepatitis A infections in the U.S. in 2012. This form of hepatitis does not lead to a chronic infection and usually has no complications. The liver usually heals from hepatitis A within 2 months. However, occasional deaths from hepatitis A have occurred due to liver failure. Hepatitis A can be prevented by vaccination.
Hepatitis B: This form of hepatitis infects between 200,000 and 300,000 people in the U.S. each year, but as many as 1.2 million people might be carrying the disease. More than 70% of all cases of hepatitis B affect young people between the ages of 15 and 39. Most people recover from the virus within 6 months. However, a few cases cause a life-long, chronic infection. Chronic hepatitis causes ongoing damage to the liver. The earlier in life hepatitis B is contracted, the more likely it is to become chronic. People can carry the virus without feeling sick. These people can still spread the virus. Hepatitis B can be prevented by getting a vaccine.
Hepatitis C: Hepatitis C is one of the most common causes of liver disease in the U.S., and the number one reason for liver transplant. At least 80% of patients with hepatitis C develop a chronic liver infection. About 3.2 million people in the U.S. are estimated to have chronic hepatitis C infection. It often does not show any symptoms. No vaccine is yet available to prevent hepatitis C.
Most people recover from hepatitis, and the disease is often preventable. However, it is still considered a serious health risk because it can:
Destroy liver tissue.
Spread easily from person to person.
Weaken the body's immune system.
Cause the liver to fail.
Cause liver cancer.
Cause death.
Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy
How does someone get or spread hepatitis?
A person can get hepatitis A from eating food or drinking water carrying the virus. A person can get hepatitis B in many ways, including:
Having sex with an infected person.
Sharing dirty needles.
Being in direct contact with infected blood.
Getting needle stick injuries.
Being transferred from mother to unborn child.
Being in contact with an infected person's body fluids.
An infected mother has a high chance of giving hepatitis B to her child during or after birth. All pregnant women should be tested for hepatitis B. Within 12 hours of birth, infants born to mothers with hepatitis B need to receive treatment with hepatitis B antibody and hepatitis B vaccine. This can prevent transmission of hepatitis B from mother to the baby.
A person can get hepatitis C from:
Sharing dirty needles.
Being in direct contact with infected blood.
Getting needle stick injuries.
Having sex with an infected person (less common).
Blood products are currently tested for hepatitis B and C, so it is not likely that a person will get hepatitis from receiving them. However, blood transfusions or organ transplants before 1992 might have not been tested for hepatRequest an Appointment
Patient Care & Health Information
Diseases & Conditions
Hepatitis B
Sectionsfor Hepatitis B
Print
Overview
Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). For some people, hepatitis B infection becomes chronic, meaning it lasts more than six months. Having chronic hepatitis B increases your risk of developing liver failure, liver cancer or cirrhosis — a condition that permanently scars of the liver.
Advertisement
Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission.
Advertising & Sponsorship
PolicyOpportunitiesAd Choices
Most adults with hepatitis B recover fully, even if their signs and symptoms are severe. Infants and children are more likely to develop a chronic (long-lasting) hepatitis B infection.
A vaccine can prevent hepatitis B, but there's no cure if you have the condition. If you're infected, taking certain precautions can help prevent spreading the virus to others.
Products & Services
Book: The Mayo Clinic A to Z Health Guide
Show more products from Mayo Clinic
Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of hepatitis B range from mild to severe. They usually appear about one to four months after you've been infected, although you could see them as early as two weeks post-infection. Some people, usually young children, may not have any symptoms.
Hepatitis B signs and symptoms may include:
Abdominal pain
Dark urine
Fever
Joint pain
Loss of appetite
Nausea and vomiting
Weakness and fatigue
Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
When to see a doctor
If you know you've been exposed to hepatitis B, contact your doctor immediately. A preventive treatment may reduce your risk of infection if you receive the treatment within 24 hours of exposure to the virus.
If you think you have signs or symptoms of hepatitis B, contact your doctor.
Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic
Causes
Hepatitis B infection is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus is passed from person to person through blood, semen or other body fluids. It does not spread by sneezing or coughing.
Common ways that HBV can spread are:
Sexual contact. You may get hepatitis B if you have unprotected sex with someone who is infected. The virus can pass to you if the person's blood, saliva, semen or vaginal secretions enter your body.
Sharing of needles. HBV easily spreads through needles and syringes contaminated with infected blood. Sharing IV drug paraphernalia puts you at high risk of hepatitis B.
Accidental needle sticks. Hepatitis B is a concern for health care workers and anyone else who comes in contact with human blood.
Mother to child. Pregnant women infected with HBV can pass the virus to their babies during childbirth. However, the newborn can be vaccinated to avoid getting infected in almost all cases. Talk to your doctor about being tested for hepatitis B if you are pregnant or want to become pregnant.
Acute vs. chronic hepatitis B
Hepatitis B infection may be either short-lived (acute) or long lasting (chronic).
Acute hepatitis B infection lasts less than six months. Your immune system likely can clear acute hepatitis B from your body, and you should recover completely within a few months. Most people who get hepatitis B as adults have an acute infection, but it can lead to chronic infection.
Chronic hepatitis B infection lasts six months or longer. It lingers because your immune system can't fight off the infection. Chronic hepatitis B infection may last a lifetime, possibly leading to serious illnesses such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.
The younger you are when you get hepatitis B — particularly newborns or children younger than 5 — the higher your risk of the infection becoming chronic. Chronic infection may go undetected for decades until a person becomes seriously ill from liver disease.
Risk factors
Hepatitis B spreads through contact with blood, semen or other body fluids from an infected person. Your risk
Are a man who has sex with other men
Live with someone who has a chronic HBV infection
Are an infant born to an infected mother
Have a job that exposes you to human blood
Travel to regions with high infection rates of HBV, such as Asia, the Pacific Islands, Africa and Eastern Europe
Complications
Having a chronic HBV infection can lead to serious complications, such as:
Scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). The inflammation associated with a hepatitis B infection can lead to extensive liver scarring (cirrhosis), which may impair the liver's ability to function.
Liver cancer. People with chronic hepatitis B infection have an increased risk of liver cancer.
Liver failure. Acute liver failure is a condition in which the vital functions of the liver shut down. When that occurs, a liver transplant is necessary to sustain life.
Other conditions. People with chronic hepatitis B may develop kidney disease or inflammation of blood vessels.
Prevention
The hepatitis B vaccine is typically given as three or four injections over six months. You can't get hepatitis B from the vaccine.
The hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for:
Newborns
Children and adolescents not vaccinated at birth
Those who work or live in a center for people who are developmentally disabled
People who live with someone who has hepatitis B
Health care workers, emergency workers and other people who come into contact with blood
Anyone who has a sexually transmitted infection, including HIV
Men who have sex with men
People who have multiple sexual partners
Sexual partners of someone who has hepatitis B
People who inject illegal drugs or share needles and syringes
People with chronic liver disease
People with end-stage kidney disease
Travelers planning to go to an area of the world with a high hepatitis B infection rate
Take precautions to avoid HBV
Other ways to reduce your risk of HBV include:
Know the HBV status of any sexual partner. Don't engage in unprotected sex unless you're absolutely certain your partner isn't infected with HBV or any other sexually transmitted infection.
Use a new latex or polyurethane condom every time you have sex if you don't know the health status of your partner. Remember that although condoms can reduce your risk of contracting HBV, they don't eliminate the risk.
Don't use illegal drugs. If you use illicit drugs, get help to stop. If you can't stop, use a sterile needle each time you inject illicit drugs. Never share needles.
Be cautious about body piercing and tattooing. If you get a piercing or tattoo, look for a reputable shop. Ask about how the equipment is cleaned. Make sure the employees use sterile needles. If you can't get answers, look for another shop.
Ask about the hepatitis B vaccine before you travel. If you're traveling to a region where hepatitis B is common, ask your doctor about the hepatitis B vaccine in advance. It's usually given in a series of three injections over a six-month period.
AHepatitis B
Sectionsfor Hepatitis B
Print
Diagnosis
Your doctor will examine you and look for signs of liver damage, such as yellowing skin or belly pain. Tests that can help diagnose hepatitis B or its complications are:
Blood tests. Blood tests can detect signs of the hepatitis B virus in your body and tell your doctor whether it's acute or chronic. A simple blood test can also determine if you're immune to the condition.
Liver ultrasound. A special ultrasound called transient elastography can show the amount of liver damage.
Liver biopsy. Your doctor might remove a small sample of your liver for testing (liver biopsy) to check for liver damage. During this test, your doctor inserts a thin needle through your skin and into your liver and removes a tissue sample for laboratory analysis.
Screening healthy people for hepatitis B
Doctors sometimes test certain healthy people for hepatitis B infection because the virus can damage the liver before causing signs and symptoms. Talk to your doctor about screening for hepatitis B infection if you:
Are pregnant
Live with someone who has hepatitis B
Have had many sexual partners
Have had sex with someone who has hepatitis B
Are a man who has sex with men
Have a history of a sexually transmitted illness
Have HIV or hepatitis C
Have a liver enzyme test with unexplained abnormal results
Receive kidney dialysis
Take medications that suppress the immune system, such as those used to prevent rejection after an organ transplant
Use illegal injected drugs
Are in prison
Were born in a country where hepatitis B is common, including Asia, the Pacific Islands, Africa and Eastern Europe
Have parents or adopted children from places where hepatitis B is common, including Asia, the Pacific Islands, Africa and Eastern Europe
Request an Appointment
Patient Care & Health Information
Diseases & Conditions
Hepatitis A
Sectionsfor Hepatitis A
Print
Overview
Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is one of several types of hepatitis viruses that cause inflammation and affect your liver's ability to function.
You're most likely to get hepatitis A from contaminated food or water or from close contact with a person or object that's infected. Mild cases of hepatitis A don't require treatment. Most people who are infected recover completely with no permanent liver damage.
Advertisement
Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission.
Advertising & Sponsorship
PolicyOpportunitiesAd Choices
Practicing good hygiene, including washing hands frequently, is one of the best ways to protect against hepatitis A. Vaccines are available for people most at risk.
Products & Services
Book: The Mayo Clinic A to Z Health Guide
Show more products from Mayo Clinic
Symptoms
Hepatitis A signs and symptoms typically don't appear until you've had the virus for a few weeks. But not everyone with hepatitis A develops them. If you do, hepatitis signs and symptoms can include:
Fatigue
Sudden nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain or discomfort, especially on the upper right side beneath your lower ribs (by your liver)
Clay-colored bowel movements
Loss of appetite
Low-grade fever
Dark urine
Joint pain
Yellowing of the skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
Intense itching
These symptoms may be relatively mild and go away in a few weeks. Sometimes, however, hepatitis A infection results in a severe illness that lasts several months.
When to see a doctor
Make an appointment with your doctor if you have signs or symptoms of hepatitis A.
Getting a hepatitis A vaccine or an injection of immunoglobulin (an antibody) within two weeks of exposure to hepatitis A may protect you from infection. Ask your doctor or your local health department about receiving the hepatitis A vaccine if:
You've traveled out of the country recently, particularly to Mexico or South or Central America, or to areas with poor sanitation
A restaurant where you recently ate reports a hepatitis A outbreak
Someone close to you, such as a roommate or caregiver, is diagnosed with hepatitis A
You recently had sexual contact with someone who has hepatitis A
Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic
Causes
Hepatitis A is caused by a virus that infects liver cells and causes inflammation. The inflammation can affect how your liver works and cause other signs and symptoms of hepatitis A.
The virus most commonly spreads when you eat or drink something contaminated with fecal matter, even just tiny amounts. It does not spread through sneezing or coughing.
Here are some of the specific ways the hepatitis A virus can spread:
Eating food handled by someone with the virus who doesn't thoroughly wash his or her hands after using the toilet
Drinking contaminated water
Eating raw shellfish from water polluted with sewage
Being in close contact with a person who's infected — even if that person has no signs or symptoms
Having sex with someone who has the virus
Risk factors
You're at increased risk of hepatitis A if you:
Travel or work in areas of the world where hepatitis A is common
Attend child care or work in a child care center
Live with another person who has hepatitis A
Are a man who has sexual contact with other men
Have any type of sexual contact with someone who has hepatitis A
Are HIV positive
Are experiencing homelessness
Have a clotting-factor disorder, such as hemophilia
Use any type of illegal drugs (not just those that are injected)
Complications
Unlike other types of viral hepatitis, hepatitis A does not cause long-term liver damage, and it doesn't become chronic.
In rare cases, hepatitis A can cause a sudden loss of liver function, especially in older adults or people with chronic liver diseases. A
What's to know about viral hepatitis?
Last updated Fri 24 Nov 2017 By Adam Felman Reviewed by Daniel Murrell, MD
Table of contents
Hepatitis refers to an inflammation of the liver cells and damage to the liver. There are different types and causes, but the symptoms can be similar.
The liver's functions include detoxifying the blood, storing vitamins, and producing hormones. Hepatitis can disrupt these processes and create severe health problems throughout the body.
At least five viruses can cause hepatitis. The three most common are hepatitis viruses A, B and C. Infection with any of these three can be fatal.
Other types of hepatitis can result from overconsumption of alcohol or an autoimmune condition. This article will look at hepatitis A, B, and C. These are forms of hepatitis transmitted by a virus.
In the United States, the incidence of hepatitis A has been falling for the last 20 years, but acute hepatitis C has seen an increase of 44 percent between 2011 and 2012.
Types
he three main types of hepatitis are known as hepatitis A, B, and C. Each is caused by a different virus. All three types can be acute, lasting for 6 months or less, and types B and C can be chronic, lasting for longer.
Each type has different characteristics and is transmitted in different ways, but symptoms tend to be similar.
Hepatitis A
In the United States (U.S.), 1,390 cases of hepatitis A were reported in 2015.
It is often mild, and most people make a full recovery, after which they are immune and therefore protected from the virus in the future. However, if it progresses, symptoms can be severe or life-threatening.
People in parts of the world with poor sanitation are particularly at risk of contracting HAV.
There are safe and effective vaccines that protect against this virus.
Causes, symptoms, and treatment of hepatitis A
Find out more details about Hepatitis A
READ NOW
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B can be transmitted when a person:
has unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person
shares a needle with an infected person, often for illegal drug or steroid use
has a tattoo created with unsterilized needles
is accidentally pricked, for example, health workers dealing with sharp objects
shares personal items, such as a toothbrush or razor, with an infected person
is bitten by someone who is infected
An infected mother can pass the virus on to her infant when breast-feeding.
The liver of a person infected with hepatitis B swells. Severe damage can result.
HBV infection can become chronic. This can lead to complications, including scarring of the liver, or cirrhosis. It can also cause a type of cancer known as hepatocellular carcinoma.
In 2015, 887,000 deaths worldwide were linked to HBV, mostly as a result of complications such as these.
In the U.S., there were 3,370 reported cases of HBV, but the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that the real figure may be around 21,900.
There is not currently a cure for HBV. However, the incidence rate has dropped in countries where the vaccine is available, and this vaccine is 95 percent effective against the infection.
There is a safe and effective vaccine that can protect against HBV.
Hepatitis C
HCV can lead to liver damage and swelling. Around 1 in 4 people with HCV get cirrhosis, and this can lead to liver cancer.
Donated blood is now tested for HCV, but people who received organ transplants or blood donations before testing became part of the donation process may be at risk.
Other at-risk groups include healthcare workers who are exposed to sharps, users of intravenous drugs, and infants born to mothers with HCV.
The number of cases of HCV in the U.S. rose nearly threefold between 2010 and 2015 when 2,436 cases were reported. However, the CDC estimate that 33,900 infections occurred in 2015, including those not reported.sTreatment
Some types and cases of hepatitis can heal without intervention, but sometimes it can progress to scarring of the liver, or cirrhosis.
Hepatitis A
There is no specific treatment for HAV. The doctor will advise the patient to abstain from alcohol and drugs during the recovery. Most patients with hepatitis A will recover without intervention.
Hepatitis B
A patient with HBV needs to rest and abstain completely from alcohol. The doctor may prescribe an antiviral agent called interferon, or other antiviral suppressive therapies.
Hepatitis C
A patient with hepatitis C will be prescribed antiviral agents, with or without ribavirin.
Some directed antivirals and combination therapies are now available to treat the hepatitis C virus based on its subtype. These treatments target viral replication and prevent the virus from being able to reproduce. When taken correctly, the cure rate is very high.
These medications can be expensive, and insurers may have specific criteria for treatment.
FSymptoms
Many people with hepatitis experience either mild or no symptoms. When symptoms appear, they can do so from 15 to 180 days after infection. This applies to all types of hepatitis.
Acute hepatitis
The initial phase of hepatitis is called the acute phase. The symptoms are similar to mild flu, and may include:
diarrhea
fatigue
loss of appetite
mild fever
muscle or joint aches
nausea
slight abdominal pain
vomiting
weight loss
jaundice
The acute phase is not usually dangerous, but in certain people, it can result in acute liver failure and death. It may also progress to a chronic infection. This is most likely with HBV or HCV.
As the disease progresses, chronic hepatitis can lead to progressive liver failure, resulting in jaundice, swelling of the lower extremities, confusion, and blood in the feces or vomit.
The following may occur:
dark urine
hives
itchy skin
light-colored feces
yellow skin, whites of the eyes, and tongue
Patient outcomes after the acute phase depend on various factors, especially the type of hepatitis. Some people will not know they have chronic hepatitis until liver failure occurs.
Diagnosis
As the symptoms of the different types of hepatitis are similar, the type and severity of hepatitis may only be diagnosed through laboratory tests.
A doctor will perform a physical examination and ask for a medical history to assess whether a patient has been exposed to a likely cause of hepatitis.
If a patient recently traveled abroad, they may have HAV. If they have had unprotected sex, they may have HBV.
If hepatitis is suspected, the following tests can confirm a diagnosis:
Blood tests: These can detect whether the body is producing antibodies to fight the disease, and they can assess liver function by checking the levels of certain liver proteins and enzymes.
Nucleic acid tests: For hepatitis B and C, an HBV DNA or HCV RNA test can confirm the speed at which the virus is reproducing in the liver, and this will show how active the disease is.
A liver biopsy: This can measure the extent of liver damage and the possibility of cancer.
Paracentesis: Abdominal fluid is extracted and tested, to identify the cause of fluid accumulation.
Elastography: This measures the liver's stiffness by emitting sound waves.
Surrogate markers: A type of blood test to assess the development of cirrhosis and fibrosis.
Treatment will depend on the diagnosis.
Causes
The three most common types of viral hepatitis are all caused by viral infections.
Hepatitis A is caused by consuming food or water infected with the hepatitis A virus (HAV), often while traveling abroad. The virus can also be transmitted through anal-oral contact during sex or by injecting drugs.
Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is spread through contact with infected blood, semen, and some other body fluids. It can be a sexually transmitted disease (STD).
Hepatitis C mostly results from percutaneous infection, occurring when the HCV virus gets under the skin. It is usually spread through injected narcotics, needle-stick injuries, and a lack of infection control in healthcare settings.
HCV cannot be caught from contact with feces, and sexual transmission is less common than in other types.
Alcohol, medicines, obesity, and chemical exposure do not cause types A, B, or C, but they may aggravate inflammation and make symptoms worse.
Prevention
Hepatitis can be dangerous and difficult to treat, so people are advised to take precautions against possible infection.
Preventing hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is mostly spread through infected food and water.
The following steps can help avoid infection, especially when traveling.
Wash hands with soap after using the bathroom.
Only consume food that has just been cooked.
Only drink commercially bottled water, or boiled water if you're unsure of local sanitation.
Only eat peelable fruits if you are in a location with unreliable sanitation
Only eat raw vegetables if you are sure they have been cleaned or disinfected thoroughly.
Get a vaccine for HAV before traveling to places where hepatitis may be endemic.
Preventing hepatitis B
To minimize the risk of transmission:
Tell any sex partner if you are a carrier or try to find out if they carry the disease.
Practice safe sex using condoms.
Only use previously unusrOnly use previously unused, clean needles.
Do not share toothbrushes, razors, or manicure instruments.
Only allow the use of well-sterilized skin perforating equipment, such as during a tattoo, piercing, or acupuncture.
Have the HBV vaccination if you are at risk.
How to prevent hepatitis C
As this is often passed on through the transfer of infected bodily fluids, the following steps can help prevent HCV transmission:
Do not share needles, toothbrushes, or manicure equipment.
Make sure equipment is well-sterilized for any skin piercing.
Consume alcohol with moderation.
Do not inject illegal drugs.
Hepatitis A and C are curable, but hepatitis B is only preventable by vaccine. A cure is still under development.
Outlook
The different types of hepatitis have different chances of recovery.
Hepatitis A: This type of hepatitis will normally resolve in 2 months without leaving any long-term effects. A person with HAV will usually be immune to hepatitis A for the rest of their life.
Hepatitis B: Most adults infected with the HBV virus recover within 90 days and achieve lifelong immunity. However, 90 percent of infants, 20 percent of older children, and 5 percent of adults will develop a chronic infection and develop severe health problems, such as liver cancer and cirrhosis.
Hepatitis C: This becomes a lifelong infection in 70 to 85 percent of people that have the HCV virus. Hepatitis C is fatal in between 1 and 5 percent of people. The infection can now be cured, and 15 to 25 percent of people with HCV clear the infection without treatment.
Hepatitis (Viral Hepatitis, A, B, C, D, E, G)
Medical Author: Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD
Medical Editor: Jay W. Marks, MD
Medically Reviewed on 8/14/2018
Table of Contents
Viral hepatitis facts
Viral hepatitis definition and overview
What are the common types of viral hepatitis?
Who is at risk for viral hepatitis?
What are the symptoms and signs of viral hepatitis?
What is acute fulminant hepatitis?
What is chronic viral hepatitis?
How is viral hepatitis diagnosed?
What is the treatment for viral hepatitis?
How is viral hepatitis prevented?
Hepatitis Vaccinations
What is the prognosis of viral hepatitis?
Viral hepatitis facts
Readers Comments 1
Share Your Story
Many illnesses and conditions can cause inflammation of the liver (hepatitis), but certain viruses cause about half of all hepatitis in people.
Viruses that primarily attack the liver are called hepatitis viruses. There are several types of hepatitis viruses including types A, B, C, D, E, and possibly G. Types A, B, and C are the most common.
All hepatitis viruses can cause acute hepatitis.
Viral hepatitis types B and C can cause chronic hepatitis.
Symptoms of acute viral hepatitis include fatigue, flu-like symptoms, dark urine, light-colored stools, fever, and jaundice; however, acute viral hepatitis may occur with minimal symptoms that go unrecognized. Rarely, acute viral hepatitis causes fulminant hepatic failure.
The symptoms of chronic viral hepatitis often are mild and nonspecific, and the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis often is delayed.
Chronic viral hepatitis often requires treatment in order to prevent progressive liver damage, cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer.
Hepatitis infections can be prevented by avoiding exposure to viruses, and through injectable immunoglobulins or by vaccines; however, vaccines are available for only hepatitis A and B.
Those at risk for viral hepatitis B and C include workers in the health care profession, people with multiple sexual partners, intravenous drug abusers, and people with hemophilia. Blood transfusion is a rare cause of viral hepatitis.
Viral hepatitis definition and overview
Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. Many illnesses and conditions can cause inflammation of the liver, for example, drugs, alcohol, chemicals, and autoimmune diseases. Many viruses, for example, the virus causing mononucleosis and the cytomegalovirus, can inflame the liver. Most viruses, however, do not attack primarily the liver; the liver is just one of several organs that the viruses affect. When most doctors speak of viral hepatitis, they are using the definition that means hepatitis caused by a few specific viruses that primarily attack the liver and are responsible for about half of all human hepatitis. There are several hepatitis viruses; they have been named types A, B, C, D, E, F (not confirmed), and G. As our knowledge of hepatitis viruses grows, it is likely that this alphabetical list will become longer. The most common hepatitis viruses are types A, B, and C. Reference to the hepatitis viruses often occurs in an abbreviated form (for example, HAV, HBV, HCV represent hepatitis viruses A, B, and C, respectively.) The focus of this article is on these viruses that cause the majority of human viral hepatitis.
Hepatitis viruses replicate (multiply) primarily in the liver cells. This can cause the liver to be unable to perform its functions. The following is a list of major functions of the liver:
The liver helps purify the blood by changing harmful chemicals into harmless ones. The source of these chemicals can be external, such as medications or alcohol, or internal, such as ammonia or bilirubin. Typically, these harmful chemicals are broken down into smaller chemicals or attached to other chemicals that then are eliminated from the body in the urine or stool.
The liver produces many important substances, especially proteins that are necessary for good health. For example, it produces albumin, the protein building block of the body, as well as the proteins that cause blood to clot properly.
The liver stores many sugars, fats and vitamins until they are needed elsewhere in the body.
The liver builds smaller chemicals into larger, more complicated chemicals that are needed elsewhere in the body. Examples of this type of function are the manufacture of a fat, cholesterol, and the protein bilirubin.
When the liver is inflamed, it does not perform these functions well, which brings about many of the symptoms, signs, and problems associated with any type of hepatitis. Each hepatitis viral type (A-F) has both articles and books describing the details of infection with that specific virus. This article is designed to give the reader an overview of the predominant viruses that cause viral hepatitis, their symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments, and should help the reader choose the subject(s) for more in depth information.
What are the common types of viral hepatitis?
Although the most common types of viral hepatitis are HAV, HBV and HCV, some clinicians had previously considered the acute and chronic phases of hepatic infections as "types" of viral hepatitis. HAV was considered to be acute viral hepatitis because the HAV infections seldom caused permanent liver damage that led to hepatic (liver) failure. HBV and HCV produced chronic viral hepatitis. However, these terms are outdated and not currently used as frequently because all of the viruses that cause hepatitis may have acute phase symptoms (see symptoms below). Prevention techniques and vaccinations have markedly reduced the current incidence of common viral hepatitis infections; however, there remains a population of about 1 to 2 million people in the U.S. with chronic HBV, and about 3.5 million with chronic HCV according to the CDC. Statistics are incomplete for determining how many new infections occur each year; the CDC documented infections but then goes on to estimate the actual numbers by further estimating the number of unreported infections (see following sections and reference 1).
Hepatitis A (HAV)
In 2016, there were 2,007 new HAV cases reported to the CDC. The hepatitis caused by HAV is an acute illness (acute viral hepatitis) that never becomes chronic. At one time, hepatitis A was referred to as "infectious hepatitis" because it could be spread easily from person to person like other viral infections. Infection with hepatitis A virus can be spread through the ingestion of food or water, especially where unsanitary conditions allow water or food to become contaminated by human waste containing hepatitis A (the fecal-oral mode of transmission). Hepatitis A typically is spread among household members and close contacts through the passage of oral secretions (intimate kissing) or stool (poor hand washing). It also is common to have infection spread to customers in restaurants and among children and workers in day care centers if hand washing and sanitary precautions are not observed.
Hepatitis B (HBV)
There were 3,218 new cases of HBV infection estimated by the CDC in 2016 and more than 1,698 people died due to the consequences of chronic hepatitis B infection in the United States according to the CDC. HBV hepatitis was at one time referred to as "serum hepatitis," because it was thought that the only way HBV could spread was through blood or serum (the liquid portion of blood) containing the virus. It is now known that HBV can spread by sexual contact, the transfer of blood or serum through shared needles in drug abusers, accidental needle sticks with needles contaminated with infected blood, blood transfusions, hemodialysis, and by infected mothers to their newborns. The infection also can be spread by tattooing, body piercing, and sharing razors and toothbrushes (if there is contamination with infected blood). About 5% to 10% of patients with HBV hepatitis develop chronic HBV infection (infection lasting at least six months and often years to decades) and can infect others as long as they remain infected. Patients with chronic HBV infection also are at risk of developing cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. It is estimated that there are 2.2 million people in the U.S. and 2 billion people world-wide who suffer with chronic HBV infections.
Hepatitis C (HCV)
The CDC reported that there were 2,967 reported new cases of hepatitis C in 2016. The CDC reports that the actual number of acute cases are estimated to be 13.9 times the number of reported cases in any year, thus, it is estimated that there were actually 41,200 acute hepatitis C cases occurring in 2016. HCV hepatitis was previously referred to as "non-A, non-B hepatitis," because the causative virus had not been identified, but it was known to be neither HAV nor HBV. HCV usually is spread by shared needles among drug abusers, blood transfusion, hemodialysis, and needle sticks. Approximately 75-90% of LEARN
GET CARE
GET INVOLVED
DONATE
SEARCH
Español
Learn
Get Care
Get Involved
Donate
Home Learn Sexually Transmitted Infections (STDs) Hepatitis B Current: What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis B?
What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis B?
In This Section
Hepatitis B often doesn’t show symptoms, and it usually goes away on its own. Most people don’t even know they have it. When there are hepatitis B symptoms, it can feel like the flu.
Want to get tested for hepatitis B?
FIND A HEALTH CENTER
Hepatitis B often has no symptoms.
About half of adults with hepatitis B never get any symptoms. The symptoms can also feel like other illnesses, like the flu. So it’s possible to have the infection and not know it.
Symptoms of hepatitis B
When people do show signs of hepatitis B, the first ones usually show up between 6 weeks and 6 months after they got the virus. Hepatitis B symptoms typically last for a few weeks, but can sometimes stick around for months.
These are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis B:
feeling really tired
pain in your belly
losing your appetite
nausea and vomiting
pain in your joints
headache
fever
hives
dark-colored urine (pee)
pale, clay-colored bowel movements (poop)
jaundice — when your eyes and skin get yellow
If you have any symptoms of hepatitis B, it’s important to check with a doctor or nurse for testing. Hepatitis B usually will go away by itself, but it may become chronic and seriously damage your liver.
Should I get tested for hepatitis B?
In This Section
You should get tested if you’ve had unprotected sex or think you’ve been exposed to hepatitis B another way. You should also get tested if you have symptoms.
Want to get tested for hepatitis B? FIND A HEALTH CENTER
How do I know if I have hepatitis B?
Like all STDs, the only way to know for sure if you have hepatitis B is to get tested — whether or not you have symptoms.
If you’re showing any signs of hepatitis B, you should get tested. It’s also a good idea to get a test if you had unprotected sex or shared a needle, razor, or toothbrush with someone who has hepatitis B (even if you don’t have symptoms).
Your nurse or doctor will take a quick blood sample to test you for hepatitis B. It may take up to two months after infection for the test to be accurate — but if you’re not feeling well, don’t wait to see a doctor or nurse.
Where can I get a hepatitis B test?
You can get tested for hepatitis B and other STDs at your doctor’s office, community health clinic, the health department, or your local Planned Parenthood health center.
Getting tested for STDs can sometimes feel scary, but once you get it over with it can really put your mind at ease. And if you DO have an STD, it’s best to know sooner so you can get the care you need.
STD testing isn’t usually part of your regular checkup or gynecologist exam — you have to ask for it directly. Be open and honest with your nurse or doctor so they can help figure out what tests are best for you. Don’t be embarrassed: doctors are there to help, not judge.
It’s extra important to get tested if you’re pregnant or trying to get pregnant. Hepatitis B can easily spread to your baby during birth, which can be dangerous. If you have hepatitis B, your doctor can give your baby treatments.
Previous
What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis B?
Next
How do I get treated for hepatitis B?
Was this page helpful?
YES
NO
Adults Living with Hepatitis B
Physician Directory
Adults Living with Hepatitis B
If you test positive for the hepatitis B virus for longer than 6 months, this indicates that you have a chronic hepatitis B infection.
All patients with chronic hepatitis B infections, including children and adults, should be monitored regularly since they are at increased risk for developing cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer.
You should make an appointment with a hepatologist (liver specialist) or gastroenterologist familiar with hepatitis B. This specialist will order blood tests and possibly a liver ultrasound to evaluate your hepatitis B status and the health of your liver. Your doctor will probably want to see you at least once or twice a year to monitor your hepatitis B and determine if you would benefit from treatment.
Not everyone who tests positive for hepatitis B will require medication. Depending on your test results, you and your doctor might decide to wait and monitor your condition. If your test results indicate that you would be a good candidate for treatment, then your doctor will discuss the current treatment options with you. Whether you start treatment or not, your doctor will want to see you every six months, or at minimum once every year.
Before you start any treatment, make sure you research each treatment option, and ask your doctor to thoroughly explain each option, so that you are well informed. It also might be a good idea to get a second opinion from another doctor before starting any treatment, because more information is always better!
Once you are diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B, the virus will most likely stay in your blood and liver for a lifetime. It is important to know that you can pass the virus along to others, even if you don’t feel sick. This is why it’s so important that you make sure that all close household contacts and sex partners are tested and vaccinated against hepatitis B.
While living with hepatitis B can be difficult and scary at first, the more information and support that you have, the easier it gets. Many patients become such experts at managing their hepatitis B that they sometimes teach their health care providers about the latest research and information!
The most important thing to remember is that hepatitis B is a chronic medical condition (such as diabetes and high blood pressure) that can be successfully managed if you take good care of your health and your liver. You should expect to live a long, full life.
KidsHealth / for Teens / Hepatitis
Hepatitis
Reviewed by: Jolanda M. Denham, MD
Print
en español
Hepatitis
What Is Hepatitis?
Hepatitis (pronounced: hep-uh-TIE-tiss) is an inflammation of the liver. The liver, in the right side of the abdomen, is an important organ that processes nutrients, metabolizes medicines, and helps clear toxins from the body.
Most cases of hepatitis are caused by a virus. The three most common hepatitis viruses are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. (Hepatitis viruses D and E are rare in the United States.)
Hepatitis that's not caused by a virus can happen from things such as:
a bacterial infection
liver injury caused by a toxin (poison)
liver damage caused by interruption of the organ's normal blood supply
liver damage caused by interruption of the flow of bile through the liver
abdominal trauma in the area of the liver
an attack on the liver by the body's own immune system (called autoimmune hepatitis)
a problem with the liver itself
What Is Hepatitis A?
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is contagious, usually spreading to others through food, drink, or objects contaminated by feces (poop) containing HAV. The hepatitis A vaccine has helped to make the infection rare in the United States and other developed countries.
Although a hepatitis A infection can cause severe symptoms, unlike some other hepatitis viruses, it rarely leads to long-lasting liver damage. People who have recovered from a hepatitis A infection have immunity to the virus and won't get it again.
Read more about hepatitis A.
What Is Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is a more serious infection. It can lead to cirrhosis (permanent scarring) of the liver, liver failure, or liver cancer, causing severe illness and even death.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) spreads from person to person through blood or other body fluids. It also can be passed from an infected mother to her unborn baby. In the United States, this most commonly happens through unprotected sex with someone who has the disease or from injecting drugs with shared needles that aren't sterilized.
The hepatitis B vaccine is approved for people of all ages to prevent HBV infection.
Read more about hepatitis B.
What Is Hepatitis C?
Like hepatitis B, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) spreads from person to person through blood or other body fluids, and can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer. The most common way people become infected is by sharing drug paraphernalia such as needles and straws. People also can get hepatitis C from unprotected sex with an infected partner. And it can be passed from an infected mother to her unborn baby.
Hepatitis C is the most serious type of hepatitis. It's now one of the most common reasons for liver transplants in adults. Scientists have been trying for decades to develop a hepatitis C vaccine, but none has been successful yet. Fortunately, medicines can now treat people with hepatitis C and cure them in most cases.
Read more about hepatitis C.
Reviewed by: Jolanda M. Denham, MD
Date reviewed: August 2017
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is the term used to describe inflammation of the liver. It's usually the result of a viral infection or liver damage caused by drinking alcohol.
There are several different types of hepatitis, most of which are outlined below.
Some types will pass without any serious problems, while others can be long-lasting (chronic) and cause scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), loss of liver function and, in some cases, liver cancer.
Symptoms of hepatitis
Short-term (acute) hepatitis often has no noticeable symptoms, so you may not realise you have it.
If symptoms do develop, they can include:
muscle and joint pain
a high temperature
feeling and being sick
feeling unusually tired all the time
a general sense of feeling unwell
loss of appetite
tummy pain
dark urine
pale, grey-coloured poo
itchy skin
yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice)
See your GP if you have any persistent or troublesome symptoms that you think could be caused by hepatitis.
Long-term (chronic) hepatitis also may not have any obvious symptoms until the liver stops working properly (liver failure) and may only be picked up during blood tests.
In the later stages it can cause jaundice, swelling in the legs, ankles and feet, confusion, and blood in your stools or vomit.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus. It's usually caught by consuming food and drink contaminated with the poo of an infected person, and is most common in countries where sanitation is poor.
Hepatitis A usually passes within a few months, although it can occasionally be severe and even life threatening.
There's no specific treatment for it, other than to relieve symptoms like pain, nausea and itching.
Vaccination against hepatitis A is recommended if:
you're at high risk of infection or severe consequences of infection
you're travelling to an area where the virus is common, such as the Indian subcontinent, Africa, Central and South America, the Far East and eastern Europe.
AHepatitis B
Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus, which is spread in the blood of an infected person.
It's a common infection worldwide and is usually spread from infected pregnant women to their babies, or from child-to-child contact.
In rare cases, it can be spread through unprotected sex and injecting drugs.
Hepatitis B is uncommon in the UK. Most cases affect people who became infected while growing up in part of the world where the infection is more common, such as southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
Most adults infected with hepatitis B are able to fight off the virus and fully recover from the infection within a couple of months.
But most people infected as children develop a long-term infection. This is known as chronic hepatitis B, and can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Antiviral medication can be used to treat it.
In the UK, vaccination against hepatitis B is recommended for people in high-risk groups, such as:
healthcare workers
people who inject drugs
men who have sex with men
children born to mothers with hepatitis B
people travelling to parts of the world where the infection is more common
In 2017, the hepatitis B vaccine was added to the routine immunisation programme so all children can benefit from protection from this virus.
Find out more about hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus and is the most common type of viral hepatitis in the UK.
It's usually spread through blood-to-blood contact with an infected person.
In the UK, it's most commonly spread through sharing needles used to inject drugs.
Poor healthcare practices and unsafe medical injections are the main way it's spread outside the UK.
Hepatitis C often causes no noticeable symptoms, or only flu-like symptoms, so many people are unaware they're infected.
Around 1 in 4 people will fight off the infection and be free of the virus. In the remaining cases, it'll stay in the body for many years.
This is known as chronic hepatitis C and can cause cirrhosis and liver failure.
Chronic hepatitis C can be treated with very effective antiviral medications, but there's currently no vaccine available.
Find out more about hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis D is caused by the hepatitis D virus. It only affects people who are already infected with hepatitis B, as it needs the hepatitis B virus to be able to survive in the body.
Hepatitis D is usually spread through blood-to-blood contact or sexual contact. It's uncommon in the UK, but is more widespread in other parts of Europe, the Middle East, Africa and South America.
Long-term infection with hepatitis D and hepatitis B can increase your risk of developing serious problems, such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.
There's no vaccine specifically for hepatitis D, but the hepatitis B vaccine can help protect you from it.
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is caused by the hepatitis E virus. The number of cases in Europe has increased in recent years and it's now the most common cause of short-term (acute) hepatitis in the UK.
The virus has been mainly associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked pork meat or offal, but also with wild boar meat, venison and shellfish.
Hepatitis E is generally a mild and short-term infection that does not require any treatment, but it can be serious in some people, such as those who have a weakened immune system.
There's no vaccine for hepatitis E. When travelling to parts of the world with poor sanitation, where epidemic hepatitis E may be common, you can reduce your risk by practising good food and water hygiene measures.
The British Liver Trust has more information about hepatitis E.
Alcoholic hepatitis
Alcoholic hepatitis is a type of hepatitis caused by drinking excessive amounts of alcohol over many years.
The condition is common in the UK and many people do not realise they have it.
This is because it does not usually cause any symptoms, although it can cause sudden jaundice and liver failure in some Alcoholic hepatitis
Alcoholic hepatitis is a type of hepatitis caused by drinking excessive amounts of alcohol over many years.
The condition is common in the UK and many people do not realise they have it.
This is because it does not usually cause any symptoms, although it can cause sudden jaundice and liver failure in some people.
Stopping drinking will usually allow your liver to recover, but there's a risk you could eventually develop cirrhosis, liver failure or liver cancer if you continue to drink alcohol excessively.
You can reduce your risk of developing alcoholic hepatitis by controlling how much you drink.
It's recommended that you do not regularly drink more than 14 units of alcohol a week.
Read more about alcohol-related liver disease and the health risks associated with alcohol.
Autoimmune hepatitis
Autoimmune hepatitis is a rare cause of long-term hepatitis in which the immune system attacks and damages the liver.
Eventually, the liver can become so damaged that it stops working properly.
Treatment for autoimmune hepatitis involves very effective medicines that suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation.
It's not clear what causes autoimmune hepatitis and it's not known whether anything can be done to prevent it.
The British Liver Trust has more information about autoimmune hepatitis.
Page last reviewed: 4 February 2019
Next review due: 4 February 2022
OnHealth
Diseases & Conditions
A Quick Guide to Hepatitis
Reveiwed By Physicians' Review Network (PRN) on 5/3/2016
What Is Hepatitis?
Inflammation of the liver of any cause is referred to as hepatitis. It may be caused by viruses, drugs, or alcohol, although the most common cause is viruses, viral hepatitis. There are several types of viral hepatitis, the most common of which are hepatitis A, B, and C.
Open main menu
Search
Hepatitis
Read in another language
Watch this page
Edit
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue.[3] Some people with hepatitis have no symptoms, whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.[1][2] Hepatitis is acute if it resolves within six months, and chronic if it lasts longer than six months.[1][5] Acute hepatitis can resolve on its own, progress to chronic hepatitis, or (rarely) result in acute liver failure.[6] Chronic hepatitis may progress to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver failure, and liver cancer.[3]
Hepatitis
Alcoholic hepatitis as seen with a microscope, showing fatty changes (white circles), remnants of dead liver cells, and Mallory bodies (twisted-rope shaped inclusions within some liver cells). (H&E stain)
Specialty
Infectious disease, gastroenterology, hepatology
Symptoms
Yellowish skin, poor appetite, abdominal pain[1][2]
Complications
Scarring of the liver, liver failure, liver cancer[3]
Duration
Short term or long term[1]
Causes
Viruses, alcohol, toxins, autoimmune[2][3]
Prevention
Vaccination (for viral hepatitis)[2]
Treatment
Medication, liver transplant[1][4]
Frequency
> 500 million cases[3]
Deaths
> One million a year[3]
Hepatitis is most commonly caused by the viruses hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E.[3][2] Other causes include heavy alcohol use, certain medications, toxins, other infections, autoimmune diseases,[2][3] and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).[7] Hepatitis A and E are mainly spread by contaminated food and water.[3] Hepatitis B is mainly sexually transmitted, but may also be passed from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth and spread through infected blood.[3] Hepatitis C is commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during needle sharing by intravenous drug users.[3] Hepatitis D can only infect people already infected with hepatitis B.[3]
Hepatitis A, B, and D are preventable with immunization.[2] Medications may be used to treat chronic viral hepatitis.[1] Antiviral medications are recommended in all with chronic hepatitis C, except those with conditions that limit their life expectancy.[8] There is no specific treatment for NASH; however, physical activity, a healthy diet, and weight loss are recommended.[7] Autoimmune hepatitis may be treated with medications to suppress the immune system.[9] A liver transplant may be an option in both acute and chronic liver failure.[4]
Worldwide in 2015, hepatitis A occurred in about 114 million people, chronic hepatitis B affected about 343 million people and chronic hepatitis C about 142 million people.[10] In the United States, NASH affects about 11 million people and alcoholic hepatitis affects about 5 million people.[7][11] Hepatitis results in more than a million deaths a year, most of which occur indirectly from liver scarring or liver cancer.[3][12] In the United States, hepatitis A is estimated to occur in about 2,500 people a year and results in about 75 deaths.[13] The word is derived from the Greek hêpar (ἧπαρ), meaning "liver", and -itis (-ῖτις), meaning "inflammation".[14]
Signs and symptoms Edit
Jaundiced eyes
Hepatitis has a broad spectrum of presentations that range from a complete lack of symptoms to severe liver failure.[15][16][17] The acute form of hepatitis, generally caused by viral infection, is characterized by constitutional symptoms that are typically self-limiting.[15][16] Chronic hepatitis presents similarly, but can manifest signs and symptoms specific to liver dysfunction with long-standing inflammation and damage to the organ.[17][18]
Acute hepatitis Edit
Acute viral hepatitis follows three distinct phases:
The initial prodromal phase (preceding symptoms) involves non-specific and flu-like symptoms common to many acute viral infections. These include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, joint pain, and headaches.[15][16] Fever, when present, is most common in cases of hepatitis A and E.[15] Late in this phase, people can experience liver-specific symptoms, including choluria (dark urine) and clay-colored stools.[15][16]
Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes follow the prodrome after about 1–2 weeks and can last for up to 4 weeks.[15][16] The non-specific symptoms seen in the prodromal typically resolve by this time, but people will develop an enlarged liver and right upper abdominal pain or discomfort.[15] 10–20% of people will also experience an enlarged spleen, while some people will also experience a mild unintentional weight loss.[15][17]
The recovery phase is characterized by resolution of the clinical symptoms of hepatitis with persistent elevations in liver lab values and potentially a persistently enlarged liver.[15] All cases of hepatitis A and E are expected to fully resolve after 1–2 months.[15] Most hepatitis B cases are also self-limiting and will resolve in 3–4 months. Few cases of hepatitis C will resolve completely.[15]
Both drug-induced hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis can present very similarly to acute viral hepatitis, with slight variations in symptoms depending on the cause.[19][20] Cases of drug-induced hepatitis can manifest with systemic signs of an allergic reaction including rash, fever, serositis (inflammation of membranes lining certain organs), elevated eosinophils (a type of white blood cell), and suppression of bone marrow activity.[19]
Fulminant hepatitis Edit
Fulminant hepatitis, or massive hepatic cell death, is a rare and life-threatening complication of acute hepatitis that can occur in cases of hepatitis B, D, and E, in addition to drug-induced and autoimmune hepatitis.[15][19][20] The complication more frequently occurs in instances of hepatitis B and D co-infection at a rate of 2–20% and in pregnant women with hepatitis E at rate of 15–20% of cases.[15][16] In addition to the signs of acute hepatitis, people can also demonstrate signs of coagulopathy (abnormal coagulation studies with easy bruising and bleeding) and encephalopathy (confusion, disorientation, and sleepiness).[15][16] Mortality due to fulminant hepatitis is typically the result of various complications including cerebral edema, gastrointestinal bleeding, sepsis, respiratory failure, or kidney failure.[15]
Chronic hepatitis Edit
Acute cases of hepatitis are seen to be resolved well within a six-month period. When hepatitis is continued for more than six months it is termed chronic hepatitis.[21] Chronic hepatitis is often asymptomatic early in its course and is detected only by liver laboratory studies for screening purposes or to evaluate non-specific symptoms.[17][18] As the inflammation progresses, patients can develop constitutional symptoms similar to acute hepatitis, including fatigue, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, and joint pain.[18] Jaundice can occur as well, but much later in the disease process and is typically a sign of advanced disease.[18] Chronic hepatitis interferes with hormonal functions of the liver which can result in acne, hirsutism (abnormal hair growth), and amenorrhea (lack of menstrual period) in women.[18] Extensive damage an
Chronic hepatitis Edit
Acute cases of hepatitis are seen to be resolved well within a six-month period. When hepatitis is continued for more than six months it is termed chronic hepatitis.[21] Chronic hepatitis is often asymptomatic early in its course and is detected only by liver laboratory studies for screening purposes or to evaluate non-specific symptoms.[17][18] As the inflammation progresses, patients can develop constitutional symptoms similar to acute hepatitis, including fatigue, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, and joint pain.[18] Jaundice can occur as well, but much later in the disease process and is typically a sign of advanced disease.[18] Chronic hepatitis interferes with hormonal functions of the liver which can result in acne, hirsutism (abnormal hair growth), and amenorrhea (lack of menstrual period) in women.[18] Extensive damage and scarring of the liver over time defines cirrhosis, a condition in which the liver's ability to function is permanently impeded.[17] This results in jaundice, weight loss, coagulopathy, ascites (abdominal fluid collection), and peripheral edema (leg swelling).[18] Cirrhosis can lead to other life-threatening complications such as hepatic encephalopathy, esophageal varices, hepatorenal syndrome, and liver cancer.[17]
Causes Edit
Causes of hepatitis can be divided into the following major categories: infectious, metabolic, ischemic, autoimmune, genetic, and other. Infectious agents include viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Metabolic causes include prescription medications, toxins (most notably alcohol), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Autoimmune and genetic causes of hepatitis involve genetic predispositions and tend to affect characteristic populations.
Infectious Edit
Viral hepatitis Edit
Main article: Viral hepatitis
Viral hepatitis is the most common type of hepatitis worldwide.[22] Viral hepatitis is caused by five different viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E).[15] Hepatitis A and hepatitis E behave similarly: they are both transmitted by the fecal–oral route, are more common in developing countries, and are self-limiting illnesses that do not lead to chronic hepatitis.[15][23][24]
Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and hepatitis D are transmitted when blood or mucous membranes are exposed to infected blood and body fluids, such as semen and vaginal secretions.[15] Viral particles have also been found in saliva and breastmilk. However, kissing, sharing utensils, and breastfeeding do not lead to transmission unless these fluids are introduced into open sores or cuts.[25]
Hepatitis B and C can present either acutely or chronically.[15] Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires hepatitis B to replicate and is only found with hepatitis B co-infection.[15] In adults, hepatitis B infection is most commonly self-limiting, with less than 5% progressing to chronic state, and 20 to 30% of those chronically infected developing cirrhosis or liver cancer.[26] However, infection in infants and children frequently leads to chronic infection.[26]
Unlike hepatitis B, most cases of hepatitis C lead to chronic infection.[27] Hepatitis C is the second most common cause of cirrhosis in the US (second to alcoholic hepatitis).[28] In the 1970s and 1980s, blood transfusions were a major factor in spreading hepatitis C virus.[27] Since widespread screening of blood products for hepatitis C began in 1992, the risk of acquiring hepatitis C from a blood transfusion has decreased from approximately 10% in the 1970s to 1 in 2 million currently.[15]
Parasitic hepatitis Edit
Echinococcus granulosus
Parasites can also infect the liver and activate the immune response, resulting in symptoms of acute hepatitis with increased serum IgE (though chronic hepatitis is possible with chronic infections).[29] Of the protozoans, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania species, and the malaria-causing Plasmodium species all can cause liver inflammation.[29] Another protozoan, Entamoeba histolytica, causes hepatitis with distinct liver abscesses.[29]
Of the worms, the cestode Echinococcus granulosus, also known as the dog tapeworm, infects the liver and forms characteristic hepatic hydatid cysts.[29] The liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and Clonorchis sinensis live in the bile ducts and cause progressive hepatitis and liver fibrosis.[29]
Bacterial hepatitis Edit
Bacterial infection of the liver commonly results in pyogenic liver abscesses, acute hepatitis, or granulomatous (or chronic) liver disease.[30] Pyogenic abscesses commonly involve enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and are composed of multiple bacteria up to 50% of the time.[30] Acute hepatitis is caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Bartonella henselae, Borrelia burgdorferi, salmonella species, brucella species and campylobacter species.[30] Chronic or granulomatous hepatitis is seen with infection from mycobacteria species, Tropheryma whipplei, Treponema pallidum, Coxiella burnetii, and rickettsia species.[30]
Metabolic Edit
Alcoholic hepatitis Edit
Main article: Alcoholic hepatitis
Excessive alcohol consumption is a significant cause of hepatitis and is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the U.S.[28] Alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of alcoholic xcessive alcohol consumption is a significant cause of hepatitis and is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the U.S.[28] Alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease. This ranges in order of severity and reversibility from alcoholic steatosis (least severe, most reversible), alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer (most severe, least reversible).[28] Hepatitis usually develops over years-long exposure to alcohol, occurring in 10 to 20% of alcoholics.[31] The most important risk factors for the development of alcoholic hepatitis are quantity and duration of alcohol intake.[31] Long-term alcohol intake in excess of 80 grams of alcohol a day in men and 40 grams a day in women is associated with development of alcoholic hepatitis (1 beer or 4 ounces of wine is equivalent to 12g of alcohol).[28] Alcoholic hepatitis can vary from asymptomatic hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) to symptoms of acute or chronic hepatitis to liver failure.[28]
Toxic and drug-induced hepatitis Edit
Many chemical agents, including medications, industrial toxins, and herbal and dietary supplements, can cause hepatitis.[32][33] The spectrum of drug-induced liver injury varies from acute hepatitis to chronic hepatitis to acute liver failure.[32] Toxins and medications can cause liver injury through a variety of mechanisms, including direct cell damage, disruption of cell metabolism, and causing structural changes.[34] Some drugs such as paracetamol exhibit predictable dose-dependent liver damage while others such as isoniazid cause idiosyncratic and unpredictable reactions that vary among individuals.[32] There are wide variations in the mechanisms of liver injury and latency period from exposure to development of clinical illness.[28]
Many types of drugs can cause liver injury, including the analgesic paracetamol; antibiotics such as isoniazid, nitrofurantoin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, erythromycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; anticonvulsants such as valproate and phenytoin; cholesterol-lowering statins; steroids such as oral contraceptives and anabolic steroids; and highly active anti-retroviral therapy used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS.[28] Of these, amoxicillin-clavulanate is the most common cause of drug-induced liver injury, and paracetamol toxicity the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States and Europe.[32]
Herbal remedies and dietary supplements are another important cause of hepatitis; these are the most common causes of drug-induced hepatitis in Korea.[35] The United-States-based Drug Induced Liver Injury Network linked more than 16% of cases of hepatotoxicity to herbal and dietary supplements.[36] In the United States, herbal and dietary supplements – unlike pharmaceutical drugs – are unregulated by the Food and Drug Administration.[36] However, the National Institutes of Health maintains the LiverTox database for consumers to track all known prescription and non-prescription compounds associated with liver injury.[37]
Exposure to other hepatotoxins can occur accidentally or intentionally through ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. The industrial toxin carbon tetrachloride and the wild mushroom Amanita phalloides are other known hepatotoxins.[32][33][38]
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Edit
Main article: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Non-alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of non-alcoholic liver disease (NALD), which ranges in severity and reversibility from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to cirrhosis to liver cancer, similar to the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease.[39]
Non-alcoholic liver disease occurs in people with little or no history of alcohol use, and is instead strongly associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia.[28] Over time, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which additionally involves liver
Other Edit
Main article: Neonatal hepatitis
Hepatitis can also occur in neonates and is attributable to a variety of causes, some of which are not typically seen in adults.[49] Congenital or perinatal infection with the hepatitis viruses, toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and syphilis can cause neonatal hepatitis.[49] Structural abnormalities such as biliary atresia and choledochal cysts can lead to cholestatic liver injury leading to neonatal hepatitis.[49] Metabolic diseases such as glycogen storage disorders and lysosomal storage disorders are also implicated.[49] Neonatal hepatitis can be idiopathic, and in such cases, biopsy often shows large multinucleated cells in the liver tissue.[50] This disease is termed giant cell hepatitis and may be associated with viral infection, autoimmune disorders, and drug toxicity.[51][52]
Mechanism Edit
The specific mechanism varies and depends on the underlying cause of the hepatitis. Generally, there is an initial insult that causes liver injury and activation of an inflammatory response, which can become chronic, leading to progressive fibrosis and cirrhosis.[15]
Viral hepatitis Edit
Stages of liver disease
The pathway by which hepatic viruses cause viral hepatitis is best understood in the case of hepatitis B and C.[15] The viruses do not directly cause apoptosis (cell death).[15][53] Rather, infection of liver cells activates the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system leading to an inflammatory response which causes cellular damage and death.[15][53] Depending on the strength of the immune response, the types of immune cells involved and the ability of the virus to evade the body's defense, infection can either lead to clearance (acute disease) or persistence (chronic disease) of the virus.[15] The chronic presence of the virus within liver cells results in multiple waves of inflammation, injury and wound healing that over time lead to scarring or fibrosis and culminate in hepatocellular carcinoma.[53][54] Individuals with an impaired immune response are at greater risk of developing chronic infection.[15] Natural killer cells are the primary drivers of the initial innate response and create a cytokine environment that results in the recruitment of CD4 T-helper and CD8 cytotoxic T-cells.[55][56] Type I interferons are the cytokines that drive the antiviral response.[56] In chronic Hepatitis B and C, natural killer cell function is impaired.[55]
Steatohepatitis Edit
Steatohepatitis is seen in both alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease and is the culmination of a cascade of events that began with injury. In the case of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, this cascade is initiated by changes in metabolism associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and lipid dysregulation.[57][58] In alcoholic hepatitis, chronic excess alcohol use is the culprit.[59] Though the inciting event may differ, the progression of events is similar and begins with accumulation of free fatty acids (FFA) and their breakdown products in the liver cells in a process called steatosis.[57][58][59] This initially reversible process overwhelms the hepatocyte's ability to maintain lipid homeostasis leading to a toxic effect as fat molecules accumulate and are broken down in the setting of an oxidative stress response.[57][58][59] Over time, this abnormal lipid deposition triggers the immune system via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) resulting in the production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF that cause liver cell injury and death.[57][58][59] These events mark the transition to steatohepatitis and in the setting of chronic injury, fibrosis eventually develops setting up events that lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.[57] Microscopically, changes that can be seen include steatosis with large and swollen hepatocytes (ballooning), evidence of cellular injury and cell death (apoptosis, necrosis), evidence of inflammation in particular in zone 3 of the liver, variable degrees of fibrosis and Mallory bodies.[57][60][61]
Diagnosis Edit
Predominantly elevated aminotransferase Cause
ALT Chronic hepatitis B, C, and D
Nonalcoholic liver disease
Acute viral hepatitis
Medications/toxins
Autoimmune hepatitis
Wilson's disease
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
Hemochromatosis
Ischemic hepatitis (severe elevation up to thousands)
AST Alcoholic liver disease
Cirrhosis
Diagnosis of hepatitis is made on the basis of some or all of the following: a patient's signs and symptoms, medical history including sexual and substance use history, blood tests, imaging, and liver biopsy.[28] In general, for viral hepatitis and other acute causes of hepatitis, the patient's blood tests and clinical picture are sufficient for diagnosis.[15][28] For other causes of hepatitis, especially chronic causes, blood tests may not be useful.[28] In this case, liver biopsy is the gold standard for establishing the diagnosis: histopathologic analysis is able to reveal the precise extent and pattern of inflammation and fibrosis.[28] However, liver biopsy is typically not the initial diagnostic test because it is invasive and is associated with a small but significant risk of bleeding that is increased in patients with liver injury and cirrhosis.[62]
Blood testing includes liver enzymes, serology (i.e. for autoantibodies), nucleic acid testing (i.e. for hepatitis virus DNA/RNA), blood chemistry, and complete blood count.[28] Characteristic patterns of liver enzyme abnormalities can point to certain causes or stages of hepatitis.[63][64] Generally, AST and ALT are elevated in most cases of hepatitis regardless of whether the patient shows any symptoms.[28] However, the degree of elevation (i.e. levels in the hundreds vs. in the thousands), the predominance for AST vs. ALT elevation, and the ratio between AST and ALT are informative of the diagnosis.[28]
Ultrasound, CT, and MRI can all identify steatosis (fatty changes) of the liver tissue and nodularity of the liver surface suggestive of cirrhosis.[65][66] CT and especially MRI are able to provide a higher level of detail, allowing visualization and characterize such structures as vessels and tumors within the liver.[67] Unlike steatosis and cirrhosis, no imaging test is able to detect liver inflammation (i.e. hepatitis) or fibrosis.[28] Liver biopsy is the only definitive diagnostic test that is able to assess inflammation and fibrosis of the liver.[28]
Viral hepatitis Edit
Main article: Viral hepatitis
Viral hepatitis is primarily diagnosed through blood tests for levels of viral antigens (such as the hepatitis B surface or core antigen), anti-viral antibodies (such as the anti-hepatitis B surface antibody or anti-hepatitis A antibody), or viral DNA/RNA.[15][28] In early infection (i.e. within 1 week), IgM antibodies are found in the blood.[28] In late infection and after recovery, IgG antibodies are present and remain in the body for up to years.[28] Therefore, when a patient is positive for IgG antibody but negative for IgM antibody, he is considered immune from the virus via either prior infection and recovery or prior vaccination.[28]
In the case of hepatitis B, blood tests exist for multiple virus antigens (which are different components of the virion particle) and antibodies.[68] The combination of antigen and antibody positivity can provide information about the stage of infection (acute or chronic), the degree of viral replication, and the infectivity of the virus.[68]
Alcoholic versus non-alcoholic Edit
The most apparent distinguishing factor between alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a history of alcohol use or abuse.[69] Thus, in patients who have no or negligible alcohol use, the diagnosis is unlikely to be alcoholic hepatitis. However, in those who use alcohol, the diagnosis may just as likely be alcoholic or nonalcoholic hepatitis especially if there is concurrent obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. In this case, alcoholic and nonalcoholic hepatitis can be distinguish
En este trabajo actual, Babalawo Obanifa documentará variedades de fórmulas herbales disponibles para el tratamiento de la hepatitis en la medicina herbaria yoruba. Hepatitis que tradicionalmente se conoce como Aisan Jedojedo en la medicina herbaria yoruba. Es una de las enfermedades mortales que afectan a miles de personas en todo el mundo. En este trabajo, Babalawo Obanifa explicará y documentará diferentes remedios herbales disponibles en la medicina herbaria yoruba para curar diferentes tipos de hepatitis. El trabajo examinará en detalle qué es la hepatitis ?, causas de hepatitis, síntomas, tratamiento y prevención desde una perspectiva ortodoxa, así como remedios herbales disponibles para curar la hepatitis. Antes de proceder a dar detalles de la cura a base de hierbas para la hepatitis, me gustaría reproducir aquí parte del trabajo de Christian Nordqvist Título 'Hepatitis: causas, síntomas y tratamiento' publicado por www.medicalnewstoday.com. Este trabajo proporciona información valiosa sobre causas y síntomas y tratamiento de la hepatitis desde una perspectiva ortodoxa. Si solo está interesado en los remedios herbales solo avance hasta el último párrafo de este trabajo, pero si desea tener pleno conocimiento e información sobre el tratamiento y la prevención de la hepatitis, le recomiendo que lea este artículo completo.
Según Christian Nordqvist, la palabra hepatitis proviene de la palabra griega antigua hepar (raíz de la palabra hepat) que significa "hígado", y el latín es inflamación. La hepatitis se refiere a una inflamación de las células del hígado y daño al hígado. Existen diferentes tipos y causas, pero los síntomas pueden ser similares.
Las funciones del hígado incluyen la desintoxicación de la sangre, el almacenamiento de vitaminas y la producción de hormonas. La hepatitis puede interrumpir estos procesos y crear graves problemas de salud en todo el cuerpo.
Al menos cinco virus pueden causar hepatitis. Los tres más comunes son los virus de hepatitis A, B y C. La infección con cualquiera de estos tres puede ser fatal.
Otros tipos de hepatitis pueden resultar del consumo excesivo de alcohol o una enfermedad autoinmune. Este artículo analizará las hepatitis A, B y C. Estas son formas de hepatitis transmitidas por un virus.
En los Estados Unidos, la incidencia de hepatitis A ha estado disminuyendo durante los últimos 20 años, pero la hepatitis C aguda ha experimentado un aumento del 44 por ciento entre 2011 y 2012.
Tipos
La hepatitis tiene varios tipos diferentes, pero los síntomas de cada uno son similares. La hepatitis puede tomar formas agudas y crónicas.
Los tres tipos principales de hepatitis se conocen como hepatitis A, B y C. Cada uno es causado por un virus diferente. Los tres tipos pueden ser agudos, durar 6 meses o menos, y los tipos B y C pueden ser crónicos, duran más.
Cada tipo tiene características diferentes y se transmite de diferentes maneras, pero los síntomas tienden a ser similares.
Hepatitis A
En los Estados Unidos (EE. UU.), Se notificaron 1.390 casos de hepatitis A en 2015.
A menudo es leve, y la mayoría de las personas se recuperan por completo, después de lo cual son inmunes y, por lo tanto, están protegidas del virus en el futuro. Sin embargo, si progresa, los síntomas pueden ser graves o potencialmente mortales.
Las personas en partes del mundo con saneamiento deficiente corren un riesgo particular de contraer el VHA.
Existen vacunas seguras y efectivas que protegen contra este virus.
Hepatitis B
La hepatitis B se puede transmitir cuando una persona:
tiene relaciones sexuales sin protección con una persona infectada
comparte una aguja con una persona infectada, a menudo por uso ilegal de drogas o esteroides
tiene un tatuaje creado con agujas no esterilizadas
se pincha accidentalmente, por ejemplo, trabajadores de la salud que manejan objetos afilados
comparte artículos personales, como un cepillo de dientes o una maquinilla de afeitar, con una persona infectada
es mordido por alguien infectado
Una madre infectada puede transmitir el virus a su bebé cuando está amamantando.
El hígado de una persona infectada con hepatitis B se hincha. Se pueden producir daños graves.
La infección por el VHB puede volverse crónica. Esto puede provocar complicaciones, como cicatrices en el hígado o cirrosis. También puede causar un tipo de cáncer conocido como carcinoma hepatocelular.
En 2015, 887,000 muertes en todo el mundo estaban relacionadas con el VHB, principalmente como resultado de complicaciones como estas.
En los EE. UU., Hubo 3,370 casos reportados de VHB, pero los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC) estiman que la cifra real puede ser de alrededor de 21,900.
Actualmente no existe una cura para el VHB. Sin embargo, la tasa de incidencia ha disminuido en los países donde la vacuna está disponible, y esta vacuna es 95 por ciento efectiva contra la infección.
Existe una vacuna segura y efectiva que puede proteger contra el VHB.
Hepatitis C
El VHC puede provocar daño hepático e hinchazón. Alrededor de 1 de cada 4 personas con VHC contraen cirrosis, y esto puede provocar cáncer de hígado.
La sangre donada ahora se analiza para detectar el VHC, pero las personas que recibieron trasplantes de órganos o donaciones de sangre antes de la prueba se convirtieron en parte del proceso de donación pueden estar en riesgo.
Otros grupos en riesgo incluyen trabajadores de la salud que están expuestos a objetos punzantes, usuarios de drogas intravenosas y bebés nacidos de madres con VHC.
El número de casos de VHC en los EE. UU. Aumentó casi tres veces entre 2010 y 2015, cuando se notificaron 2.436 casos. Sin embargo, los CDC estiman que ocurrieron 33.900 infecciones en 2015, incluidas las no informadas.
Tratamiento
Algunos tipos y casos de hepatitis pueden sanar sin intervención, pero a veces pueden progresar a cicatrices en el hígado o cirrosis.
Hepatitis A
No existe un tratamiento específico para el VHA. El médico le aconsejará al paciente que se abstenga de alcohol y drogas durante la recuperación. La mayoría de los pacientes con hepatitis A se recuperarán sin intervención.
Hepatitis B
Un paciente con VHB necesita descansar y abstenerse por completo del alcohol. El médico puede recetar un agente antiviral llamado interferón u otras terapias antivirales supresoras.
Hepatitis C
A un paciente con hepatitis C se le recetarán agentes antivirales, con o sin ribavirina.
Algunos antivirales dirigidos y terapias combinadas ahora están disponibles para tratar el virus de la hepatitis C según su subtipo. Estos tratamientos tienen como objetivo la replicación viral y evitan que el virus pueda reproducirse. Cuando se toma correctamente, la tasa de curación es muy alta.
Estos medicamentos pueden ser costosos y las aseguradoras pueden tener criterios específicos para el tratamiento.
Síntomas
Muchas personas con hepatitis experimentan síntomas leves o nulos. Cuando aparecen los síntomas, pueden hacerlo de 15 a 180 días después de la infección. Esto se aplica a todos los tipos de hepatitis.
Hepatitis aguda
La fase inicial de la hepatitis se llama fase aguda. Los síntomas son similares a la gripe leve y pueden incluir:
La ictericia es un síntoma de hepatitis.
Diarrea
fatiga
pérdida de apetito
fiebre leve
dolores musculares o articulares
náusea
dolor abdominal leve
vómitos
pérdida de peso
ictericia
La fase aguda no suele ser peligrosa, pero en ciertas personas puede provocar insuficiencia hepática aguda y la muerte. También puede progresar a una infección crónica. Esto es más probable con HBV o HCV.
A medida que la enfermedad progresa, la hepatitis crónica puede conducir a insuficiencia hepática progresiva, lo que resulta en ictericia, hinchazón de las extremidades inferiores, confusión y sangre en las heces o el vómito.
Lo siguiente puede ocurrir:
orina oscura
urticaria
picazón en la piel
heces de color claro
piel amarilla, blanco de ojos y lengua
Los resultados del paciente después de la fase aguda dependen de varios factores, especialmente el tipo de hepatitis. Algunas personas no sabrán que tienen hepatitis crónica hasta que se presente insuficiencia hepática.
impulsado por Rubicon Project
Diagnóstico
Como los síntomas de los diferentes tipos de hepatitis son similares, el tipo y la gravedad de la hepatitis solo pueden diagnosticarse mediante pruebas de laboratorio.
Un médico realizará un examen físico y solicitará un historial médico para evaluar si un paciente ha estado expuesto a una causa probable de hepatitis.
Si un paciente viajó recientemente al extranjero, puede tener VHA. Si han tenido relaciones sexuales sin protección, pueden tener VHB.
Si se sospecha hepatitis, las siguientes pruebas pueden confirmar un diagnóstico:
Exámenes de sangre: pueden detectar si el cuerpo produce anticuerpos para combatir la enfermedad y pueden evaluar la función hepática al verificar los niveles de ciertas proteínas y enzimas hepáticas.
Pruebas de ácido nucleico: para la hepatitis B y C, una prueba de ADN del VHB o ARN del VHC puede confirmar la velocidad a la que se reproduce el virus en el hígado, y esto mostrará cuán activa es la enfermedad.
Una biopsia de hígado: esto puede medir la extensión del daño hepático y la posibilidad de cáncer.
Paracentesis: se extrae y analiza el líquido abdominal para identificar la causa de la acumulación de líquido.
Elastografía: mide la rigidez del hígado emitiendo ondas sonoras.
Marcadores sustitutos: un tipo de análisis de sangre para evaluar el desarrollo de cirrosis y fibrosis.
El tratamiento dependerá del diagnóstico.
Causas
Los tres tipos más comunes de hepatitis viral son todos causados por infecciones virales.
La hepatitis A es causada por el consumo de alimentos o agua infectados con el virus de la hepatitis A (VHA), a menudo mientras viaja al extranjero. El virus también se puede transmitir a través del contacto anal-oral durante el sexo o mediante la inyección de drogas.
La hepatitis B es causada por el virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) y se transmite a través del contacto con sangre infectada, semen y otros fluidos corporales. Puede ser una enfermedad de transmisión sexual (ETS).
La hepatitis C se debe principalmente a una infección percutánea, que ocurre cuando el virus VHC penetra debajo de la piel. Por lo general, se transmite a través de narcóticos inyectados, lesiones por pinchazo de aguja y falta de control de infecciones en entornos de atención médica.
El VHC no puede ser atrapado por el contacto con las heces, y la transmisión sexual es menos común que en otros tipos.
El alcohol, los medicamentos, la obesidad y la exposición a sustancias químicas no causan los tipos A, B o C, pero pueden agravar la inflamación y empeorar los síntomas.
Prevención
La hepatitis puede ser peligrosa y difícil de tratar, por lo que se recomienda a las personas que tomen precauciones contra una posible infección.
Prevenir la hepatitis A
La hepatitis A se transmite principalmente a través de alimentos y agua infectados.
Los siguientes pasos pueden ayudar a evitar infecciones, especialmente cuando viaja.
Lávese las manos con jabón después de usar el baño.
Solo consuma alimentos que se acaban de cocinar.
Solo beba agua embotellada comercialmente o agua hervida si no está seguro del saneamiento local.
Solo coma frutas pelables si se encuentra en un lugar con saneamiento poco confiable
Solo coma verduras crudas si está seguro de que se han limpiado o desinfectado a fondo.
Obtenga una vacuna contra el VHA antes de viajar a lugares donde la hepatitis puede ser endémica.
Prevenir la hepatitis B
Para minimizar el riesgo de transmisión:
Dígale a cualquier pareja sexual si es portador o trate de averiguar si es portador de la enfermedad.
Practique sexo seguro usando condones.
Solo use agujas limpias y sin usar previamente.
No comparta cepillos de dientes, maquinillas de afeitar ni instrumentos de manicura.
Solo permita el uso de equipos de perforación de la piel bien esterilizados, como durante un tatuaje, perforación o acupuntura.
Vacúnese contra el VHB si está en riesgo.
Como prevenir la hepatitis C
Como esto a menudo se transmite a través de la transferencia de fluidos corporales infectados, los siguientes pasos pueden ayudar a prevenir la transmisión del VHC:
No comparta agujas, cepillos de dientes o equipos de manicura.
Asegúrese de que el equipo esté bien esterilizado para cualquier perforación en la piel.
Consume alcohol con moderación.
No inyecte drogas ilegales.
Las hepatitis A y C son curables, pero la hepatitis B solo se puede prevenir con la vacuna. Una cura aún está en desarrollo.
panorama
Los diferentes tipos de hepatitis tienen diferentes posibilidades de recuperación.
Hepatitis A: este tipo de hepatitis normalmente se resolverá en 2 meses sin dejar ningún efecto a largo plazo. Una persona con VHA generalmente será inmune a la hepatitis A por el resto de su vida.
Hepatitis B: la mayoría de los adultos infectados con el virus HBV se recuperan en 90 días y logran inmunidad de por vida. Sin embargo, el 90 por ciento de los bebés, el 20 por ciento de los niños mayores y el 5 por ciento de los adultos desarrollarán una infección crónica y desarrollarán problemas de salud graves, como cáncer de hígado y cirrosis.
Hepatitis C: se convierte en una infección de por vida en 70 a 85 por ciento de las personas que tienen el virus VHC. La hepatitis C es mortal entre 1 y 5 por ciento de las personas. La infección ahora se puede curar, y del 15 al 25 por ciento de las personas con VHC eliminan la infección sin tratamiento.
RECURSOS HERBARIOS TRADICIONALES DE YORUBA PARA LA HEPATITIS DOCUMENTADOS POR BABALAWO OBANIFA
1)
Ebu egbo Agbon sibi mewa (10 cucharadas completas de polvo de raíz de coco (Cocos Nucifera)
Ata ijosin sibi meta (tres cucharadas en polvo de (pimienta de ave conocida como Capsicum annum)
Sibi orogbo mewa ti a lo kunna (10 cucharadas en polvo de kola amarga conocida como Garcina kola
Oyin Igan (miel salvaje)
Preparación
Mezcle los tres elementos antes mencionados junto con una botella de miel silvestre.
Uso
Los pacientes con hepatitis tomarán 2 cucharadas completas tres veces al día.
2)
Orogbo (kola amarga con nombre científico Garcina kola)
Ewuro de oveja (licencia amarga con nombre científico Verlonia amygdalina)
Wonder kola
Un montón de zumo de lima y naranja.
Preparación
Hervir todos los artículos juntos dentro del jugo de naranja y lima durante media hora.
Uso
Siempre debes poner una cucharada llena de miel de voluntad dentro de una taza pequeña de la decocción. Bébalo tres veces al día antes de la comida.
3
Eso owu (semilla de planta de algodón con nombre científico especie Gossypium)
Ewuro de oveja (licencia amarga con nombre científico Verlonia amygdalina)
Ope oyinbo dudu (piña verde con nombre científico Anana comosus)
Anacardos frescos planta hojas
Preparación
Mezcle o libere los cuatro elementos juntos. Tamizar y obtener su jugo. Agrega un poco de alcohol.
Uso
Beber medio vaso de vidrio tres veces al día. Es instructivo tener en cuenta que si desea evitar el alcohol, simplemente puede hervir los cuatro elementos antes mencionados en agua durante 40 minutos. Usos es el mismo que se explicó anteriormente.
4)
Orogbo tutu lopo (kolas amargas frescas / Garcina kola)
Preparación
Golpea la garcina kola y sumérgela en agua durante 74 horas o más.
Comenzará a beber un vaso lleno tres veces al día.
Referencias
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, teléfono y contacto de WhatsApp: +2348166343145, ubicación Ile Ife osun state Nigeria.
AVISO IMPORTANTE: en lo que respecta al artículo anterior, ninguna parte de este artículo puede reproducirse o duplicarse de ninguna forma ni por ningún medio, electrónico o mecánico, incluida la fotocopia y la grabación, o por cualquier sistema de almacenamiento o recuperación de información sin el permiso previo por escrito del titular de los derechos de autor y el autor Babalawo Obanifa, hacerlo será considerado ilegal y traerá consecuencias legales
Version française
REMÈDES À BASE D'HERBES CONTRE L'HÉPATITE DANS LA MÉDECINE AUX HERBES DU YORUBA (VOLUME II) DE BABALAWO OBANIFA-Documentaires extrêmes d'Obanifa
Dans ce travail en cours, Babalawo Obanifa documentera les variétés de formules à base de plantes disponibles pour le traitement de l'hépatite dans la phytothérapie à base de Yoruba. Hépatite qui est traditionnellement connue sous le nom de Aisan Jedojedo en phytothérapie Yoruba. Il s’agit d’une des maladies mortelles qui affecte des milliers de personnes dans le monde. Dans ce travail, Babalawo Obanifa expliquera et documentera les différents remèdes à base de plantes disponibles en phytothérapie Yoruba pour soigner différents types d’hépatite. Le travail examinera en détail ce qu'est l'hépatite ?, Les causes de l'hépatite, les symptômes, le traitement et la prévention du point de vue orthodoxe, ainsi que les remèdes à base de plantes disponibles pour soigner l'hépatite. Avant de donner des détails sur le traitement à base de plantes pour le traitement de l’hépatite, j’aimerais commencer par reproduire ici une partie de l’ouvrage de Christian Nordqvist intitulé «Hépatite: causes, symptômes et traitement», publié par www.medicalnewstoday.com. Cet ouvrage fournit des informations précieuses sur causes et symptômes et traitement de l'hépatite du point de vue orthodoxe. Si vous êtes uniquement intéressé par les remèdes à base de plantes, faites défiler jusqu'au dernier paragraphe de ce travail, mais si vous souhaitez avoir des connaissances complètes sur le traitement et la prévention de l'hépatite, je vous conseille vivement de lire cet article dans son intégralité.
Selon Christian Nordqvist, le mot hépatite vient du grec ancien hepar (mot racine hepat) qui signifie «foie», et le latin itis signifie inflammation. L'hépatite fait référence à une inflammation des cellules du foie et à des lésions du foie. Il existe différents types et causes, mais les symptômes peuvent être similaires.
Les fonctions du foie comprennent la détoxification du sang, la conservation des vitamines et la production d'hormones. L'hépatite peut perturber ces processus et créer de graves problèmes de santé dans tout le corps.
Au moins cinq virus peuvent causer l'hépatite. Les trois virus les plus courants sont les virus de l'hépatite A, B et C. L'infection par l'un de ces virus peut être fatale.
D'autres types d'hépatite peuvent résulter d'une surconsommation d'alcool ou d'une maladie auto-immune. Cet article portera sur les hépatites A, B et C. Il s’agit de formes d’hépatite transmises par un virus.
Aux États-Unis, l’incidence de l’hépatite A a diminué au cours des 20 dernières années, mais l’hépatite C aiguë a augmenté de 44% entre 2011 et 2012.
Les types
L'hépatite a plusieurs types différents, mais les symptômes de chacun sont similaires. L'hépatite peut prendre des formes aiguës et chroniques.
Les trois principaux types d'hépatite sont appelés hépatites A, B et C. Chacun est causé par un virus différent. Les trois types peuvent être aigus et durer 6 mois ou moins, et les types B et C peuvent être chroniques et durer plus longtemps.
Chaque type a des caractéristiques différentes et se transmet de différentes manières, mais les symptômes ont tendance à être similaires.
Hépatite A
Aux États-Unis (États-Unis), 1 390 cas d’hépatite A ont été signalés en 2015.
Il est souvent doux et la plupart des gens se rétablissent complètement, après quoi ils sont immunisés et donc protégés du virus à l'avenir. Cependant, s’il progresse, les symptômes peuvent être graves ou mettre la vie en danger.
Les habitants des régions du monde mal assainies risquent particulièrement de contracter le VHA.
Il existe des vaccins sûrs et efficaces qui protègent contre ce virus.
Hépatite B
L'hépatite B peut être transmise lorsqu'une personne:
a des rapports sexuels non protégés avec une personne infectée
partage une aiguille avec une personne infectée, souvent pour usage illicite de drogues ou de stéroïdes
a un tatouage créé avec des aiguilles non stérilisées
est accidentellement piqué, par exemple, des agents de santé manipulant des objets tranchants
partage des objets personnels, comme une brosse à dents ou un rasoir, avec une personne infectée
est piqué par une personne infectée
Une mère infectée peut transmettre le virus à son enfant lorsqu'elle allaite.
Le foie d'une personne infectée par l'hépatite B gonfle. De graves dommages peuvent en résulter.
L'infection par le VHB peut devenir chronique. Cela peut entraîner des complications, notamment des cicatrices du foie ou une cirrhose. Il peut également causer un type de cancer appelé carcinome hépatocellulaire.
En 2015, 887 000 décès dans le monde ont été liés au VHB, principalement à la suite de complications telles que celles-ci.
Aux États-Unis, 3 370 cas de VHB ont été signalés, mais les Centres de contrôle et de prévention des maladies (CDC) estiment que le chiffre réel pourrait être d’environ 21 900.
Il n’existe actuellement aucun traitement curatif pour le VHB. Cependant, le taux d'incidence a diminué dans les pays où le vaccin est disponible et ce vaccin est efficace à 95% contre l'infection.
Il existe un vaccin sûr et efficace pouvant protéger contre le VHB.
Hépatite C
Le VHC peut entraîner des lésions hépatiques et un gonflement. Une cirrhose est causée par environ 1 personne sur 4 infectée par le VHC, ce qui peut entraîner un cancer du foie.
Le sang de donneur fait maintenant l'objet d'un test de dépistage du VHC, mais les personnes qui ont reçu une greffe d'organe ou un don de sang avant que le test devienne une partie intégrante du processus de don pourraient être à risque.
Les autres groupes à risque incluent les travailleurs de la santé exposés à des objets tranchants, les utilisateurs de drogues injectables par voie intraveineuse et les nourrissons nés de mères atteintes du VHC.
Le nombre de cas de VHC aux États-Unis a presque triplé entre 2010 et 2015, lorsque 2436 cas ont été signalés. Cependant, les CDC estiment à 33 900 le nombre d'infections survenues en 2015, y compris celles non signalées.
Traitement
Certains types et certains cas d'hépatite peuvent guérir sans intervention, mais ils peuvent parfois évoluer en cicatrices du foie ou en cirrhose.
Hépatite A
Il n'y a pas de traitement spécifique pour le VHA. Le médecin conseillera au patient de s'abstenir d'alcool et de drogues pendant la guérison. La plupart des patients atteints d'hépatite A se rétabliront sans intervention.
Hépatite B
Un patient atteint du VHB doit se reposer et s'abstenir complètement de boire de l'alcool. Le médecin peut vous prescrire un agent antiviral appelé interféron ou d'autres traitements antiviraux suppressifs.
Hépatite C
Les patients antiviraux, avec ou sans ribavirine, seront prescrits à un patient atteint d'hépatite C.
Certains antiviraux dirigés et combinaisons thérapeutiques sont maintenant disponibles pour traiter le virus de l'hépatite C en fonction de son sous-type. Ces traitements ciblent la réplication virale et empêchent le virus de se reproduire. Correctement pris, le taux de guérison est très élevé.
Ces médicaments peuvent être coûteux et les assureurs peuvent avoir des critères de traitement spécifiques.
Symptômes
Beaucoup de personnes atteintes d'hépatite présentent des symptômes légers ou nuls. Lorsque les symptômes apparaissent, ils peuvent le faire de 15 à 180 jours après l’infection. Cela s'applique à tous les types d'hépatite.
Hépatite aiguë
La phase initiale de l'hépatite s'appelle la phase aiguë. Les symptômes ressemblent à ceux de la grippe légère et peuvent inclure:
La jaunisse est un symptôme de l'hépatite.
la diarrhée
fatigue
perte d'appétit
légère fièvre
douleurs musculaires ou articulaires
la nausée
légère douleur abdominale
vomissement
perte de poids
jaunisse
La phase aiguë n'est généralement pas dangereuse, mais chez certaines personnes, elle peut entraîner une insuffisance hépatique aiguë et la mort. Il peut également évoluer vers une infection chronique. Ceci est très probablement lié au VHB ou au VHC.
Au fur et à mesure que la maladie progresse, l'hépatite chronique peut entraîner une insuffisance hépatique progressive, entraînant une jaunisse, un gonflement des membres inférieurs, une confusion et du sang dans les selles ou les vomissements.
Les événements suivants peuvent se produire:
urine sombre
urticaire
la peau qui gratte
excréments de couleur claire
peau jaune, blanc des yeux et langue
Les résultats pour les patients après la phase aiguë dépendent de divers facteurs, notamment du type d'hépatite. Certaines personnes ne sauront pas qu'elles ont une hépatite chronique jusqu'à ce qu'une insuffisance hépatique se produise.
propulsé par Rubicon Project
Diagnostic
Comme les symptômes des différents types d'hépatite sont similaires, le type et la gravité de l'hépatite ne peuvent être diagnostiqués que par des tests de laboratoire.
Un médecin effectuera un examen physique et demandera des antécédents médicaux pour déterminer si un patient a été exposé à une cause probable de l'hépatite.
Si un patient a récemment voyagé à l'étranger, il est possible qu'il soit porteur du VHA. S'ils ont eu des rapports sexuels non protégés, ils peuvent être infectés par le VHB.
En cas de suspicion d'hépatite, les tests suivants peuvent confirmer un diagnostic:
Analyses de sang: elles permettent de détecter si le corps produit des anticorps pour combattre la maladie et d'évaluer la fonction hépatique en vérifiant les taux de certaines protéines et enzymes du foie.
Tests d’acide nucléique: Pour les hépatites B et C, un test d’ADN du VHB ou du VHC permet de confirmer la vitesse à laquelle le virus se reproduit dans le foie, ce qui montre l’activité de la maladie.
Une biopsie du foie: elle permet de mesurer l'étendue des dommages au foie et la possibilité de cancer.
Paracentèse: le liquide abdominal est extrait et testé afin d'identifier la cause de son accumulation.
Élastographie: elle mesure la rigidité du foie en émettant des ondes sonores.
Marqueurs de substitution: Un type de test sanguin pour évaluer le développement de la cirrhose et de la fibrose.
Le traitement dépendra du diagnostic.
Les causes
Les trois types les plus courants d'hépatite virale sont tous causés par des infections virales.
L'hépatite A est causée par la consommation d'aliments ou d'eau contaminés par le virus de l'hépatite A (VHA), souvent lors de voyages à l'étranger. Le virus peut également être transmis par contact anal-oral pendant les rapports sexuels ou par injection de drogues.
L'hépatite B est causée par le virus de l'hépatite B (VHB) et se transmet par contact avec du sang infecté, du sperme et d'autres liquides organiques. Ce peut être une maladie sexuellement transmissible (MST).
L'hépatite C résulte principalement d'une infection percutanée, qui survient lorsque le virus du VHC pénètre sous la peau. Il se transmet généralement par injection de narcotiques, par piqûre d'aiguille et par un manque de contrôle des infections dans les établissements de santé.
Le VHC ne peut pas être attrapé par le contact avec les matières fécales et la transmission sexuelle est moins commune que dans les autres types.
L'alcool, les médicaments, l'obésité et l'exposition aux produits chimiques ne causent pas les types A, B ou C, mais ils peuvent aggraver l'inflammation et aggraver les symptômes.
La prévention
L'hépatite peut être dangereuse et difficile à traiter, il est donc conseillé aux personnes de prendre des précautions pour éviter une éventuelle infection.
Prévenir l'hépatite A
L'hépatite A se transmet principalement par la nourriture et l'eau contaminées.
Les étapes suivantes peuvent aider à éviter l’infection, en particulier en voyage.
Se laver les mains avec du savon après avoir utilisé la salle de bain.
Ne consommez que des aliments qui viennent d'être cuits.
Ne buvez que de l'eau en bouteille, ou de l'eau bouillie, si vous n'êtes pas sûr de l'assainissement local.
Ne consommez des fruits pelables que si vous êtes dans un endroit où l'assainissement est peu fiable
Ne consommez des légumes crus que si vous êtes sûr qu'ils ont été nettoyés ou désinfectés à fond.
Faites-vous vacciner contre le VHA avant de vous rendre dans des endroits où l'hépatite peut être endémique.
Prévenir l'hépatite B
Pour minimiser les risques de transmission:
Si vous êtes porteur ou si vous essayez de savoir s’ils sont porteurs de la maladie, parlez-en à tout partenaire sexuel.
Pratiquez le sexe sans risque en utilisant des préservatifs.
Utilisez uniquement des aiguilles propres, non utilisées auparavant.
Ne partagez pas les brosses à dents, les rasoirs ou les instruments de manucure.
N'autorisez l'utilisation que de matériel de perforation de la peau bien stérilisé, par exemple lors d'un tatouage, d'un perçage ou de l'acupuncture.
Si vous êtes à risque, faites-vous vacciner contre le VHB.
Comment prévenir l'hépatite C
Comme cela est souvent transmis lors du transfert de fluides corporels infectés, les étapes suivantes peuvent aider à prévenir la transmission du VHC:
Ne partagez pas d'aiguilles, de brosses à dents ou d'équipement de manucure.
Assurez-vous que le matériel est bien stérilisé pour tout perçage cutané.
Consommez de l'alcool avec modération.
Ne pas injecter de drogues illégales.
Les hépatites A et C sont curables, mais l'hépatite B ne peut être prévenue que par la vaccination. Un traitement est encore en développement.
Perspective; vue; vision; horizon
Les différents types d'hépatite ont différentes chances de guérison.
Hépatite A: Ce type d'hépatite disparaîtra normalement en 2 mois sans laisser d'effet à long terme. Une personne atteinte du VHA sera généralement immunisée contre l'hépatite A pour le reste de sa vie.
Hépatite B: La plupart des adultes infectés par le virus VHB se rétablissent dans les 90 jours et acquièrent une immunité à vie. Cependant, 90% des nourrissons, 20% des enfants plus âgés et 5% des adultes développent une infection chronique et développent de graves problèmes de santé, tels que le cancer du foie et la cirrhose.
Hépatite C: Cela devient une infection à vie chez 70 à 85% des personnes infectées par le VHC. L'hépatite C est mortelle chez 1 à 5% des personnes. L'infection peut maintenant être guérie et 15 à 25% des personnes infectées par le VHC la suppriment sans traitement.
REMÈDES TRADITIONNELS AUX HERBES DU YORUBA CONTRE L'HÉPATITE TELS QUE DOCUMENTÉS PAR BABALAWO OBANIFA
1.
Ebu egbo Agbon sibi mewa (10 cuillères à soupe de poudre de racine de coco (Cocos Nucifera))
Ata ijosin sibi meta (poudre de trois cuillères à soupe de (piment de poivron connu sous le nom de Capsicum annum)
Sibi orogbo mewa ti a lo kunna (10 cuillères à café de poudre de kola amère connues sous le nom de Garcina kola
Oyin Igan (miel sauvage)
Préparation
Mélangez les trois articles susmentionnés avec une bouteille de miel sauvage.
Usage
Les patients atteints d'hépatite prendront 2 cuillères à soupe complètes trois fois par jour.
2
Orogbo (cola amère avec nom scientifique Garcina kola)
Ewe ewuro (congé amer avec nom scientifique Verlonia amygdalina)
Merveille kola
Beaucoup de jus d'orange citron vert.
Préparation
Faites bouillir tous les articles ensemble dans le jus d'orange citron vert pendant une demi-heure.
Usage
Vous devriez toujours mettre une cuillère pleine de miel à volonté dans une petite tasse de décoction. Buvez-le trois fois par jour avant les repas.
3
Eso owu (graine de plant de coton portant le nom scientifique de l'espèce Gossypium)
Ewe ewuro (congé amer avec nom scientifique Verlonia amygdalina)
Ope oyinbo dudu (ananas immature portant le nom scientifique Anana comosus)
Noix de cajou fraîches
Préparation
Mélangez ou pilez les quatre articles ensemble. Tamisez et obtenez leur jus. Ajouter un peu d'alcool.
Usage
Il est instructif de noter que si vous voulez éviter l’alcool, vous pouvez simplement faire bouillir les quatre éléments susmentionnés dans de l’eau pendant 40 minutes. Les utilisations sont les mêmes que celles expliquées ci-dessus.
4
Orogbo tutu lopo (colza amer frais / Garcina kola)
Préparation
Pound le garcina kola et trempez-le dans l'eau pendant 74 heures ou plus.
Vous commencerez à boire un verre plein trois fois par jour
Références
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, contact téléphonique et whatsapp: +2348166343145, lieu-dit Ile Ife osun, Nigeria.
AVIS IMPORTANT: En ce qui concerne l’article ci-dessus, aucune partie de cet article ne peut être reproduite ou dupliquée sous quelque forme ou par quelque moyen que ce soit, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et l’enregistrement, ou par tout système de stockage ou de récupération des informations sans l’autorisation écrite préalable du détenteur des droits d’auteur. l'auteur Babalawo Obanifa, cela sera jugé illégal et entraînera des conséquences juridiques
deutsche Version unten
HERBAL REMEDIES FÜR HEPATITIS IN YORUBA HERBAL MEDICINE (BAND II) VON BABALAWO OBANIFA -Obanifa extremen Dokumentarfilmen
In dieser aktuellen Arbeit wird Babalawo Obanifa verschiedene Kräuterrezepturen dokumentieren, die zur Behandlung von Hepatitis in der Yoruba-Kräutermedizin erhältlich sind. Hepatitis, die traditionell als Aisan Jedojedo in der Yoruba-Kräutermedizin bekannt ist. Es ist eine der tödlichen Krankheiten, die Tausende von Menschen auf der ganzen Welt betreffen. In dieser Arbeit erklärt und dokumentiert Babalawo Obanifa verschiedene pflanzliche Heilmittel, die in der Yoruba-Kräutermedizin zur Heilung verschiedener Hepatitis-Typen erhältlich sind. Die Arbeit wird im Detail untersuchen, was ist Hepatitis ?, Ursachen von Hepatitis, Symptome, Behandlung und Prävention aus orthodoxer Sicht sowie pflanzliche Heilmittel zur Heilung von Hepatitis. Bevor ich näher auf die pflanzliche Heilung von Hepatitis eingehe, möchte ich zunächst einen Teil der Arbeit von Christian Nordqvist mit dem Titel "Hepatitis: Ursachen, Symptome und Behandlung" von www.medicalnewstoday.com wiedergeben. Diese Arbeit liefert wertvolle Informationen zu Ursachen und Symptome sowie Behandlung von Hepatitis aus orthodoxer Sicht. Wenn Sie nur an pflanzlichen Heilmitteln interessiert sind, blättern Sie einfach zum letzten Abschnitt dieser Arbeit, aber wenn Sie umfassende Kenntnisse und Informationen über Hepatitis-Behandlung und Prävention haben möchten, rate ich Ihnen dringend, diesen Artikel vollständig zu lesen.
Nach Christian Nordqvist kommt das Wort Hepatitis vom altgriechischen Wort Hepar (Wurzelwort Hepat) und bedeutet „Leber“, und das lateinische Wort ist „Entzündung“. Hepatitis bezeichnet eine Entzündung der Leberzellen und eine Schädigung der Leber. Es gibt verschiedene Arten und Ursachen, aber die Symptome können ähnlich sein.
Die Funktionen der Leber umfassen die Entgiftung des Blutes, die Speicherung von Vitaminen und die Produktion von Hormonen. Hepatitis kann diese Prozesse stören und schwerwiegende Gesundheitsprobleme im ganzen Körper hervorrufen.
Mindestens fünf Viren können Hepatitis verursachen. Die drei häufigsten sind Hepatitis-Viren A, B und C. Eine Infektion mit einem dieser drei Viren kann tödlich sein.
Andere Arten von Hepatitis können durch übermäßigen Alkoholkonsum oder eine Autoimmunerkrankung hervorgerufen werden. Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit Hepatitis A, B und C. Dies sind Formen der Hepatitis, die von einem Virus übertragen werden.
In den Vereinigten Staaten ist die Inzidenz von Hepatitis A in den letzten 20 Jahren zurückgegangen, während die akute Hepatitis C zwischen 2011 und 2012 um 44 Prozent angestiegen ist.
Typen
Hepatitis hat mehrere verschiedene Typen, aber die Symptome von jedem sind ähnlich. Hepatitis kann akute und chronische Formen annehmen.
Die drei Hauptarten der Hepatitis sind Hepatitis A, B und C. Jede wird von einem anderen Virus verursacht. Alle drei Typen können akut sein und 6 Monate oder weniger andauern, und die Typen B und C können chronisch sein und länger andauern.
Jeder Typ hat unterschiedliche Eigenschaften und wird auf unterschiedliche Weise übertragen, die Symptome sind jedoch in der Regel ähnlich.
Hepatitis A
In den Vereinigten Staaten (USA) wurden im Jahr 2015 1.390 Fälle von Hepatitis A gemeldet.
Es ist oft mild und die meisten Menschen machen eine vollständige Genesung, danach sind sie immun und daher in Zukunft vor dem Virus geschützt. Wenn es jedoch fortschreitet, können die Symptome schwerwiegend oder lebensbedrohlich sein.
Menschen in Teilen der Welt mit schlechten sanitären Einrichtungen sind besonders gefährdet, an HAV zu erkranken.
Es gibt sichere und wirksame Impfstoffe, die gegen dieses Virus schützen.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B kann übertragen werden, wenn eine Person:
ungeschützten Geschlechtsverkehr mit einer infizierten Person hat
teilt eine Nadel mit einer infizierten Person, oft für illegale Drogen- oder Steroidgebrauch
hat eine Tätowierung mit nicht sterilisierten Nadeln erstellt
wird versehentlich gestochen, zum Beispiel von Angehörigen der Gesundheitsberufe, die mit scharfen Gegenständen zu tun haben
teilt persönliche Gegenstände wie eine Zahnbürste oder ein Rasiermesser mit einer infizierten Person
wird von jemandem gebissen, der infiziert ist
Eine infizierte Mutter kann das Virus beim Stillen auf ihr Kind übertragen.
Die Leber einer mit Hepatitis B infizierten Person schwillt an. Dies kann zu schweren Schäden führen.
Eine HBV-Infektion kann chronisch werden. Dies kann zu Komplikationen führen, einschließlich einer Vernarbung der Leber oder einer Leberzirrhose. Es kann auch eine Krebsart verursachen, die als hepatozelluläres Karzinom bekannt ist.
Im Jahr 2015 wurden weltweit 887.000 Todesfälle mit HBV in Verbindung gebracht, hauptsächlich als Folge solcher Komplikationen.
In den USA gab es 3.370 gemeldete Fälle von HBV, aber die Zentren für Krankheitskontrolle und Prävention (CDC) schätzen, dass die tatsächliche Zahl bei 21.900 liegen könnte.
Es gibt derzeit kein Heilmittel für HBV. Die Inzidenzrate ist jedoch in Ländern gesunken, in denen der Impfstoff erhältlich ist, und dieser Impfstoff ist zu 95 Prozent wirksam gegen die Infektion.
Es gibt einen sicheren und wirksamen Impfstoff, der vor HBV schützen kann.
Hepatitis C
HCV kann zu Leberschäden und Schwellungen führen. Ungefähr 1 von 4 Menschen mit HCV bekommen eine Leberzirrhose, was zu Leberkrebs führen kann.
Gespendetes Blut wird jetzt auf HCV getestet, aber Personen, die vor dem Test Organtransplantationen oder Blutspenden erhalten haben, sind möglicherweise gefährdet.
Andere gefährdete Gruppen sind Mitarbeiter des Gesundheitswesens, die scharfen Gegenständen ausgesetzt sind, Konsumenten von intravenösen Medikamenten und Säuglinge von Müttern mit HCV.
Die Zahl der Fälle von HCV in den USA hat sich zwischen 2010 und 2015 fast verdreifacht, als 2.436 Fälle gemeldet wurden. Die CDC schätzt jedoch, dass im Jahr 2015 33.900 Infektionen aufgetreten sind, einschließlich der nicht gemeldeten.
Behandlung, Therapie, Kur
Einige Arten und Fälle von Hepatitis können ohne Intervention heilen, aber manchmal kann es zu einer Vernarbung der Leber oder einer Leberzirrhose kommen.
Hepatitis A
Es gibt keine spezifische Behandlung für HAV. Der Arzt wird dem Patienten raten, während der Genesung auf Alkohol und Drogen zu verzichten. Die meisten Patienten mit Hepatitis A erholen sich ohne Intervention.
Hepatitis B
Ein Patient mit HBV muss sich ausruhen und ganz auf Alkohol verzichten. Der Arzt kann ein als Interferon bezeichnetes antivirales Mittel oder andere antivirale supprimierende Therapien verschreiben.
Hepatitis C
Einem Patienten mit Hepatitis C werden antivirale Wirkstoffe mit oder ohne Ribavirin verschrieben.
Einige gezielte Virostatika und Kombinationstherapien sind jetzt verfügbar, um das Hepatitis-C-Virus basierend auf seinem Subtyp zu behandeln. Diese Behandlungen zielen auf die Virusreplikation ab und verhindern, dass sich das Virus vermehren kann. Bei richtiger Einnahme ist die Heilungsrate sehr hoch.
Diese Medikamente können teuer sein, und die Versicherer haben möglicherweise bestimmte Kriterien für die Behandlung.
Symptome
Viele Menschen mit Hepatitis haben entweder leichte oder keine Symptome. Wenn Symptome auftreten, können sie dies 15 bis 180 Tage nach der Infektion tun. Dies gilt für alle Arten von Hepatitis.
Akute Hepatitis
Die Anfangsphase der Hepatitis wird als akute Phase bezeichnet. Die Symptome ähneln der milden Grippe und können Folgendes umfassen:
Gelbsucht ist ein Symptom der Hepatitis.
Durchfall
ermüden
Appetitverlust
leichtes Fieber
Muskel- oder Gelenkschmerzen
Übelkeit
leichte Bauchschmerzen
Erbrechen
Gewichtsverlust
Gelbsucht
Die akute Phase ist normalerweise nicht gefährlich, kann jedoch bei bestimmten Personen zu akutem Leberversagen und zum Tod führen. Es kann auch zu einer chronischen Infektion kommen. Dies ist am wahrscheinlichsten bei HBV oder HCV.
Mit fortschreitender Krankheit kann eine chronische Hepatitis zu einem fortschreitenden Leberversagen führen, was zu Gelbsucht, Schwellung der unteren Extremitäten, Verwirrung und Blut im Kot oder Erbrechen führt.
Folgendes kann auftreten:
dunkler Urin
Nesselsucht
juckende Haut
heller Kot
gelbe Haut, Weiß der Augen und Zunge
Die Patientenergebnisse nach der akuten Phase hängen von verschiedenen Faktoren ab, insbesondere von der Art der Hepatitis. Manche Menschen werden nicht wissen, dass sie eine chronische Hepatitis haben, bis ein Leberversagen auftritt.
bereitgestellt von Rubicon Project
Diagnose
Da die Symptome der verschiedenen Hepatitistypen ähnlich sind, können Art und Schwere der Hepatitis nur durch Labortests diagnostiziert werden.
Ein Arzt führt eine körperliche Untersuchung durch und bittet um eine Anamnese, um festzustellen, ob ein Patient einer wahrscheinlichen Ursache für Hepatitis ausgesetzt war.
Wenn ein Patient kürzlich ins Ausland gereist ist, hat er möglicherweise HAV. Wenn sie ungeschützten Sex hatten, haben sie möglicherweise HBV.
Bei Verdacht auf Hepatitis können folgende Tests eine Diagnose bestätigen:
Blutuntersuchungen: Diese können feststellen, ob der Körper Antikörper zur Bekämpfung der Krankheit produziert, und sie können die Leberfunktion durch Überprüfen der Gehalte bestimmter Leberproteine und -enzyme beurteilen.
Nukleinsäuretests: Bei Hepatitis B und C kann ein HBV-DNA- oder HCV-RNA-Test die Geschwindigkeit bestätigen, mit der sich das Virus in der Leber fortpflanzt. Dies zeigt, wie aktiv die Krankheit ist.
Eine Leberbiopsie: Diese kann das Ausmaß von Leberschäden und die Möglichkeit von Krebs messen.
Parazentese: Abdominalflüssigkeit wird extrahiert und getestet, um die Ursache für die Ansammlung von Flüssigkeit zu identifizieren.
Elastographie: Misst die Steifheit der Leber durch Aussenden von Schallwellen.
Ersatzmarker: Eine Art Blutuntersuchung zur Beurteilung der Entwicklung von Leberzirrhose und Fibrose.
Die Behandlung hängt von der Diagnose ab.
Ursachen
Die drei häufigsten Arten der Virushepatitis werden alle durch Virusinfektionen verursacht.
Hepatitis A wird durch den Verzehr von mit dem Hepatitis-A-Virus (HAV) infizierten Lebensmitteln oder Wasser verursacht, häufig auf Reisen ins Ausland. Das Virus kann auch durch anal-oralen Kontakt beim Sex oder durch Injektion von Medikamenten übertragen werden.
Hepatitis B wird durch das Hepatitis-B-Virus (HBV) verursacht und durch Kontakt mit infiziertem Blut, Sperma und einigen anderen Körperflüssigkeiten übertragen. Es kann sich um eine sexuell übertragbare Krankheit handeln.
Hepatitis C resultiert hauptsächlich aus einer perkutanen Infektion, die auftritt, wenn das HCV-Virus unter die Haut gelangt. Es wird normalerweise durch injizierte Betäubungsmittel, Nadelstichverletzungen und mangelnde Infektionskontrolle im Gesundheitswesen übertragen.
HCV kann nicht durch Kontakt mit Kot aufgefangen werden, und die sexuelle Übertragung ist seltener als bei anderen Arten.
Alkohol, Medikamente, Fettleibigkeit und chemische Einflüsse verursachen nicht die Typen A, B oder C, können jedoch Entzündungen verschlimmern und die Symptome verschlimmern.
Verhütung
Hepatitis kann gefährlich und schwierig zu behandeln sein. Daher wird empfohlen, Vorsichtsmaßnahmen gegen mögliche Infektionen zu treffen.
Hepatitis A vorbeugen
Hepatitis A wird hauptsächlich durch infizierte Nahrung und Wasser übertragen.
Die folgenden Schritte können helfen, Infektionen zu vermeiden, insbesondere auf Reisen.
Waschen Sie sich die Hände mit Seife, nachdem Sie das Badezimmer benutzt haben.
Essen Sie nur gekochte Lebensmittel.
Trinken Sie nur Wasser in handelsüblichen Flaschen oder abgekochtes Wasser, wenn Sie sich nicht sicher sind, ob die Hygiene vor Ort gewährleistet ist.
Essen Sie schälbare Früchte nur, wenn Sie sich an einem Ort mit unzuverlässiger Hygiene befinden
Essen Sie rohes Gemüse nur, wenn Sie sicher sind, dass es gründlich gereinigt oder desinfiziert wurde.
Holen Sie sich einen Impfstoff gegen HAV, bevor Sie an Orte reisen, an denen Hepatitis endemisch sein kann.
Hepatitis B vorbeugen
So minimieren Sie das Übertragungsrisiko:
Informieren Sie einen Sexualpartner, wenn Sie Träger sind, oder versuchen Sie herauszufinden, ob er die Krankheit trägt.
Übe sicheren Sex mit Kondomen.
Verwenden Sie nur zuvor unbenutzte, saubere Nadeln.
Teilen Sie keine Zahnbürsten, Rasierer oder Maniküreinstrumente mit anderen.
Erlauben Sie nur die Verwendung von gut sterilisierten Geräten zum Perforieren der Haut, z. B. während einer Tätowierung, eines Piercings oder einer Akupunktur.
Lassen Sie sich HBV impfen, wenn Sie einem Risiko ausgesetzt sind.
Wie man Hepatitis C vorbeugt
Da dies häufig durch die Übertragung infizierter Körperflüssigkeiten weitergegeben wird, können die folgenden Schritte dazu beitragen, die HCV-Übertragung zu verhindern:
Teilen Sie keine Nadeln, Zahnbürsten oder Maniküregeräte.
Vergewissern Sie sich, dass die Geräte für Hautpiercing gut sterilisiert sind.
Trinken Sie Alkohol mit Mäßigung.
Spritzen Sie keine illegalen Drogen.
Hepatitis A und C sind heilbar, aber Hepatitis B kann nur durch Impfung verhindert werden. Eine Heilung ist noch in der Entwicklung.
Ausblick
Die verschiedenen Arten von Hepatitis haben unterschiedliche Heilungschancen.
Hepatitis A: Diese Art von Hepatitis verschwindet normalerweise innerhalb von 2 Monaten, ohne dass Langzeiteffekte auftreten. Eine Person mit HAV ist normalerweise für den Rest ihres Lebens immun gegen Hepatitis A.
Hepatitis B: Die meisten mit dem HBV-Virus infizierten Erwachsenen erholen sich innerhalb von 90 Tagen und erreichen eine lebenslange Immunität. 90 Prozent der Säuglinge, 20 Prozent der älteren Kinder und 5 Prozent der Erwachsenen entwickeln jedoch eine chronische Infektion und schwerwiegende Gesundheitsprobleme wie Leberkrebs und Leberzirrhose.
Hepatitis C: Dies wird eine lebenslange Infektion bei 70 bis 85 Prozent der Menschen, die das HCV-Virus haben. Hepatitis C ist bei 1 bis 5 Prozent der Menschen tödlich. Die Infektion kann jetzt geheilt werden, und 15 bis 25 Prozent der Menschen mit HCV klären die Infektion ohne Behandlung.
TRADITIONELLE YORUBA KRÄUTERHILFSMITTEL FÜR HEPATITIS, WIE VON BABALAWO OBANIFA DOKUMENTIERT
1.
Ebu egbo Agbon sibi mewa (10 Esslöffel Kokosnusswurzelpulver (Cocos Nucifera))
Ata ijosin sibi meta (drei volle Löffel Pulver von (Vogelpfeffer als Capsicum annum bekannt)
Sibi orogbo mewa ti a lo kunna (10 volle Löffel Pulver von bitterem Kola, bekannt als Garcina kola)
Oyin Igan (wilder Honig)
Vorbereitung
Mischen Sie die drei oben genannten Elemente zusammen mit einer Flasche Wildhonig.
Verwendungszweck
Die Hepatitis-Patienten nehmen dreimal täglich 2 volle Esslöffel ein.
2.
Orogbo (Bitterkola mit wissenschaftlichem Namen Garcina kola)
Ewe ewuro (bitterer Urlaub mit wissenschaftlichem Namen Verlonia amygdalina)
Frage mich, Kola
Viel Limetten-Orangensaft.
Vorbereitung
Kochen Sie alle Zutaten zusammen eine halbe Stunde lang im Limetten-Orangensaft.
Verwendungszweck
Sie sollten immer einen vollen Löffel Willenshonig in eine kleine Tasse des Suds geben. Trinken Sie es dreimal täglich vor dem Essen.
3
Eso owu (Baumwollpflanzensamen mit wissenschaftlichem Namen Gossypium species)
Ewe ewuro (bitterer Urlaub mit wissenschaftlichem Namen Verlonia amygdalina)
Ope oyinbo dudu (unreife Ananas mit wissenschaftlichem Namen Anana comosus)
Frische Cashew-Pflanzenblätter
Vorbereitung
Mischen Sie oder zerstoßen Sie die vier Einzelteile zusammen. Sieben und erhalten ihren Saft. Fügen Sie wenig Alkohol hinzu.
Verwendungszweck
Trinken Sie es dreimal täglich eine halbe Glasschale. Beachten Sie, dass Sie, wenn Sie Alkohol vermeiden möchten, einfach alle vier oben genannten Zutaten 40 Minuten lang in Wasser kochen können. Die Verwendung ist die gleiche wie oben erläutert.
4.
Orogbo tutu lopo (frische bittere kolas / Garcina kola)
Vorbereitung
Den Garcina kola schlagen und 74 Stunden oder länger in Wasser einweichen.
Sie werden beginnen, dreimal täglich ein volles Glas zu trinken
Verweise
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, Telefon- und WhatsApp-Kontakt: +2348166343145, Standort Ile Ife Osun, Bundesstaat Nigeria.
WICHTIGER HINWEIS: In Bezug auf den obigen Artikel darf kein Teil dieses Artikels in irgendeiner Form oder auf irgendeine Weise reproduziert oder vervielfältigt werden, elektronisch oder mechanisch, einschließlich Fotokopieren und Aufzeichnen oder durch ein Informationsspeicher- oder -abrufsystem ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Inhabers des Urheberrechts und Der Autor Babalawo Obanifa wird als rechtswidrig eingestuft und zieht rechtliche Konsequenzen nach sich
Русская версия
ТРАВЯНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА ДЛЯ ГЕПАТИТА В ЙОРУБЕ ТРАВЯНАЯ МЕДИЦИНА (ТОМ II) БАБАЛАВО ОБАНИФА -Обанифа экстремальные документальные фильмы
В этой текущей работе Бабалаво Обанифа документирует различные травяные формулы, доступные для лечения гепатита в травяной медицине йоруба. Гепатит, который традиционно известен как Aisan Jedojedo в фитотерапии йоруба. Это одна из смертельных болезней, которые поражают тысячи людей во всем мире. В этой работе Бабалаво Обанифа объяснит и задокументирует различные методы лечения травами, доступные в фитотерапии йоруба для лечения различных типов гепатитов. В работе будет подробно рассмотрено, что такое гепатит, причины гепатита, симптомы, лечение и профилактика с ортодоксальной точки зрения, а также растительные лекарственные средства, доступные для лечения гепатита. Прежде чем приступить к подробному описанию лечения от гепатита травами, я хотел бы сначала воспроизвести здесь часть работы Кристиана Нордквиста под названием «Гепатит: причины, симптомы и лечение», опубликованной www.medicalnewstoday.com. Эта работа предоставляет ценную информацию о причины и симптомы и лечение гепатита с ортодоксальной точки зрения. Если вас интересуют только травяные средства, просто перейдите к последнему абзацу этой работы, но если вы хотите получить полные знания и информацию о лечении и профилактике гепатита, я настоятельно рекомендую вам полностью прочитать эту статью.
Согласно Кристиану Нордквисту, слово «гепатит» происходит от древнегреческого слова «гепар» (корневое слово «гепат»), означающего «печень», а по-латыни - «воспаление». Гепатит относится к воспалению клеток печени и повреждению печени. Существуют разные типы и причины, но симптомы могут быть похожими.
Функции печени включают детоксикацию крови, хранение витаминов и выработку гормонов. Гепатит может нарушить эти процессы и создать серьезные проблемы со здоровьем во всем теле.
По крайней мере пять вирусов могут вызвать гепатит. Три наиболее распространенных вируса гепатита А, В и С. Заражение любым из этих трех может быть смертельным.
Другие типы гепатита могут возникнуть в результате чрезмерного употребления алкоголя или аутоиммунных заболеваний. В этой статье мы рассмотрим гепатит A, B и C. Это формы гепатита, передаваемого вирусом.
В Соединенных Штатах, заболеваемость гепатитом А снижается в течение последних 20 лет, но острый гепатит С увеличился на 44 процента в период с 2011 по 2012 годы.
Типы
Гепатит имеет несколько различных типов, но симптомы каждого похожи. Гепатит может принимать острые и хронические формы.
Три основных типа гепатита известны как гепатит A, B и C. Каждый из них вызван различным вирусом. Все три типа могут быть острыми, продолжаться в течение 6 месяцев или менее, а типы B и C могут быть хроническими и продолжаться дольше.
Каждый тип имеет разные характеристики и передается по-разному, но симптомы, как правило, похожи.
Гепатит А
В Соединенных Штатах (США) в 2015 году было зарегистрировано 1390 случаев гепатита А.
Он часто бывает легким, и большинство людей полностью выздоравливают, после чего они становятся невосприимчивыми и поэтому защищены от вируса в будущем. Однако, если это прогрессирует, симптомы могут быть серьезными или опасными для жизни.
Люди в некоторых частях мира с плохими санитарными условиями особенно подвержены риску заражения HAV.
Существуют безопасные и эффективные вакцины, защищающие от этого вируса.
Гепатит Б
Гепатит В может передаваться, когда человек:
имеет незащищенный половой акт с инфицированным человеком
делится иглой с инфицированным человеком, часто для нелегального употребления наркотиков или стероидов
имеет татуировку с нестерилизованными иглами
случайно колется, например, медработники, имеющие дело с острыми предметами
делится личными вещами, такими как зубная щетка или бритва, с зараженным человеком
укушен кем-то, кто заражен
Зараженная мать может передать вирус своему ребенку при кормлении грудью.
Печень человека, зараженного гепатитом В, набухает. Это может привести к серьезным повреждениям.
HBV-инфекция может стать хронической. Это может привести к осложнениям, включая рубцевание печени или цирроз печени. Это может также вызвать тип рака, известного как гепатоцеллюлярная карцинома.
В 2015 году 887 000 смертей во всем мире были связаны с ВГВ, главным образом в результате таких осложнений.
В США было зарегистрировано 3370 случаев ВГВ, но, по оценкам Центров по контролю и профилактике заболеваний (CDC), реальная цифра может быть около 21,900.
В настоящее время нет лекарства от HBV. Тем не менее, уровень заболеваемости снизился в странах, где вакцина доступна, и эта вакцина на 95 процентов эффективна против инфекции.
Существует безопасная и эффективная вакцина, которая может защитить от HBV.
Гепатит С
HCV может привести к повреждению печени и отечности. Приблизительно у 1 из 4 человек с ВГС цирроз печени, и это может привести к раку печени.
Донорская кровь в настоящее время проверяется на ВГС, но люди, которые получили трансплантации органов или донорскую кровь до того, как тестирование стало частью процесса донорства, могут подвергаться риску.
Другие группы риска включают работников здравоохранения, которые подвергаются воздействию острых предметов, потребителей внутривенных наркотиков и детей, рожденных от матерей с ВГС.
Число случаев ВГС в США выросло почти в три раза в период с 2010 по 2015 г., когда было зарегистрировано 2436 случаев. Тем не менее, по оценкам CDC, в 2015 году произошло 33 900 случаев инфицирования, включая случаи, о которых не сообщалось.
лечение
Некоторые типы и случаи гепатита могут заживать без вмешательства, но иногда он может прогрессировать до рубцевания печени или цирроза печени.
Гепатит А
Специального лечения ВГА не существует. Врач посоветует пациенту воздерживаться от алкоголя и наркотиков во время выздоровления. Большинство пациентов с гепатитом А выздоравливают без вмешательства.
Гепатит Б
Пациент с ВГВ должен отдыхать и полностью воздерживаться от алкоголя. Врач может назначить противовирусный препарат под названием интерферон или другие противовирусные препараты для подавления.
Гепатит С
Пациентам с гепатитом С будут назначены противовирусные препараты с рибавирином или без него.
В настоящее время доступны некоторые направленные противовирусные препараты и комбинированные препараты для лечения вируса гепатита С на основе его подтипа. Эти методы лечения направлены на репликацию вируса и не позволяют вирусу размножаться. При правильном применении скорость излечения очень высока.
Эти лекарства могут быть дорогими, и у страховщиков могут быть определенные критерии для лечения.
симптомы
Многие люди с гепатитом испытывают либо легкие симптомы, либо их нет. Когда появляются симптомы, они могут сделать это через 15 - 180 дней после заражения. Это относится ко всем типам гепатита.
Острый гепатит
Начальная фаза гепатита называется острой фазой. Симптомы похожи на легкий грипп и могут включать:
Желтуха является симптомом гепатита.
понос
усталость
потеря аппетита
слабая лихорадка
мышечные или суставные боли
тошнота
легкая боль в животе
рвота
потеря веса
желтуха
Острая фаза обычно не опасна, но у некоторых людей она может привести к острой печеночной недостаточности и смерти. Это может также прогрессировать до хронической инфекции. Это наиболее вероятно с HBV или HCV.
По мере прогрессирования заболевания хронический гепатит может привести к прогрессирующей печеночной недостаточности, что приводит к желтухе, отекам нижних конечностей, спутанности сознания и крови в кале или рвоте.
Может произойти следующее:
темная моча
крапивница
зудящая кожа
светлые фекалии
желтая кожа, белки глаз и язык
Результаты лечения пациентов после острой фазы зависят от различных факторов, особенно от типа гепатита. Некоторые люди не будут знать, что у них хронический гепатит, пока не произойдет печеночная недостаточность.
при поддержке Rubicon Project
диагностика
Поскольку симптомы различных типов гепатита схожи, тип и степень тяжести гепатита могут быть диагностированы только с помощью лабораторных исследований.
Врач проведет медицинское обследование и запросит историю болезни, чтобы оценить, был ли пациент подвержен вероятной причине гепатита.
Если пациент недавно ездил за границу, у него может быть ВГА. Если у них был незащищенный секс, у них может быть ВГВ.
Если подозревается гепатит, следующие тесты могут подтвердить диагноз:
Анализы крови: они могут определить, вырабатывает ли организм антитела для борьбы с болезнью, и они могут оценить функцию печени, проверяя уровни определенных белков печени и ферментов.
Тесты на нуклеиновую кислоту: Для гепатита B и C тест на HBV DNA или HCV RNA может подтвердить скорость, с которой вирус размножается в печени, и это покажет, насколько активна болезнь.
Биопсия печени: это может измерить степень повреждения печени и возможность рака.
Парацентез: брюшная жидкость извлекается и проверяется, чтобы определить причину накопления жидкости.
Эластография: это измеряет жесткость печени, испуская звуковые волны.
Суррогатные маркеры: тип анализа крови для оценки развития цирроза и фиброза.
Лечение будет зависеть от диагноза.
причины
Три наиболее распространенных типа вирусного гепатита - все это вызвано вирусными инфекциями.
Гепатит А вызывается употреблением пищи или воды, зараженной вирусом гепатита А (HAV), часто во время поездки за границу. Вирус также может передаваться через анально-оральный контакт во время секса или путем инъекций наркотиков.
Гепатит В вызывается вирусом гепатита В (ВГВ) и распространяется при контакте с зараженной кровью, спермой и некоторыми другими биологическими жидкостями организма. Это может быть венерическое заболевание (ЗППП).
Гепатит С в основном возникает в результате чрескожной инфекции, возникающей, когда вирус HCV попадает под кожу. Обычно он распространяется через инъекционные наркотики, травмы от укола иглой и отсутствие контроля над инфекцией в медицинских учреждениях.
HCV не может быть пойман от контакта с фекалиями, и передача половым путем встречается реже, чем у других типов.
Алкоголь, лекарства, ожирение и химическое воздействие не вызывают типы A, B или C, но они могут усугубить воспаление и усугубить симптомы.
профилактика
Гепатит может быть опасным и трудно поддающимся лечению, поэтому людям рекомендуется принимать меры предосторожности против возможной инфекции.
Профилактика гепатита А
Гепатит А в основном распространяется через зараженную пищу и воду.
Следующие шаги помогут избежать заражения, особенно во время путешествий.
Мойте руки с мылом после использования в ванной.
Потребляйте только то, что только что приготовили.
Пейте только воду в бутылках или кипяченую воду, если вы не уверены в местных санитарных условиях.
Ешьте очищенные фрукты только в том случае, если вы находитесь в месте с ненадежной санитарией
Ешьте сырые овощи только в том случае, если вы уверены, что они были тщательно очищены или продезинфицированы.
Получите вакцину против ВГА перед поездкой в места, где гепатит может быть эндемичным.
Профилактика гепатита В
Чтобы минимизировать риск передачи:
Сообщите любому сексуальному партнеру, если вы являетесь носителем, или попытайтесь выяснить, переносят ли они болезнь.
Практикуйте безопасный секс, используя презервативы.
Используйте только ранее не использованные чистые иглы.
Не делите зубные щетки, бритвы или маникюрные инструменты.
Разрешается использовать только перфорированное оборудование для стерилизации кожи, например, во время татуировки, пирсинга или иглоукалывания.
Сделайте прививку против гепатита В, если вы находитесь в группе риска.
Как предотвратить гепатит С
Поскольку это часто передается через передачу зараженных биологических жидкостей, следующие шаги могут помочь предотвратить передачу ВГС:
Не делитесь иглами, зубными щетками или маникюрным оборудованием.
Убедитесь, что оборудование хорошо стерилизовано для любого пирсинга кожи.
Употребляйте алкоголь с умеренностью.
Не вводите запрещенные наркотики.
Гепатит А и С излечимы, но гепатит В можно предотвратить только с помощью вакцины. Лечение все еще находится в стадии разработки.
прогноз
Различные типы гепатита имеют разные шансы на выздоровление.
Гепатит А: Этот тип гепатита обычно проходит через 2 месяца, не оставляя каких-либо долгосрочных последствий. Человек с ВГА обычно будет невосприимчив к гепатиту А до конца жизни.
Гепатит B: большинство взрослых, инфицированных вирусом HBV, выздоравливают в течение 90 дней и достигают пожизненного иммунитета. Однако у 90 процентов младенцев, 20 процентов детей старшего возраста и 5 процентов взрослых разовьется хроническая инфекция и возникнут серьезные проблемы со здоровьем, такие как рак печени и цирроз печени.
Гепатит С: это становится пожизненной инфекцией у 70-85 процентов людей, у которых есть вирус ВГС. Гепатит С смертелен от 1 до 5 процентов людей. Теперь инфекцию можно вылечить, и от 15 до 25 процентов людей с ВГС вылечивают инфекцию без лечения.
ТРАДИЦИОННЫЕ ТРАВЯНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА ЙОРУБЫ ДЛЯ ГЕПАТИТА, ДОКУМЕНТИРОВАННЫЕ БАБАЛАВО ОБАНИФА
1.
Ebu egbo Agbon sibi mewa (10 полных ложек порошка корня кокоса (Cocos Nucifera)
Ata ijosin sibi meta (три полных ложки порошка (птичий перец известен как Capsicum annum)
Сиби орогбо мева ти ло ло кунна (10 полных ложек порошка горькой колы, известной как гарцина кола
Ойин иган (дикий мед)
подготовка
Смешайте три вышеупомянутых продукта вместе с бутылкой дикого меда.
использование
Пациенты с гепатитом будут принимать по 2 столовых ложки три раза в день.
2.
Орогбо (горькая кола с научным названием Гарцина кола)
Ewe ewuro (горький отпуск с научным названием Verlonia amygdalina)
Чудо-кола
Много лайма апельсинового сока.
подготовка
Сварите все предметы вместе в апельсиновом соке лайма в течение получаса.
использование
Вы всегда должны положить одну полную ложку меда в маленькую чашку отвара. Пейте его три раза в день до еды.
3
Eso owu (семена хлопчатника с научным названием вида Gossypium)
Ewe ewuro (горький отпуск с научным названием Verlonia amygdalina)
Ope oyinbo dudu (незрелый ананас с научным названием Anana comosus)
Свежие листья растения кешью
подготовка
Смешать или растереть четыре предмета вместе. Просеять и получить их сок. Добавьте немного алкоголя.
использование
Пить его по полстакана три раза в день. Поучительно отметить, что если вы хотите избежать употребления алкоголя, вы можете просто кипятить все четыре вышеупомянутых предмета в воде в течение 40 минут. Использование такое же, как описано выше.
4.
Орогбо пачка лопо (свежие горькие кола / гарсина кола)
подготовка
Разотрите гарсина колу и погрузите его в воду на 74 часа и более.
Вы начнете пить один полный стакан три раза в день
Рекомендации
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
Авторское право: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, телефон и контакт WhatsApp: +2348166343145, местоположение Ile Ife osun штат Нигерия.
ВАЖНОЕ УВЕДОМЛЕНИЕ. Что касается статьи выше, никакая часть этой статьи не может быть воспроизведена или воспроизведена в любой форме или любым способом, электронным или механическим, включая фотокопирование и запись, или любой системой хранения или поиска информации без предварительного письменного разрешения владельца авторских прав и автор Бабалаво Обанифа, поступивший таким образом, будет признан незаконным и повлечет за собой юридические последствия
中文版
BABALAWO OBANIFA -Obanifa极端纪录片在约鲁巴族草药中对肝炎的草药疗法（第二卷）
在目前的工作中，Babalawo Obanifa将记录可用于约鲁巴草药治疗肝炎的各种草药配方。 肝炎在约鲁巴草药中传统上称为``Aisan Jedojedo''。 它是一种致命的疾病，影响着全球成千上万的人。 在这项工作中，Babalawo Obanifa将解释并记录约鲁巴草药中可用于治疗不同类型肝炎的不同草药疗法。 该工作将从正统的角度详细检查什么是肝炎？，肝炎的成因，症状，治疗和预防，以及可用于治疗肝炎的草药。 在我继续详细介绍治疗肝炎的草药之前，我想先在此处复制由www.medicalnewstoday.com出版的Christian Nordqvist著作``肝炎：原因，症状和治疗方法''的部分内容。 从正统的角度看肝炎的病因，症状和治疗。 如果您仅对草药有兴趣，请滚动至本工作的最后一段，但是如果您想全面了解肝炎的治疗和预防知识，我强烈建议您完整阅读本文。
根据克里斯蒂安·诺德奎斯特（Christian Nordqvist）的说法，肝炎一词来自古希腊语hepar（根词hepat），意为“肝脏”，而拉丁语炎性表示炎症。 肝炎是指肝细胞发炎和对肝的损害。 有不同的类型和原因，但症状可能相似。
肝脏的功能包括使血液排毒，储存维生素和产生激素。 肝炎会破坏这些过程，并在整个身体中造成严重的健康问题。
至少有五种病毒可以引起肝炎。 三种最常见的病毒是甲型，乙型和丙型肝炎病毒。这三种病毒中的任何一种都可能致命。
过量饮酒或自身免疫性疾病可导致其他类型的肝炎。 本文将研究甲型，乙型和丙型肝炎。这些都是通过病毒传播的肝炎。
在美国，过去20年中甲型肝炎的发病率一直在下降，但在2011年至2012年之间，急性丙型肝炎的发病率增加了44％。
种类
肝炎有几种不同的类型，但是每种的症状都相似。 肝炎可以采取急性和慢性形式。
肝炎的三种主要类型称为甲型，乙型和丙型肝炎。每种类型都是由不同的病毒引起的。 这三种类型都可能是急性的，持续时间不超过6个月，而B和C类型则可以是慢性的，持续时间更长。
每种类型都有不同的特征，并以不同的方式传播，但症状往往相似。
甲型肝炎
在美国（美国），2015年报告了1,390例甲型肝炎病例。
它通常是温和的，大多数人都可以完全康复，此后他们便免疫了，因此将来可以免受病毒侵袭。 但是，如果进展的话，症状可能很严重或危及生命。
世界部分地区卫生条件差的人尤其容易感染甲型肝炎。
有安全有效的疫苗可以抵抗这种病毒。
乙肝
当一个人：
与受感染者进行无保护的性交
与感染者共用针头，通常用于非法药物或类固醇的使用
纹身用未消毒的针头制成
被意外刺破，例如，医务人员处理锋利的物体
与被感染者共享牙刷或剃须刀等个人物品
被感染者咬伤
受感染的母亲可以在母乳喂养时将病毒传染给婴儿。
感染了乙型肝炎的人的肝脏肿胀。 可能会导致严重损坏。
HBV感染可成为慢性。 这可能导致并发症，包括肝脏疤痕或肝硬化。 它也可以引起一种称为肝细胞癌的癌症。
2015年，全世界有887,000例死亡与HBV相关，主要是由于此类并发症引起的。
在美国，报告的HBV病例为3,370例，但疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）估计实际数字可能约为21,900例。
目前尚无法治愈HBV。 但是，在可以买到疫苗的国家中，发病率下降了，这种疫苗对感染的有效率为95％。
有一种安全有效的疫苗可以预防HBV。
丙型肝炎
HCV可导致肝损害和肿胀。 HCV患者中约有四分之一患有肝硬化，这可能导致肝癌。
现在已经对捐献的血液进行了HCV检测，但是在进行检测成为捐献过程的一部分之前接受器官移植或献血的人可能会处于危险之中。
其他高风险人群包括暴露于利器的医护人员，静脉注射毒品的使用者以及HCV母亲所生的婴儿。
在2010年至2015年间，美国的HCV病例数增长了近三倍，当时报告了2,436例。 但是，疾病预防控制中心（CDC）估计，2015年有33,900例感染，包括未报告的感染。
治疗
某些类型和病例的肝炎无需干预即可he愈，但有时会发展成肝脏疤痕或肝硬化。
甲型肝炎
没有针对HAV的特定治疗方法。 医生会建议病人在康复期间戒酒和戒毒。 大多数甲型肝炎患者无需干预即可康复。
乙肝
HBV患者需要休息并完全戒酒。 医生可能会开出一种称为干扰素的抗病毒药，或其他抗病毒抑制疗法。
丙型肝炎
患有丙型肝炎的患者将开具抗病毒药，有或没有利巴韦林。
现在有一些针对性的抗病毒药物和联合疗法可用于治疗丙型肝炎病毒的亚型。 这些治疗以病毒复制为目标，并阻止病毒繁殖。 正确服用后，治愈率非常高。
这些药物可能很昂贵，保险公司可能有特定的治疗标准。
病征
许多肝炎患者均无轻度或无症状。 当出现症状时，他们可以在感染后15到180天这样做。 这适用于所有类型的肝炎。
急性肝炎
肝炎的初期称为急性期。 症状类似于轻度流感，可能包括：
黄疸是肝炎的症状。
腹泻
疲劳
食欲不振
低烧
肌肉或关节酸痛
恶心
轻度腹痛
呕吐
减肥
黄疸
急性期通常并不危险，但是在某些人中，它可能导致急性肝衰竭和死亡。 它也可能发展为慢性感染。 HBV或HCV最有可能出现这种情况。
随着疾病的进展，慢性肝炎可导致进行性肝衰竭，导致黄疸，下肢肿胀，混乱以及粪便或呕吐物中的血液。
可能发生以下情况：
黑尿
麻疹
皮肤发痒
浅色粪便
黄皮肤，眼睛白和舌头
急性期后的患者预后取决于多种因素，尤其是肝炎的类型。 有些人直到肝衰竭才知道自己患有慢性肝炎。
由Rubicon Project提供支持
诊断
由于不同类型肝炎的症状相似，因此只能通过实验室测试来诊断肝炎的类型和严重程度。
医生将进行体格检查并询问病史，以评估患者是否已暴露于可能的肝炎病因。
如果患者最近出国旅行，他们可能患有HAV。 如果他们有未保护的性行为，则可能患有HBV。
如果怀疑是肝炎，可以通过以下检查来确诊：
验血：这些可以检测人体是否正在产生抵抗疾病的抗体，并且可以通过检查某些肝脏蛋白质和酶的水平来评估肝功能。
核酸检测：对于乙型和丙型肝炎，HBV DNA或HCV RNA检测可以确认病毒在肝脏中繁殖的速度，这将表明该疾病的活跃程度。
肝活检：可以测量肝损害的程度和癌症的可能性。
腹腔穿刺术：提取并测试腹腔积液，以确定积液的原因。
弹性成像：通过发出声波来测量肝脏的硬度。
替代指标：一种血液测试，用于评估肝硬化和纤维化的发展。
治疗将取决于诊断。
原因
三种最常见的病毒性肝炎都是由病毒感染引起的。
甲型肝炎是由经常在国外旅行时食用被甲型肝炎病毒（HAV）感染的食物或水引起的。 该病毒还可以在性交期间通过肛门-口腔接触或通过注射药物传播。
乙型肝炎是由乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）引起的，并通过接触受感染的血液，精液和一些其他体液传播。 它可以是性传播疾病（STD）。
丙型肝炎主要是由HCV病毒进入皮下引起的经皮感染引起的。 它通常是通过注射麻醉品，针刺伤和缺乏医疗机构的感染控制来传播的。
HCV不能与粪便接触而被捕获，并且性传播比其他类型少。
酒精，药物，肥胖和化学暴露不会引起A，B或C型，但它们可能加剧炎症并加剧症状。
预防
肝炎可能很危险且难以治疗，因此建议人们采取预防措施以防止可能的感染。
预防甲型肝炎
甲型肝炎主要通过受感染的食物和水传播。
以下步骤可以帮助避免感染，尤其是在旅行时。
使用浴室后用肥皂洗手。
只吃刚煮过的食物。
如果您不确定当地的卫生条件，请只喝市售瓶装水或开水。
仅在卫生条件不佳的地方才能吃可剥的水果
仅在确定已将其彻底清洁或消毒后再吃生蔬菜。
前往肝炎可能流行的地方之前，应接种HAV疫苗。
预防乙肝
为了最大程度地减少传播风险：
告诉任何性伴侣您是否是携带者，或尝试查明他们是否携带这种疾病。
使用安全套进行安全的性行为。
仅使用以前未使用过的清洁针头。
请勿共用牙刷，剃刀或修指甲工具。
仅允许使用经过良好消毒的皮肤穿刺设备，例如在纹身，穿刺或针刺过程中。
如果有危险，请接种HBV疫苗。
如何预防丙型肝炎
由于这通常是通过受感染体液的转移来进行的，因此以下步骤可以帮助防止HCV传播：
不要共用针头，牙刷或修指甲设备。
确保对设备进行任何皮肤穿刺的消毒。
适度饮酒。
请勿注射违禁药物。
甲型和丙型肝炎可以治愈，但乙型肝炎只能通过疫苗预防。 一种治疗方法仍在开发中。
外表
不同类型的肝炎有不同的康复机会。
甲型肝炎：这种类型的肝炎通常会在2个月内消退而不会产生任何长期影响。 甲型肝炎患者一生中通常对甲型肝炎免疫。
乙型肝炎：大多数感染了HBV病毒的成年人都能在90天内康复并获得终生免疫。 但是，90％的婴儿，20％的较大儿童和5％的成年人会发展为慢性感染并出现严重的健康问题，例如肝癌和肝硬化。
丙型肝炎：这在70至85％的HCV病毒感染者中成为终身感染。 丙型肝炎在1％至5％的人群中致命。 现在可以治愈感染，并且15至25％的HCV患者无需治疗即可清除感染。
巴巴拉·奥巴尼法（BABALAWO OBANIFA）记录的传统的约鲁巴草药疗法对肝炎的治疗
1。
Ebu egbo Agbon sibi mewa（10满匙椰子（Cocos Nucifera）根粉
Ata ijosin sibi meta（三汤匙全粉（鸟胡椒称为辣椒）
Sibi orogbo mewa ti a lo kunna（10勺完整的苦可乐粉，称为Garcina可乐
Oyin Igan（野生蜂蜜）
制备
将上述三个项目与一瓶野生蜂蜜混合在一起。
用法
肝炎患者每天三次服用全汤匙2汤匙。
2。
Orogbo（苦可乐，学名Garcina kola）
母羊ewuro（苦涩假，学名Verlonia amygdalina）
神奇可乐
大量的石灰橙汁。
制备
将所有物品一起放入石灰橙汁中煮半小时。
用法
您应该始终在一小杯水煎汤中放满一汤匙的蜂蜜。 每天饭前喝三遍。
3
Eso owu（棉花植物种子，科学名称棉属种）
母羊ewuro（苦涩假，学名Verlonia amygdalina）
Ope oyinbo dudu（未熟菠萝，学名Anana comosus）
新鲜腰果植物叶子
制备
将四个项目混合或捣碎。 筛分并获得果汁。 加一点酒精。
用法
每天三次喝半杯。提醒您，如果要避免饮酒，只需将上述四个物品在水中煮40分钟即可。 用途与上述相同。
4。
Orogbo tutu lopo（鲜苦可乐/ Garcina可乐）
制备
捣碎可可树并将其浸泡在水中74个小时或更长时间。
您将开始每天三杯喝一整杯
参考文献
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
版权：Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa，电话和whatsapp联系人：+2348166343145，位于尼日利亚Ile Ife osun省。
重要声明：关于以上文章，未经版权所有者和作者的事先书面许可，不得以任何形式或通过任何方式（包括影印和记录的电子或机械方式）或通过任何信息存储或检索系统来复制或复制本文的任何部分。 作者Babalawo Obanifa，这样做将被视为非法，并将引起法律后果
हिंदी संस्करण
BORALAWO OBANIFA -Obanifa चरम वृत्तचित्रों द्वारा YORUBA HERBAL MEDICINE (VOLUME II) में हेपेटाइटिस के लिए हर्बल उपचार
इस वर्तमान कार्य में बबालाव ओबनिफा योरूबा मेडिसिन चिकित्सा में हेपेटाइटिस के उपचार के लिए उपलब्ध हर्बल फार्मूले की किस्मों का दस्तावेजीकरण करेगा। हेपेटाइटिस जिसे पारंपरिक रूप से योरूबा हर्बल चिकित्सा में ऐसन जेडोजेडो के रूप में जाना जाता है। यह एक घातक बीमारी है जो दुनिया भर के हजारों लोगों को प्रभावित करती है। इस काम में बाबालाव ओबनिफा विभिन्न प्रकार के हेपेटाइटिस को ठीक करने के लिए योरूबा हर्बल दवा में उपलब्ध विभिन्न हर्बल उपचारों की व्याख्या और दस्तावेज़ करेंगे। काम हेपेटाइटिस के विवरण में जांच करेगा ?, हेपेटाइटिस के लक्षण, लक्षण, उपचार और रूढ़िवादी दृष्टिकोण से रोकथाम और साथ ही हेपेटाइटिस को ठीक करने के लिए उपलब्ध हर्बल उपचार। इससे पहले कि मैं हेपेटाइटिस के लिए हर्बल उपचार का विवरण देने के लिए आगे बढ़ूं, मैं पहले यहां ईसाई नॉर्डकविस्ट काम शीर्षक 'हेपेटाइटिस: कारणों, लक्षणों और उपचार' के कुछ हिस्सों को पुन: पेश करना चाहूंगा, जैसा कि www.medicalnewstoday.com द्वारा प्रकाशित किया गया था। यह एक बहुमूल्य जानकारी प्रदान करता है। रूढ़िवादी दृष्टिकोण से हेपेटाइटिस के कारण और लक्षण और उपचार। यदि आप केवल हर्बल उपचार में रुचि रखते हैं, तो केवल इस काम के अंतिम पैराग्राफ तक स्क्रॉल करें, लेकिन यदि आप हेपेटाइटिस के उपचार और रोकथाम के बारे में पूरी जानकारी और जानकारी चाहते हैं, तो मैं आपको दृढ़ता से सलाह देता हूं कि आप इस लेख को पूरा पढ़ें।
क्रिश्चियन नॉर्डकविस्ट के अनुसार, हेपेटाइटिस शब्द प्राचीन ग्रीक शब्द हेपर (मूल शब्द हेपेट) से आया है जिसका अर्थ है 'जिगर', और लैटिन इटिस का अर्थ है सूजन। हेपेटाइटिस यकृत कोशिकाओं की सूजन और यकृत को नुकसान को संदर्भित करता है। विभिन्न प्रकार और कारण हैं, लेकिन लक्षण समान हो सकते हैं।
यकृत के कार्यों में रक्त को डिटॉक्सीफाई करना, विटामिन का भंडारण करना, और हार्मोन का उत्पादन करना शामिल है। हेपेटाइटिस इन प्रक्रियाओं को बाधित कर सकता है और पूरे शरीर में गंभीर स्वास्थ्य समस्याएं पैदा कर सकता है।
कम से कम पांच वायरस हेपेटाइटिस का कारण बन सकते हैं। तीन सबसे आम हेपेटाइटिस वायरस ए, बी और सी हैं। इन तीनों में से किसी के साथ संक्रमण घातक हो सकता है।
अन्य प्रकार के हेपेटाइटिस शराब या एक ऑटोइम्यून स्थिति के सेवन से उत्पन्न हो सकते हैं। यह लेख हेपेटाइटिस ए, बी और सी पर दिखेगा। ये एक वायरस द्वारा प्रेषित हेपेटाइटिस के रूप हैं।
संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में, हेपेटाइटिस ए की घटना पिछले 20 वर्षों से गिर रही है, लेकिन तीव्र हेपेटाइटिस सी में 2011 और 2012 के बीच 44 प्रतिशत की वृद्धि देखी गई है।
प्रकार
हेपेटाइटिस के कई अलग-अलग प्रकार हैं, लेकिन प्रत्येक के लक्षण समान हैं। हेपेटाइटिस तीव्र और जीर्ण रूप ले सकता है।
हेपेटाइटिस के तीन मुख्य प्रकार हेपेटाइटिस ए, बी और सी के रूप में जाने जाते हैं। प्रत्येक एक अलग वायरस के कारण होता है। सभी तीन प्रकार तीव्र हो सकते हैं, 6 महीने या उससे कम समय तक चल सकते हैं, और बी और सी पुराने हो सकते हैं, लंबे समय तक चल सकते हैं।
प्रत्येक प्रकार की अलग-अलग विशेषताएं होती हैं और विभिन्न तरीकों से प्रेषित होती हैं, लेकिन लक्षण समान होते हैं।
हेपेटाइटिस ए
संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका (U.S.) में 2015 में हेपेटाइटिस ए के 1,390 मामले सामने आए थे।
यह अक्सर हल्का होता है, और अधिकांश लोग पूरी तरह से ठीक हो जाते हैं, जिसके बाद वे प्रतिरक्षा करते हैं और इसलिए भविष्य में वायरस से सुरक्षित रहते हैं। हालांकि, यदि यह प्रगति करता है, तो लक्षण गंभीर या जीवन-धमकी दे सकते हैं।
खराब स्वच्छता वाले दुनिया के कुछ हिस्सों में लोगों को विशेष रूप से एचएवी के संकुचन का खतरा है।
सुरक्षित और प्रभावी टीके हैं जो इस वायरस से बचाते हैं।
हेपेटाइटिस बी
जब एक व्यक्ति को हेपेटाइटिस बी प्रेषित किया जा सकता है:
एक संक्रमित व्यक्ति के साथ असुरक्षित संभोग किया है
एक संक्रमित व्यक्ति के साथ एक सुई साझा करता है, अक्सर अवैध दवा या स्टेरॉयड उपयोग के लिए
एक टैटू है जिसे बिना सुइयों के बनाया गया है
गलती से, उदाहरण के लिए, तेज वस्तुओं से निपटने वाले स्वास्थ्य कार्यकर्ता
एक संक्रमित व्यक्ति के साथ व्यक्तिगत आइटम, जैसे टूथब्रश या रेजर साझा करता है
संक्रमित व्यक्ति द्वारा काट लिया जाता है
स्तनपान कराने पर संक्रमित मां अपने शिशु को वायरस दे सकती है।
हेपेटाइटिस बी से संक्रमित व्यक्ति का लीवर सूज जाता है। गंभीर नुकसान हो सकता है।
एचबीवी संक्रमण क्रोनिक हो सकता है। यह जिगर, या सिरोसिस के निशान सहित जटिलताओं को जन्म दे सकता है। यह एक प्रकार के कैंसर का कारण भी हो सकता है जिसे हेपेटोसेल्यूलर कार्सिनोमा के रूप में जाना जाता है।
2015 में, दुनिया भर में 887,000 मौतें एचबीवी से जुड़ी थीं, जो ज्यादातर इन जैसी जटिलताओं के परिणामस्वरूप हुईं।
यू.एस. में, एचबीवी के 3,370 रिपोर्ट किए गए मामले थे, लेकिन रोग नियंत्रण और रोकथाम केंद्र (सीडीसी) का अनुमान है कि वास्तविक आंकड़ा लगभग 21,900 हो सकता है।
वर्तमान में HBV का कोई इलाज नहीं है। हालांकि, जिन देशों में यह टीका उपलब्ध है, वहां घटना की दर कम हो गई है, और यह टीका संक्रमण के खिलाफ 95 प्रतिशत प्रभावी है।
एक सुरक्षित और प्रभावी टीका है जो एचबीवी से रक्षा कर सकता है।
हेपेटाइटस सी
एचसीवी से यकृत को नुकसान और सूजन हो सकती है। एचसीवी वाले लगभग 1 से 4 लोगों में सिरोसिस हो जाता है, और इससे लीवर कैंसर हो सकता है।
दान किए गए रक्त का अब एचसीवी के लिए परीक्षण किया जाता है, लेकिन परीक्षण से पहले अंग प्रत्यारोपण या रक्त दान प्राप्त करने वाले लोग दान की प्रक्रिया का हिस्सा बन सकते हैं।
अन्य जोखिम वाले समूहों में हेल्थकेयर कार्यकर्ता शामिल हैं जो शार्प, अंतःशिरा दवाओं के उपयोगकर्ता और एचसीवी से माताओं के लिए जन्म लेने वाले शिशुओं के संपर्क में हैं।
अमेरिका में एचसीवी के मामलों की संख्या 2010 और 2015 के बीच लगभग तीन गुना बढ़ी जब 2,436 मामले सामने आए। हालांकि, सीडीसी का अनुमान है कि 2015 में 33,900 संक्रमण हुए, जिनमें रिपोर्ट नहीं है।
इलाज
हेपेटाइटिस के कुछ प्रकार और मामले हस्तक्षेप के बिना ठीक हो सकते हैं, लेकिन कभी-कभी यह जिगर, या सिरोसिस के निशान को प्रगति कर सकता है।
हेपेटाइटिस ए
एचएवी के लिए कोई विशिष्ट उपचार नहीं है। रिकवरी के दौरान डॉक्टर मरीज को शराब और ड्रग्स से दूर रहने की सलाह देंगे। हेपेटाइटिस ए वाले अधिकांश रोगी हस्तक्षेप के बिना ठीक हो जाएंगे।
हेपेटाइटिस बी
एचबीवी के साथ एक रोगी को शराब से पूरी तरह से आराम और परहेज करना होगा। डॉक्टर एक एंटीवायरल एजेंट लिख सकता है जिसे इंटरफेरॉन, या अन्य एंटीवायरल सप्रेसिव थेरेपी कहा जाता है।
हेपेटाइटस सी
हेपेटाइटिस सी के साथ एक रोगी को एंटीवायरल एजेंट निर्धारित किया जाएगा, साथ या बिना रिबाविरिन।
कुछ निर्देशित एंटीवायरल और संयोजन चिकित्सा अब इसके उपप्रकार के आधार पर हेपेटाइटिस सी वायरस के इलाज के लिए उपलब्ध हैं। ये उपचार वायरल प्रतिकृति को लक्षित करते हैं और वायरस को पुन: उत्पन्न करने में सक्षम होने से रोकते हैं। जब सही तरीके से लिया जाता है, तो इलाज की दर बहुत अधिक होती है।
ये दवाएं महंगी हो सकती हैं, और बीमाकर्ताओं के पास उपचार के लिए विशिष्ट मानदंड हो सकते हैं।
लक्षण
हेपेटाइटिस वाले कई लोग हल्के या कोई लक्षण नहीं अनुभव करते हैं। जब लक्षण दिखाई देते हैं, तो वे संक्रमण के बाद 15 से 180 दिनों तक ऐसा कर सकते हैं। यह सभी प्रकार के हेपेटाइटिस पर लागू होता है।
तीव्र हेपेटाइटिस
हेपेटाइटिस के प्रारंभिक चरण को तीव्र चरण कहा जाता है। लक्षण हल्के फ्लू के समान हैं, और इसमें शामिल हो सकते हैं:
पीलिया हेपेटाइटिस का एक लक्षण है।
दस्त
थकान
भूख में कमी
हल्का बुखार
मांसपेशियों या जोड़ों का दर्द
जी मिचलाना
हल्का पेट दर्द
उल्टी
वजन घटना
पीलिया
तीव्र चरण आमतौर पर खतरनाक नहीं होता है, लेकिन कुछ लोगों में, इसका परिणाम तीव्र यकृत विफलता और मृत्यु हो सकता है। यह एक पुराने संक्रमण के लिए भी प्रगति कर सकता है। यह एचबीवी या एचसीवी के साथ सबसे अधिक संभावना है।
जैसे-जैसे बीमारी बढ़ती है, क्रोनिक हेपेटाइटिस प्रगतिशील यकृत विफलता का कारण बन सकता है, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप पीलिया, निचले छोरों की सूजन, भ्रम और मल या उल्टी में रक्त हो सकता है।
निम्नलिखित हो सकते हैं:
गहरा मूत्र
हीव्स
त्वचा में खुजली
हल्के रंग का मल
पीली त्वचा, आंखों का सफेद होना, और जीभ
तीव्र चरण के बाद रोगी के परिणाम विभिन्न कारकों, विशेष रूप से हेपेटाइटिस के प्रकार पर निर्भर करते हैं। कुछ लोगों को नहीं पता होगा कि जब तक जिगर की विफलता नहीं होती है तब तक उन्हें क्रोनिक हेपेटाइटिस होता है।
रुबिकॉन परियोजना द्वारा संचालित
निदान
चूंकि विभिन्न प्रकार के हेपेटाइटिस के लक्षण समान हैं, हेपेटाइटिस के प्रकार और गंभीरता का निदान केवल प्रयोगशाला परीक्षणों के माध्यम से किया जा सकता है।
एक चिकित्सक एक शारीरिक परीक्षा करेगा और यह आकलन करने के लिए एक चिकित्सा इतिहास मांगेगा कि क्या किसी रोगी को हेपेटाइटिस के संभावित कारण से अवगत कराया गया है।
यदि कोई मरीज हाल ही में विदेश यात्रा करता है, तो उन्हें एचएवी हो सकता है। यदि उन्होंने असुरक्षित यौन संबंध बनाए हैं, तो उन्हें एचबीवी हो सकता है।
यदि हेपेटाइटिस का संदेह है, तो निम्नलिखित परीक्षण एक निदान की पुष्टि कर सकते हैं:
रक्त परीक्षण: ये पता लगा सकते हैं कि शरीर रोग से लड़ने के लिए एंटीबॉडी का उत्पादन कर रहा है या नहीं, और वे कुछ यकृत प्रोटीन और एंजाइमों के स्तर की जाँच करके यकृत के कार्य का आकलन कर सकते हैं।
न्यूक्लिक एसिड परीक्षण: हेपेटाइटिस बी और सी के लिए, एक एचबीवी डीएनए या एचसीवी आरएनए परीक्षण उस गति की पुष्टि कर सकता है जिस पर वायरस यकृत में प्रजनन कर रहा है, और यह दिखाएगा कि रोग कितना सक्रिय है।
एक यकृत बायोप्सी: यह यकृत की क्षति की सीमा और कैंसर की संभावना को माप सकता है।
पैरासेंटिसिस: तरल पदार्थ के संचय के कारण की पहचान करने के लिए, पेट के तरल पदार्थ को निकाला जाता है और परीक्षण किया जाता है।
इलास्टोग्राफी: यह ध्वनि तरंगों का उत्सर्जन करके यकृत की कठोरता को मापता है।
सरोगेट मार्कर: सिरोसिस और फाइब्रोसिस के विकास का आकलन करने के लिए एक प्रकार का रक्त परीक्षण।
उपचार निदान पर निर्भर करेगा।
कारण
वायरल हेपेटाइटिस के तीन सबसे आम प्रकार वायरल संक्रमण के कारण होते हैं।
हेपेटाइटिस ए हेपेटाइटिस ए वायरस (एचएवी) से संक्रमित भोजन या पानी के सेवन से होता है, जो अक्सर विदेश यात्रा के दौरान होता है। वायरस को सेक्स के दौरान या दवाओं को इंजेक्ट करके गुदा-मौखिक संपर्क के माध्यम से भी प्रसारित किया जा सकता है।
हेपेटाइटिस बी हेपेटाइटिस बी वायरस (एचबीवी) के कारण होता है और संक्रमित रक्त, वीर्य और शरीर के कुछ अन्य तरल पदार्थों के संपर्क में आने से फैलता है। यह एक यौन संचारित रोग (एसटीडी) हो सकता है।
हेपेटाइटिस सी ज्यादातर परक्यूटेनियस संक्रमण से होता है, जब एचसीवी वायरस त्वचा के नीचे हो जाता है। यह आमतौर पर इंजेक्शन नशीले पदार्थों, सुई-छड़ी चोटों और स्वास्थ्य देखभाल सेटिंग्स में संक्रमण नियंत्रण की कमी के माध्यम से फैलता है।
एचसीवी को मल के संपर्क से नहीं पकड़ा जा सकता है, और यौन संचरण अन्य प्रकारों की तुलना में कम आम है।
शराब, दवाइयाँ, मोटापा, और रासायनिक एक्सपोज़र A, B, या C प्रकार का कारण नहीं बनते हैं, लेकिन वे सूजन को बढ़ा सकते हैं और लक्षणों को बदतर बना सकते हैं।
निवारण
हेपेटाइटिस खतरनाक और इलाज के लिए मुश्किल हो सकता है, इसलिए लोगों को संभावित संक्रमण के खिलाफ सावधानी बरतने की सलाह दी जाती है।
हेपेटाइटिस ए को रोकना
हेपेटाइटिस ए ज्यादातर संक्रमित भोजन और पानी से फैलता है।
निम्नलिखित कदम संक्रमण से बचने में मदद कर सकते हैं, खासकर जब यात्रा।
बाथरूम का उपयोग करने के बाद साबुन से हाथ धोएं।
केवल वही खाना खाएं जो अभी पकाया गया हो।
यदि आप स्थानीय स्वच्छता के बारे में अनिश्चित हैं, तो केवल व्यावसायिक रूप से बोतलबंद पानी, या उबला हुआ पानी पिएं।
यदि आप अविश्वसनीय स्वच्छता के साथ किसी स्थान पर हैं तो केवल छिलके वाले फल खाएं
केवल कच्ची सब्जियां खाएं यदि आप सुनिश्चित हैं कि उन्हें अच्छी तरह से साफ या कीटाणुरहित किया गया है।
एचएवी के लिए वैक्सीन प्राप्त करें उन स्थानों पर जाने से पहले जहां हेपेटाइटिस हो सकता है।
हेपेटाइटिस बी को रोकना
संचरण के जोखिम को कम करने के लिए:
किसी भी यौन साथी को बताएं कि क्या आप एक वाहक हैं या यह पता लगाने की कोशिश करते हैं कि क्या वे बीमारी को ले जाते हैं।
कंडोम का उपयोग करके सुरक्षित सेक्स का अभ्यास करें।
केवल पहले अप्रयुक्त, साफ सुइयों का उपयोग करें।
टूथब्रश, रेजर, या मैनीक्योर उपकरणों को साझा न करें।
केवल अच्छी तरह से निष्फल त्वचा छिद्रित उपकरण के उपयोग की अनुमति दें, जैसे कि टैटू, भेदी या एक्यूपंक्चर के दौरान।
यदि आपको खतरा है तो एचबीवी टीकाकरण करवाएं।
हेपेटाइटिस सी को कैसे रोकें
जैसा कि यह अक्सर संक्रमित शारीरिक द्रव के हस्तांतरण के माध्यम से पारित किया जाता है, निम्नलिखित कदम एचसीवी संचरण को रोकने में मदद कर सकते हैं:
सुई, टूथब्रश, या मैनीक्योर उपकरण साझा न करें।
सुनिश्चित करें कि उपकरण किसी भी त्वचा भेदी के लिए अच्छी तरह से निष्फल है।
मॉडरेशन के साथ शराब का सेवन करें।
अवैध दवाओं का इंजेक्शन न लगाएं।
हेपेटाइटिस ए और सी के इलाज योग्य हैं, लेकिन हेपेटाइटिस बी केवल वैक्सीन द्वारा ही रोका जा सकता है। एक इलाज अभी भी चल रहा है।
आउटलुक
विभिन्न प्रकार के हेपेटाइटिस के ठीक होने की अलग-अलग संभावना होती है।
हेपेटाइटिस ए: इस प्रकार का हेपेटाइटिस सामान्य रूप से 2 महीने में बिना किसी दीर्घकालिक प्रभाव को छोड़ देगा। एचएवी वाला व्यक्ति आमतौर पर अपने जीवन के बाकी हिस्सों के लिए हेपेटाइटिस ए से प्रतिरक्षा करेगा।
हेपेटाइटिस बी: एचबीवी वायरस से संक्रमित अधिकांश वयस्क 90 दिनों के भीतर ठीक हो जाते हैं और आजीवन प्रतिरक्षा प्राप्त करते हैं। हालांकि, 90 प्रतिशत शिशुओं, 20 प्रतिशत बड़े बच्चों और 5 प्रतिशत वयस्कों में क्रोनिक संक्रमण होगा और गंभीर स्वास्थ्य समस्याओं का विकास होगा, जैसे कि लीवर कैंसर और सिरोसिस।
हेपेटाइटिस सी: यह 70 से 85 प्रतिशत लोगों में एक आजीवन संक्रमण बन जाता है जिसमें एचसीवी वायरस होता है। हेपेटाइटिस सी 1 और 5 प्रतिशत लोगों के बीच घातक है। संक्रमण अब ठीक हो सकता है, और एचसीवी वाले 15 से 25 प्रतिशत लोग बिना इलाज के संक्रमण को साफ कर देते हैं।
BABALAWO ओबनिफा द्वारा प्राप्त की गई हेपेटाइटिस के लिए ट्राइडेटियन योरबा हर्बल उपचार
1।
Ebu egbo Agbon sibi mewa (10 पूर्ण चम्मच नारियल (Cocos Nucifera)) जड़ पाउडर
अता इज़ोसिन सिब मेटा (तीन पूर्ण चम्मच पाउडर (पक्षी काली मिर्च शिमला मिर्च वार्षिक के रूप में जानते हैं)
सिबी ओरोगो मेवा ते लो कुन्ना (कड़वे कोला के 10 पूर्ण चम्मच पाउडर को गार्सिना कोला के रूप में जानते हैं
ओयिन इगन (जंगली शहद)
तैयारी
जंगली शहद की एक बोतल के साथ तीन उपरोक्त वस्तुओं को मिलाएं।
प्रयोग
हेपेटाइटिस के मरीज इसे दिन में तीन बार 2 फुल टेबल स्पून लेंगे।
2।
ओरोगो (वैज्ञानिक नाम गार्सिना कोला के साथ कड़वा कोला)
ईवे इर्वो (वैज्ञानिक नाम वर्लोनिया अमिग्डालिना के साथ कड़वा अवकाश)
आश्चर्य है कोला
संतरे के रस से भरपूर।
तैयारी
आधे घंटे के लिए चूने के रस के अंदर सभी वस्तुओं को एक साथ उबालें।
प्रयोग
काढ़ा के एक छोटे कप के अंदर आपको हमेशा एक पूर्ण चम्मच विल शहद डालना चाहिए। भोजन से एक दिन पहले इसे तीन बार पिएं।
3
एसो उल्लू (कपास का पौधा बीज जिसका वैज्ञानिक नाम गॉसिपियम प्रजाति है)
ईवे इवुरो (वैज्ञानिक नाम वर्लोनिया अमिग्डालिना के साथ कड़वा अवकाश)
ओपे ओइनबो डुडु (वैज्ञानिक नाम अनाना कोमोसस के साथ अनानास अनानास)
ताजा काजू के पौधे की पत्तियां
तैयारी
चार वस्तुओं को एक साथ ब्लेंड या पाउंड करें। छलनी और उनका रस प्राप्त करें। थोड़ा शराब जोड़ें।
प्रयोग
इसे दिन में तीन बार आधा गिलास प्याला पीने से यह ध्यान देने योग्य है कि यदि आप शराब से बचना चाहते हैं, तो आप बस उक्त सभी चार वस्तुओं को 40 मिनट तक पानी में उबाल सकते हैं। उपयोग जैसा कि ऊपर बताया गया है।
4।
ओरोग्बो टूटू लोपो (ताजा कड़वा कोला / गार्सिना कोला)
तैयारी
गार्सिना कोला को पाउंड करें और इसे 74 घंटे या उससे अधिक समय तक पानी के अंदर भिगोएँ।
आप रोजाना तीन बार एक पूरा गिलास पीना शुरू कर देंगे
संदर्भ
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
कॉपीराइट: बबालावो पेले ओबासा ओबनिफा, फोन और व्हाट्सएप संपर्क: 13:48166343145, स्थान इले इफ ओसुन राज्य नाइजीरिया।
महत्वपूर्ण सूचना: जैसा कि इस लेख के किसी भी भाग के ऊपर दिए गए लेख को किसी भी रूप में या किसी भी माध्यम से इलेक्ट्रॉनिक या यांत्रिक रूप से पुन: प्रस्तुत या दोहराया नहीं जा सकता है, फोटोकॉपी और रिकॉर्डिंग सहित या किसी भी जानकारी के भंडारण या पुनर्प्राप्ति प्रणाली द्वारा कॉपीराइट धारक से पूर्व लिखित अनुमति के बिना। लेखक बबालावो ओबनिफा, ऐसा करना गैर-कानूनी होगा और कानूनी परिणामों को आकर्षित करेगा
النسخة العربية
العلاجات العشبية لالتهاب الكبد في يوروبا طب الأعشاب (المجلد الثاني) بقلم بابلو أبانيفة - الأفلام الوثائقية المتطرفة
في هذا العمل الحالي ، سيقوم Babalawo Obanifa بتوثيق أنواع مختلفة من الصيغ العشبية المتاحة لعلاج التهاب الكبد في طب الأعشاب اليوروبا. التهاب الكبد المعروف تقليديا باسم آيسان جيدوجيدو في الطب العشبي اليوروبا. إنه أحد الأمراض الفتاكة التي تصيب الآلاف من الناس حول العالم. في هذا العمل ، سوف يشرح Babalawo Obanifa ويوثق العلاجات العشبية المختلفة المتاحة في طب الأعشاب Yoruba لعلاج أنواع مختلفة من التهاب الكبد. سوف يدرس العمل بالتفصيل ما هو التهاب الكبد ؟، أسباب التهاب الكبد والأعراض والعلاج والوقاية من وجهة نظر الأرثوذكسية وكذلك العلاجات العشبية المتاحة لعلاج التهاب الكبد. قبل الشروع في تقديم تفاصيل عن العلاج بالاعشاب لالتهاب الكبد ، أود أولاً إعادة إنتاج جزء من عمل كريستيان نوردكفيست بعنوان "التهاب الكبد: الأسباب والأعراض والعلاج" كما نشرته www.medicalnewstoday.com.This أسباب وأعراض وعلاج التهاب الكبد من منظور الأرثوذكسية. إذا كنت مهتمًا فقط بالعلاجات العشبية وحدها ، فكل ما عليك هو التمرير إلى الفقرة الأخيرة من هذا العمل ، ولكن إذا كنت ترغب في الحصول على المعرفة والمعلومات الكاملة حول علاج التهاب الكبد والوقاية منه ، أنصحك بشدة بقراءة هذه المقالة بالكامل.
وفقا لكريستيان نوردكفيست ، فإن كلمة التهاب الكبد تأتي من الكلمة اليونانية القديمة hepar (كلمة الجذر hepat) التي تعني "الكبد" ، و itis اللاتينية تعني الالتهاب. يشير التهاب الكبد إلى التهاب خلايا الكبد وتلف الكبد. هناك أنواع وأسباب مختلفة ، لكن الأعراض قد تكون متشابهة.
تشمل وظائف الكبد إزالة السموم من الدم وتخزين الفيتامينات وإنتاج الهرمونات. يمكن أن يعطل التهاب الكبد هذه العمليات ويخلق مشاكل صحية حادة في جميع أنحاء الجسم.
يمكن أن تسبب خمسة فيروسات على الأقل التهاب الكبد. الثلاثة الأكثر شيوعا هي فيروسات التهاب الكبد A و B و C. العدوى مع أي من هذه الثلاثة يمكن أن تكون قاتلة.
أنواع أخرى من التهاب الكبد يمكن أن تنتج عن الإفراط في استهلاك الكحول أو حالة المناعة الذاتية. سوف تتناول هذه المقالة التهاب الكبد A ، B ، و C. هذه هي أشكال التهاب الكبد التي تنتقل عن طريق الفيروس.
في الولايات المتحدة ، انخفض معدل الإصابة بالتهاب الكبد الوبائي A على مدار العشرين عامًا الماضية ، ولكن التهاب الكبد الوبائي الحاد شهد زيادة بنسبة 44 بالمائة بين عامي 2011 و 2012.
أنواع
التهاب الكبد لديه عدة أنواع مختلفة ، لكن أعراض كل منها متشابهة. التهاب الكبد يمكن أن تتخذ أشكالا حادة ومزمنة.
تُعرف الأنواع الثلاثة الرئيسية لالتهاب الكبد بالتهاب الكبد (أ) و (ب) و (ج). يمكن أن تكون الأنواع الثلاثة حادة ودائمة لمدة 6 أشهر أو أقل ، ويمكن أن تكون الأنواع B و C مزمنة ، وتستمر لمدة أطول.
كل نوع له خصائص مختلفة وينتقل بطرق مختلفة ، لكن الأعراض تكون متشابهة.
التهاب الكبد A
في الولايات المتحدة (الولايات المتحدة) ، تم الإبلاغ عن 1،390 حالة من حالات التهاب الكبد A في عام 2015.
غالبًا ما يكون خفيفًا ، ومعظم الناس يتعافون تمامًا ، وبعد ذلك يكونون محصنين وبالتالي يتمتعون بالحماية من الفيروس في المستقبل. ومع ذلك ، إذا تقدمت ، فقد تكون الأعراض شديدة أو تهدد الحياة.
الناس في أجزاء من العالم يعانون من سوء الصرف الصحي معرضون بشكل خاص لخطر الإصابة بفيروس نقص المناعة البشرية.
هناك لقاحات آمنة وفعالة تحمي من هذا الفيروس.
التهاب الكبد ب
يمكن أن ينتقل التهاب الكبد B عندما يكون الشخص:
لديه اتصال جنسي غير محمي مع شخص مصاب
يشارك إبرة مع شخص مصاب ، وغالبًا ما يكون بسبب استخدام المخدرات أو الستيرويد بشكل غير قانوني
لديه وشم تم إنشاؤها باستخدام إبر غير معقمة
وخز عن طريق الخطأ ، على سبيل المثال ، العاملين في مجال الصحة التعامل مع الأشياء الحادة
يشارك العناصر الشخصية ، مثل فرشاة الأسنان أو ماكينة الحلاقة ، مع شخص مصاب
عض شخص مصاب
يمكن للأم المصابة أن تنقل الفيروس إلى رضيعها عند الرضاعة.
تضخم كبد الشخص المصاب بالتهاب الكبد B. ضرر شديد يمكن أن يؤدي.
عدوى HBV يمكن أن تصبح مزمنة. هذا يمكن أن يؤدي إلى مضاعفات ، بما في ذلك تندب الكبد ، أو تليف الكبد. يمكن أن يسبب أيضًا نوعًا من السرطان يُعرف باسم سرطان الكبد.
في عام 2015 ، تم ربط 887000 حالة وفاة في جميع أنحاء العالم بالتهاب الكبد الفيروسي ، ومعظمها نتيجة لمضاعفات مثل هذه.
في الولايات المتحدة ، تم الإبلاغ عن 3،370 حالة إصابة بفيروس HBV ، لكن مراكز السيطرة على الأمراض والوقاية منها (CDC) تقدر أن الرقم الحقيقي قد يكون حوالي 21،900.
لا يوجد حاليًا علاج لمرض التهاب الكبد البائي. ومع ذلك ، انخفض معدل الإصابة في البلدان التي يتوفر فيها اللقاح ، وهذا اللقاح فعال بنسبة 95 في المائة ضد العدوى.
هناك لقاح آمن وفعال يمكن أن يحمي من فيروس التهاب الكبد البائي.
التهاب الكبد ج
HCV يمكن أن يؤدي إلى تلف الكبد وتورم. يصاب تليف الكبد بحوالي 1 من كل 4 أشخاص مصابين بالتهاب الكبد الفيروسي ، وقد يؤدي ذلك إلى سرطان الكبد.
يتم الآن اختبار الدم المتبرع به لفيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي ، ولكن الأشخاص الذين تلقوا عمليات زرع الأعضاء أو التبرع بالدم قبل أن يصبح الاختبار جزءًا من عملية التبرع قد يتعرضون للخطر.
وتشمل المجموعات الأخرى المعرضة للخطر العاملين في مجال الرعاية الصحية الذين يتعرضون للأدوات الحادة ومتعاطي المخدرات بالحقن الوريدي والرضع المولودين لأمهات مصابات بفيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي.
ارتفع عدد حالات الإصابة بفيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي في الولايات المتحدة بثلاثة أضعاف تقريبًا بين عامي 2010 و 2015 عندما تم الإبلاغ عن 2،436 حالة. ومع ذلك ، يقدر مركز السيطرة على الأمراض أن 33900 إصابة حدثت في عام 2015 ، بما في ذلك تلك التي لم يتم الإبلاغ عنها.
علاج او معاملة
بعض أنواع وحالات التهاب الكبد يمكن أن تلتئم دون تدخل ، ولكن في بعض الأحيان يمكن أن تتطور إلى تندب الكبد ، أو تليف الكبد.
التهاب الكبد A
لا يوجد علاج محدد للـ HAV. سينصح الطبيب المريض بالامتناع عن تناول الكحول والمخدرات أثناء فترة الشفاء. سوف يتعافى معظم مرضى التهاب الكبد الوبائي (أ) دون تدخل.
التهاب الكبد ب
يحتاج المريض المصاب بفيروس HBV إلى الراحة والامتناع تمامًا عن الكحول. قد يصف الطبيب عاملًا مضادًا للفيروسات يُسمى الانترفيرون أو غيره من العلاجات المضادة للفيروسات.
التهاب الكبد ج
سيصف المريض المصاب بالتهاب الكبد الوبائي C عوامل مضادة للفيروسات ، مع أو بدون ريبافيرين.
تتوفر الآن بعض الأدوية المضادة للفيروسات الموجهة والعلاجات المركبة لعلاج فيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي C على أساس نوعه الفرعي. تستهدف هذه العلاجات التكاثر الفيروسي وتمنع الفيروس من التكاثر. عندما يؤخذ بشكل صحيح ، فإن معدل الشفاء مرتفع للغاية.
قد تكون هذه الأدوية باهظة الثمن ، وقد يكون لشركات التأمين معايير محددة للعلاج.
الأعراض
يعاني الكثير من المصابين بالتهاب الكبد من أعراض خفيفة أو معدومة. عندما تظهر الأعراض ، يمكنهم القيام بذلك من 15 إلى 180 يومًا بعد الإصابة. وهذا ينطبق على جميع أنواع التهاب الكبد.
التهاب كبد حاد
المرحلة الأولى من التهاب الكبد تسمى المرحلة الحادة. تشبه الأعراض الإصابة بالأنفلونزا الخفيفة ، وقد تشمل:
اليرقان هو أحد أعراض التهاب الكبد.
إسهال
إعياء
فقدان الشهية
حمى خفيفة
آلام في العضلات أو المفاصل
غثيان
ألم طفيف في البطن
قيء
فقدان الوزن
اليرقان
المرحلة الحادة ليست خطرة في العادة ، ولكن في بعض الناس ، يمكن أن تؤدي إلى فشل الكبد الحاد والموت. قد يتقدم أيضًا إلى التهاب مزمن. هذا هو الأرجح مع HBV أو HCV.
مع تقدم المرض ، يمكن أن يؤدي التهاب الكبد المزمن إلى فشل الكبد التدريجي ، مما يؤدي إلى اليرقان ، وتورم في الأطراف السفلية ، والارتباك ، والدم في البراز أو القيء.
قد يحدث ما يلي:
البول الداكن
قشعريرة
حكة في الجلد
براز فاتح اللون
جلد أصفر ، بياض العينين واللسان
تعتمد نتائج المريض بعد المرحلة الحادة على عوامل مختلفة ، وخاصة نوع التهاب الكبد. لن يعرف بعض الأشخاص أنهم مصابون بالتهاب الكبد المزمن حتى يحدث فشل الكبد.
مدعوم من مشروع روبيكون
التشخيص
بما أن أعراض أنواع مختلفة من التهاب الكبد متشابهة ، فإن نوع وشدة التهاب الكبد لا يمكن تشخيصهما إلا من خلال الاختبارات المعملية.
سيقوم الطبيب بإجراء فحص بدني وطلب سجل طبي لتقييم ما إذا كان المريض قد تعرض لسبب محتمل من التهاب الكبد.
إذا كان المريض قد سافر مؤخرًا إلى الخارج ، فقد يصاب به. إذا كانوا قد مارسوا الجنس بدون وقاية ، فقد يكون لديهم فيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي.
في حالة الاشتباه بالتهاب الكبد ، يمكن أن تؤكد الاختبارات التالية التشخيص:
اختبارات الدم: يمكن أن يكتشف هؤلاء ما إذا كان الجسم ينتج أجسامًا مضادة لمكافحة المرض ، ويمكنهم تقييم وظائف الكبد عن طريق فحص مستويات بعض بروتينات وأنزيمات الكبد.
اختبارات الحمض النووي: بالنسبة إلى التهاب الكبد B و C ، يمكن لاختبار الحمض النووي HBV أو HCV RNA أن يؤكد السرعة التي يتكاثر بها الفيروس في الكبد ، وهذا سيوضح مدى نشاط المرض.
خزعة الكبد: يمكن أن يقيس مدى تلف الكبد وإمكانية الإصابة بالسرطان.
بزل: يتم استخراج السائل البطني واختباره ، لتحديد سبب تراكم السوائل.
Elastography: يقيس تصلب الكبد عن طريق إصدار موجات صوتية.
علامات بديلة: نوع من اختبارات الدم لتقييم تطور تليف الكبد والتليف.
سوف يعتمد العلاج على التشخيص.
الأسباب
ثلاثة أنواع شائعة من التهاب الكبد الفيروسي كلها تسببها الالتهابات الفيروسية.
يحدث الالتهاب الكبدي الوبائي "أ" بسبب تناول الطعام أو الماء المصاب بفيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي "أ" (HAV) ، غالبًا أثناء السفر إلى الخارج. يمكن أيضا أن ينتقل الفيروس عن طريق الاتصال الشفهي أثناء ممارسة الجنس أو عن طريق الحقن بالمخدرات.
يحدث التهاب الكبد B بسبب فيروس التهاب الكبد B (HBV) وينتشر عن طريق التلامس مع الدم المصاب ، السائل المنوي ، وبعض سوائل الجسم الأخرى. يمكن أن يكون مرض ينتقل عن طريق الاتصال الجنسي (الأمراض المنقولة جنسيا).
ينتج التهاب الكبد C في الغالب عن الإصابة عن طريق الجلد التي تحدث عندما يحدث فيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي تحت الجلد. وعادة ما ينتشر عن طريق المخدرات المحقونة ، وإصابات عصي الإبرة ، وعدم التحكم في العدوى في مرافق الرعاية الصحية.
لا يمكن اكتشاف فيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي من البراز ، والانتقال الجنسي أقل شيوعًا منه في الأنواع الأخرى.
الكحول والأدوية والسمنة والتعرض الكيميائي لا تسبب الأنواع A أو B أو C ، ولكنها قد تؤدي إلى تفاقم الالتهاب وتزيد الأعراض سوءًا.
الوقاية
قد يكون التهاب الكبد خطيرًا ومن الصعب علاجه ، لذلك ينصح الأشخاص باتخاذ الاحتياطات اللازمة ضد العدوى المحتملة.
منع التهاب الكبد A
ينتشر التهاب الكبد الوبائي (أ) في الغالب من خلال الطعام والماء المصابين.
يمكن أن تساعد الخطوات التالية في تجنب العدوى ، خاصة عند السفر.
اغسل يديك بالصابون بعد استخدام الحمام.
تستهلك فقط الطعام الذي تم طهيه للتو.
لا تشرب سوى المياه المعبأة في زجاجات تجاريًا أو الماء المغلي إذا كنت غير متأكد من الصرف الصحي المحلي.
لا تأكل سوى الفواكه القابلة للنزع إذا كنت في مكان به صرف صحي غير موثوق به
لا تأكل سوى الخضار النيئة إذا كنت متأكدًا من تنظيفها أو تطهيرها جيدًا.
احصل على لقاح ضد فيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي قبل السفر إلى الأماكن التي قد يكون فيها التهاب الكبد مستوطنًا.
منع التهاب الكبد B
لتقليل خطر انتقال العدوى:
أخبر أي شريك جنسي إذا كنت حامل أو حاول معرفة ما إذا كانت تحمل المرض.
مارس الجنس الآمن باستخدام الواقي الذكري.
استخدم فقط الإبر النظيفة غير المستخدمة سابقًا.
لا تشارك فرشاة الأسنان أو شفرات الحلاقة أو أدوات تجميل الأظافر.
لا تسمح إلا باستخدام أجهزة ثقب الجلد المعقمة جيدًا ، كما هو الحال أثناء الوشم ، أو ثقب ، أو الوخز بالإبر.
هل لديك التطعيم HBV إذا كنت في خطر.
كيفية الوقاية من التهاب الكبد الوبائي
نظرًا لأن هذا يتم في كثير من الأحيان من خلال نقل سوائل الجسم المصابة ، يمكن أن تساعد الخطوات التالية في منع انتقال فيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي:
لا تشارك الإبر ، وفرشاة الأسنان ، أو معدات مانيكير.
تأكد من تعقيم المعدات جيدًا لأي ثقب للجلد.
تستهلك الكحول مع الاعتدال.
لا حقن المخدرات غير المشروعة.
التهاب الكبد A و C قابل للشفاء ، لكن التهاب الكبد B لا يمكن الوقاية منه إلا عن طريق اللقاح. العلاج لا يزال قيد التطوير.
الآفاق
أنواع مختلفة من التهاب الكبد لديها فرص مختلفة للشفاء.
الالتهاب الكبدي الوبائي A: هذا النوع من التهاب الكبد سيحل عادة في غضون شهرين دون أن يترك أي آثار طويلة الأجل. عادة ما يكون الشخص المصاب بمرض التهاب الكبد الوعائي محصن ضد التهاب الكبد (أ) لبقية حياته.
التهاب الكبد B: يتعافى معظم البالغين المصابين بفيروس HBV في غضون 90 يومًا ويحققون مناعة مدى الحياة. ومع ذلك ، فإن 90 في المائة من الأطفال الرضع ، و 20 في المائة من الأطفال الأكبر سنا ، و 5 في المائة من البالغين سوف يصابون بعدوى مزمنة ويصابون بمشاكل صحية حادة ، مثل سرطان الكبد وتليف الكبد.
الالتهاب الكبدي الوبائي (C): يصبح هذا العدوى مدى الحياة في 70 إلى 85 في المئة من الأشخاص المصابين بفيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي. الالتهاب الكبدي الوبائي (ج) قاتل في ما بين 1 و 5 في المئة من الناس. يمكن الآن علاج العدوى ، و 15 إلى 25 في المائة من المصابين بفيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي يزيلون العدوى دون علاج.
علاجات اليوروبا التقليدية للالتهاب الكبدي حسب وثائق بابلو أبانيفا
1.
Ebu egbo Agbon sibi mewa (10 ملعقة كاملة من مسحوق جوز الهند (Cocos Nucifera)
عطا ijosin سيبي ميتا (ثلاثة مسحوق ملعقة كاملة من (الفلفل الطيور تعرف باسم الفليفلة السنوية)
Sibi orogbo mewa ti a lo kunna (10 ملعقة صغيرة كاملة من الكولا المرة تعرف باسم Garcina kola
عيني ايجان (عسل بري)
تجهيز
امزج العناصر الثلاثة المذكورة أعلاه مع زجاجة من العسل البري.
استعمال
سوف يأخذ مرضى التهاب الكبد ملعقتين كاملتين ثلاث مرات في اليوم.
2.
Orogbo (الكولا المرة مع الاسم العلمي Garcina kola)
إوي ewuro (إجازة مريرة تحمل الاسم العلمي Verlonia amygdalina)
عجب كولا
الكثير من عصير البرتقال الجير.
تجهيز
غلي جميع العناصر معًا داخل عصير البرتقال بالليمون لمدة نصف ساعة.
استعمال
يجب عليك دائمًا وضع ملعقة واحدة كاملة من عسل النحل داخل كوب صغير من المغلي. اشربه ثلاث مرات في اليوم قبل الطعام.
3
Eso owu (بذور نبات القطن مع الأنواع العلمية Gossypium الأنواع)
إوي ewuro (إجازة مريرة تحمل الاسم العلمي Verlonia amygdalina)
Ope oyinbo dudu (أناناس غير ناضج يحمل الاسم العلمي Anana comosus)
أوراق نبات الكاجو الطازجة
تجهيز
مزيج أو جنيه العناصر الأربعة معا. غربال واحصل على العصير. أضف القليل من الكحول.
استعمال
شربه نصف كوب زجاجي ثلاث مرات في اليوم. من المفيد ملاحظة أنه إذا كنت تريد تجنب الكحول ، فيمكنك غلي جميع العناصر الأربعة المذكورة أعلاه في الماء لمدة 40 دقيقة. يستخدم هو نفسه كما هو موضح أعلاه.
4.
Orogbo توتو لوبو (كولا المريرة الطازجة / جارسينا كولا)
تجهيز
قم بقصف الجرسينا كولا ونقعها في الماء لمدة 74 ساعة أو أكثر.
ستبدأ في شرب كوب كامل ثلاث مرات يوميًا
المراجع
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
حقوق الطبع والنشر: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa ، الهاتف واتس اب الاتصال: +2348166343145 ، موقع إيل إيف أوسون ولاية نيجيريا.
إشعار هام: فيما يتعلق بالمادة أعلاه ، لا يجوز إعادة إنتاج أو تكرار أي جزء من هذه المادة بأي شكل أو بأي وسيلة ، سواء كانت إلكترونية أو ميكانيكية ، بما في ذلك التصوير والتسجيل أو بأي نظام لتخزين المعلومات أو استرجاعها دون إذن كتابي مسبق من صاحب حقوق الطبع والنشر و المؤلف Babalawo Obanifa ، القيام بذلك سوف يعتبر غير قانوني وسوف يجلب عواقب قانونية
Hepatitis causes, Symptoms and Treatment Explanation According To Different Medical Author And website s
What is hepatitis?
Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the liver. It’s commonly caused by a viral infection, but there are other possible causes of hepatitis. These include autoimmune hepatitis and hepatitis that occurs as a secondary result of medications, drugs, toxins, and alcohol. Autoimmune hepatitis is a disease that occurs when your body makes antibodies against your liver tissue.
Your liver is located in the right upper area of your abdomen. It performs many critical functions that affect metabolism throughout your body, including:
bile production, which is essential to digestion
filtering of toxins from your body
excretion of bilirubin (a product of broken-down red blood cells), cholesterol, hormones, and drugs
breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
activation of enzymes, which are specialized proteins essential to body functions
storage of glycogen (a form of sugar), minerals, and vitamins (A, D, E, and K)
synthesis of blood proteins, such as albumin
synthesis of clotting factors
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source, approximately 4.4 million Americans are currently living with chronic hepatitis B and C. Many more people don’t even know that they have hepatitis.
Treatment options vary depending on which type of hepatitis you have. You can prevent some forms of hepatitis through immunizations and lifestyle precautions.
The 5 types of viral hepatitis
Viral infections of the liver that are classified as hepatitis include hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. A different virus is responsible for each type of virally transmitted hepatitis.
Hepatitis A is always an acute, short-term disease, while hepatitis B, C, and D are most likely to become ongoing and chronic. Hepatitis E is usually acute but can be particularly dangerous in pregnant women.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is caused by an infection with the hepatitis A virus (HAV). This type of hepatitis is most commonly transmitted by consuming food or water contaminated by feces from a person infected with hepatitis A.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is transmitted through contact with infectious body fluids, such as blood, vaginal secretions, or semen, containing the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Injection drug use, having sex with an infected partner, or sharing razors with an infected person increase your risk of getting hepatitis B.
It’s estimated by the CDCTrusted Source that 1.2 million people in the United States and 350 million people worldwide live with this chronic disease.
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C comes from the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Hepatitis C is transmitted through direct contact with infected body fluids, typically through injection drug use and sexual contact. HCV is among the most common bloodborne viral infections in the United States. Approximately 2.7 to 3.9 million AmericansTrusted Source are currently living with a chronic form of this infection.
Hepatitis D
Also called delta hepatitis, hepatitis D is a serious liver disease caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV). HDV is contracted through direct contact with infected blood. Hepatitis D is a rare form of hepatitis that only occurs in conjunction with hepatitis B infection. The hepatitis D virus can’t multiply without the presence of hepatitis B. It’s very uncommon in the United States.
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is a waterborne disease caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV). Hepatitis E is mainly found in areas with poor sanitation and typically results from ingesting fecal matter that contaminates the water supply. This disease is uncommon in the United States. However, cases of hepatitis E have been reported in the Middle East, Asia, Central America, and Africa, according to the CDCTrusted Source.
Causes of noninfectious hepatitis
Alcohol and other toxins
Excessive alcohol consumption can cause liver damage and inflammation. This is sometimes referred to as alcoholic hepatitis. The alcohol directly injures the cells of your liver. Over time, it can cause permanent damage and lead to liver failure and cirrhosis, a thickening and scarring of the liver.
Other toxic causes of hepatitis include overuse or overdose of medications and exposure to poisons.
Autoimmune system response
In some cases, the immune system mistakes the liver as a harmful object and begins to attack it. It causes ongoing inflammation that can range from mild to severe, often hindering liver function. It’s three times more common in women than in men.
Common symptoms of hepatitis
If you have infectious forms of hepatitis that are chronic, like hepatitis B and C, you may not have symptoms in the beginning. Symptoms may not occur until the damage affects liver function.
Signs and symptoms of acute hepatitis appear quickly. They include:
fatigue
flu-like symptoms
dark urine
pale stool
abdominal pain
loss of appetite
unexplained weight loss
yellow skin and eyes, which may be signs of jaundice
Chronic hepatitis develops slowly, so these signs and symptoms may be too subtle to notice.
How hepatitis is diagnosed
History and physical exam
To diagnose hepatitis, first your doctor will take your history to determine any risk factors you may have for infectious or noninfectious hepatitis.
During a physical examination, your doctor may press down gently on your abdomen to see if there’s pain or tenderness. Your doctor may also feel to see if your liver is enlarged. If your skin or eyes are yellow, your doctor will note this during the exam.
Liver function tests
Liver function tests use blood samples to determine how efficiently your liver works. Abnormal results of these tests may be the first indication that there is a problem, especially if you don’t show any signs on a physical exam of liver disease. High liver enzyme levels may indicate that your liver is stressed, damaged, or not functioning properly.
Other blood tests
If your liver function tests are abnormal, your doctor will likely order other bloodtests to detect the source of the problem. These tests can check for the viruses that cause hepatitis. They can also be used to check for antibodies that are common in conditions like autoimmune hepatitis.
Ultrasound
An abdominal ultrasound uses ultrasound waves to create an image of the organs within your abdomen. This test allows your doctor to take a close at your liver and nearby organs. It can reveal:
fluid in your abdomen
liver damage or enlargement
liver tumors
abnormalities of your gallbladder
Sometimes the pancreas shows up on ultrasound images as well. This can be a useful test in determining the cause of your abnormal liver function.
Liver biopsy
A liver biopsy is an invasive procedure that involves your doctor taking a sample of tissue from your liver. It can be done through your skin with a needle and doesn’t require surgery. Typically, an ultrasound is used to guide your doctor when taking the biopsy sample.
This test allows your doctor to determine how infection or inflammation has affected your liver. It can also be used to sample any areas in your liver that appear abnormal.
How hepatitis is treated
Treatment options are determined by which type of hepatitis you have and whether the infection is acute or chronic.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A usually doesn’t require treatment because it’s a short-term illness. Bed rest may be recommended if symptoms cause a great deal of discomfort. If you experience vomiting or diarrhea, follow your doctor’s orders for hydration and nutrition.
The hepatitis A vaccine is available to prevent this infection. Most children begin vaccination between ages 12 and 18 months. It’s a series of two vaccines. Vaccination for hepatitis A is also available for adults and can be combined with the hepatitis B vaccine.
Hepatitis B
Acute hepatitis B doesn’t require specific treatment.
Chronic hepatitis B is treated with antiviral medications. This form of treatment can be costly because it must be continued for several months or years. Treatment for chronic hepatitis B also requires regular medical evaluations and monitoring to determine if the virus is responding to treatment.
Hepatitis B can be prevented with vaccination. The CDCTrusted Source recommends hepatitis B vaccinations for all newborns. The series of three vaccines is typically completed over the first six months of childhood. The vaccine is also recommended for all healthcare and medical personnel.
Hepatitis C
Antiviral medications are used to treat both acute and chronic forms of hepatitis C. People who develop chronic hepatitis C are typically treated with a combination of antiviral drug therapies. They may also need further testing to determine the best form of treatment.
People who develop cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) or liver disease as a result of chronic hepatitis C may be candidates for a liver transplant.
Currently, there is no vaccination for hepatitis C.
Hepatitis D
No antiviral medications exist for the treatment of hepatitis D at this time. According to a 2013 studyTrusted Source, a drug called alpha interferon can be used to treat hepatitis D, but it only shows improvement in about 25 to 30 percent of people.
Hepatitis D can be prevented by getting the vaccination for hepatitis B, as infection with hepatitis B is necessary for hepatitis D to develop.
Hepatitis E
Currently, no specific medical therapies are available to treat hepatitis E. Because the infection is often acute, it typically resolves on its own. People with this type of infection are often advised to get adequate rest, drink plenty of fluids, get enough nutrients, and avoid alcohol. However, pregnant women who develop this infection require close monitoring and care.
Autoimmune hepatitis
Corticosteroids, like prednisone or budesonide, are extremely important in the early treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. They’re effective in about 80 percent of people with this condition.
Azothioprine (Imuran), a drug that suppresses the immune system, is often included in treatment. It can be used with or without steroids.
Other immune suppressing drugs like mycophenolate (CellCept), tacrolimus (Prograf) and cyclosporine (Neoral) can also be used as alternatives to azathioprine for treatment.
Tips to prevent hepatitis
Hygiene
Practicing good hygiene is one key way to avoid contracting hepatitis A and E. If you’re traveling to a developing country, you should avoid:
local water
ice
raw or undercooked shellfish and oysters
raw fruit and vegetables
Hepatitis B, C, and D contracted through contaminated blood can be prevented by:
not sharing drug needles
not sharing razors
not using someone else’s toothbrush
not touching spilled blood
Hepatitis B and C can also be contracted through sexual intercourse and intimate sexual contact. Practicing safe sex by using condoms and dental dams can help decrease the risk of infection. You can find many options available for purchase online.
Vaccines
The use of vaccines is an important key to preventing hepatitis. Vaccinations are available to prevent the development of hepatitis A and B. Experts Complications of hepatitis
Chronic hepatitis B or C can often lead to more serious health problems. Because the virus affects the liver, people with chronic hepatitis B or C are at risk for:
chronic liver disease
cirrhosis
liver cancer
When your liver stops functioning normally, liver failure can occur. Complications of liver failure include:
bleeding disorders
a buildup of fluid in your abdomen, known as ascites
increased blood pressure in portal veins that enter your liver, known as portal hypertension
kidney failure
hepatic encephalopathy, which can involve fatigue, memory loss, and diminished mental abilities due to the buildup of toxins, like ammonia, that affect brain function
hepatocellular carcinoma, which is a form of liver cancer
death
People with chronic hepatitis B and C are encouraged to avoid alcohol because it can accelerate liver disease and failure. Certain supplements and medications can also affect liver function. If you have chronic hepatitis B or C, check with your doctor before taking any new medications.
HEALTHLINE CHALLENGES
Looking to cut back on sugar? We’ll give you some sweet tips
Our Nutrition newsletter’s 10 day sugar challenge guides you in bringing more awareness to the sugars in the foods you eat and gives you the tools you need to make healthier choices. Let’s get started
What is hepatitis?
Online Q&A
Reviewed September 2019
Q: What is hepatitis?
A: Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. The condition can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world but other infections, toxic substances (e.g. alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis.
There are 5 main hepatitis viruses, referred to as types A, B, C, D and E. These 5 types are of greatest concern because of the burden of illness and death they cause and the potential for outbreaks and epidemic spread. In particular, types B and C lead to chronic disease in hundreds of millions of people and, together, are the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer.
Hepatitis A and E are typically caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water. Hepatitis B, C and D usually occur as a result of parenteral contact with infected body fluids. Common modes of transmission for these viruses include receipt of contaminated blood or blood products, invasive medical procedures using contaminated equipment and for hepatitis B transmission from mother to baby at birth, from family member to child, and also by sexual contact.
Acute infection may occur with limited or no symptoms, or may include symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain.
Q: What are the different hepatitis viruses?
A: Scientists have identified 5 unique hepatitis viruses, identified by the letters A, B, C, D, and E. While all cause liver disease, they vary in important ways.
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is present in the faeces of infected persons and is most often transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food. Certain sex practices can also spread HAV. Infections are in many cases mild, with most people making a full recovery and remaining immune from further HAV infections. However, HAV infections can also be severe and life threatening. Most people in areas of the world with poor sanitation have been infected with this virus. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent HAV.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted through exposure to infective blood, semen, and other body fluids. HBV can be transmitted from infected mothers to infants at the time of birth or from family member to infant in early childhood. Transmission may also occur through transfusions of HBV-contaminated blood and blood products, contaminated injections during medical procedures, and through injection drug use. HBV also poses a risk to healthcare workers who sustain accidental needle stick injuries while caring for infected-HBV patients. Safe and effective vaccines are available to prevent HBV.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is mostly transmitted through exposure to infective blood. This may happen through transfusions of HCV-contaminated blood and blood products, contaminated injections during medical procedures, and through injection drug use. Sexual transmission is also possible, but is much less common. There is no vaccine for HCV.
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections occur only in those who are infected with HBV. The dual infection of HDV and HBV can result in a more serious disease and worse outcome. Hepatitis B vaccines provide protection from HDV infection.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is mostly transmitted through consumption of contaminated water or food. HEV is a common cause of hepatitis outbreaks in developing parts of the world and is increasingly recognized as an important cause of disease in developed countries. Safe and effective vaccines to prevent HEV infection have been developed but are not widely available.
Hepatitis Health Center
1234
PrevNext
Hepatitis Overview
Viral hepatitis, including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, are a group of distinct diseases that affect the liver. Each have different hepatitis symptoms and treatments. Some causes of hepatitis include recreational drugs and prescription medications. Laboratory tests can determine hepatitis types.
Hepatitis B
What Is Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is an infection of your liver. It can cause scarring of the organ, liver failure, and cancer. It can be fatal if it isn’t treated.
It’s spread when people come in contact with the blood, open sores, or body fluids of someone who has the hepatitis B virus.
It's serious, but if you get the disease as an adult, it shouldn’t last a long time. Your body fights it off within a few months, and you’re immune for the rest of your life. That means you can't get it again. But if you get it at birth, it’ unlikely to go away.
What Are the Symptoms of Hepatitis B?
When you’re first infected, the warning signs include:
Jaundice.- Your skin or the whites of the eyes turn yellow, and your pee turns brown or orange.)
Light-colored poop
Fever
Fatigue that persists for weeks or months
Stomach trouble like loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting
Belly pain
Symptoms may not show up until 1 to 6 months after you catch the virus. You might not feel anything. About a third of the people who have this disease don’t. They only find out through a blood test.
A Visual Guide to Hepatitis
2/23Hepatitis Symptoms
3/23Hepatitis A: What Happens
Hepatitis A is highly contagious and can spread from person to person in many different settings. It typically causes only a mild illness, and many people who are infected may never realize they're sick at all. The virus almost always goes away on its own and does not cause long-term liver damage.
4/23Hepatitis A: How Does It Spread?
5/23Hepatitis A: Who Is at Risk?
6/23Hepatitis B: What Happens
7/23Hepatitis B: How Does It Spread?
8/23Hepatitis B: Who Is at Risk?
9/23Hepatitis C: What Happens
About 25% of people who get hepatitis C defeat the virus after a short-term infection. The rest will carry the virus in their body for the long term. Chronic hepatitis C can cause very serious complications, including liver failure and liver cancer. There are effective treatments for the virus, though.
9/23Hepatitis C: What Happens
About 25% of people who get hepatitis C defeat the virus after a short-term infection. The rest will carry the virus in their body for the long term. Chronic hepatitis C can cause very serious complications, including liver failure and liver cancer. There are effective treatments for the virus, though.
10/23Hepatitis C: How Does It Spread?
It spreads through infected blood. In the U.S., sharing needles or other items used to inject drugs is the most common cause of infection. Getting a tattoo or body piercing with an infected needle is another means of exposure. A mother may pass the virus to her child at birth. In rare cases, unprotected sex spreads hepatitis C, but the risk appears small. Having multiple sex partners, HIV, or rough sex seems to raise risk for spreading hepatitis C.
11/23Hepatitis C: Who Is at Risk?
People who have injected illegal drugs at any time, even one time, many years ago, could be walking around with chronic hepatitis C. Because there are often no symptoms, many former drug users may not realize they have the infection. People who received a blood transfusion before 1992 also have a higher risk. Before that year, donated blood was not screened for the hepatitis C virus.
12/23How Is Hepatitis Diagnosed?
Chronic hepatitis can quietly attack the liver for years without causing any symptoms. Unless the infection is diagnosed, monitored, and treated, many of these people will eventually have serious liver damage. Fortunately, blood tests can determine whether you have viral hepatitis, and if so, which kind.
13/23Who Should Be Tested for Hepatitis?
Testing is important for anyone with the risk factors we've mentioned, particularly injected drug users and people who have had multiple sex partners. Health advocates are also urging people of Asian heritage to get tested. Stanford University's Asian Liver Center estimates that 1 in 10 Asians living in the U.S. has chronic hepatitis B. Many of them have probably had the virus since birth.
Also, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that health care providers offer a one-time hepatitis C screening for anyone born between 1945 and 1965.
14/23What if You Test Positive?
If a test says you have viral hepatitis, you can take steps to protect the ones you love. For hepatitis A, wash hands frequently. For hepatitis B and C, avoid sharing nail clippers, razors, or toothbrushes. Hepatitis B, and sometimes hepatitis C, can be passed through sexual contact. Make sure everyone in your household gets the hepatitis B vaccine. An important step is to see a specialist to discuss treatment options.
15/23Treatment: Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A almost always goes away on its own, and no medication is needed. If nausea is a problem, try eating several small meals throughout the day instead of three large ones. Drink water, juice, or sports drinks to stay hydrated. And avoid hard exercise until you're feeling better.
Treatment: Chronic Hepatitis B
The goal of treating chronic hepatitis B is to control the virus and keep it from damaging the liver. This begins with regular monitoring for signs of liver disease. Antiviral medications may help, but not everyone can take them or needs to be on medication. Be sure to discuss the risks and benefits of antiviral therapy with your doctor.
17/23Treatment: Chronic Hepatitis C
The latest drug to be approved by the FDA is glecaprevir and pibrentasvir (Mavyret). This medication offers a shorter treatment cycle of 8 weeks for adult patients with all types of HCV who don’t have cirrhosis and who have not been previously treated. The length of treatment is longer for those who are in a different disease stage. The prescribed dosage for this medicine is 3 tablets daily.
There are several other combination drugs available, as well as some single drugs that may be used in combination. Your doctor will choose the right one for you depending on the type of hepatitis C you have, how well your liver is functioning and any other medical problems you may have. Also be sure to discuss your insurance coverage since these medications are expensive.
18/23Monitoring Chronic Hepatitis
To manage chronic hepatitis B or C, your doctor will order regular blood tests to check how well your liver is working. Ultrasounds and CT scans can also reveal signs of damage. If the virus is not causing any liver problems, you may not need treatment. But it's important to have regular tests to watch for changes. Complications are easiest to treat when found early.
19/23Complications: Cirrhosis
One of the most common complications of chronic hepatitis is cirrhosis. This is a scarring of the liver that can be found with a biopsy. Cirrhosis makes it difficult for the liver to do its job and can lead to liver failure, a life-threatening condition. Symptoms include fatigue, nausea, weight loss, and swelling in the belly and legs. In severe cases, patients may experience jaundice and confusion.
Viral hepatitis is the top cause of liver cancer, so people with chronic hepatitis B or C need monitoring even if they feel healthy. Blood tests can detect proteins that suggest the presence of liver cancer. Ultrasounds, CT scans, and MRIs can reveal abnormal lesions in the liver (seen here in green). A biopsy is needed to determine if these areas are cancerous. Tumors that are found early may be surgically removed. But most liver cancers are difficult to treat.
21/23Liver Transplant
The liver is a vital organ that aids in metabolism, digestion, detoxifying, and the production of many proteins needed by the body. If a large part of the liver is damaged beyond repair, it will no longer be able to perform these important jobs. People cannot live without a working liver. In this case, a liver transplant may be the best hope. This option provides the patient with a healthy liver from a donor.
22/23Hepatitis A and B Vaccines
There are vaccines to protect against hepatitis A and B. The CDC recommends hepatitis A vaccination for all children ages 12 to 23 months and for adults who plan to travel or work in areas with hepatitis A outbreaks or who have other risk factors. People with chronic hepatitis B or C should also get the hepatitis A vaccine if they don't already have immunity to the disease. The hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for all infants at birth and for adults who have any of the risk factors we discussed earlier. There is no vaccine for hepatitis C.
23/23Protecting Your Liver
If you have chronic hepatitis, there are steps you can take to keep your liver resilient. Avoid alcohol, which can cause additional liver damage. Check with your doctor before taking any medications or supplements, because some are tough on the liver or may not be safe in people with liver disease. Most importantly, keep your appointments for regular monitoring. By watching for any changes in your liver, you and your health care provider can stay one step ahead of the virus.
Viral Hepatitis
Section NavigationWhat is Viral Hepatitis?
Viral Hepatitis
Section NavigationWhat is Viral Hepatitis?
ABC Table
What causes it?
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis C virus
Number of U.S. cases
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
About 6,700 new infections each year
About 22,100 new infections each year
Estimated 862,000 people living with hepatitis B
About 44,300 new infections each year
Estimated 2.4 million people living with hepatitis C
Key facts
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
Effective vaccine available
Outbreaks still occur in the United States; currently there are outbreaks among people who use drugs, people experiencing homelessness, and men who have sex with men
Recent foodborne outbreaks in US traced to imported food
Common in many countries, especially those without modern sanitation
Effective vaccine available
About 2 in 3 people with hepatitis B do not know they are infected
About 50% of people with hepatitis B in the U.S are Asian
Hepatitis B is a leading cause of liver cancer
About 50% of people with hepatitis C do not know they are infected
3 in 4 people with hepatitis C were born from 1945-1965
Hepatitis C is a leading cause of liver transplants and liver cancer
How long does it last?
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A can last from a few weeks to several months. Hepatitis B can range from a mild illness, lasting a few weeks, to a serious, life-long (chronic) condition. More than 90% of unimmunized infants who get infected develop a chronic infection, but 6%–10% of older children and adults who get infected develop chronic hepatitis B. Hepatitis C can range from a mild illness, lasting a few weeks, to a serious, life-long (chronic) infection. Most people who get infected with the hepatitis C virus develop chronic hepatitis C.
How is it spread?
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A is spread when a person ingests fecal matter—even in microscopic amounts—from contact with objects, food, or drinks contaminated by feces or stool from an infected person. Hepatitis B is primarily spread when blood, semen, or certain other body fluids- even in microscopic amounts – from a person infected with the hepatitis B virus enters the body of someone who is not infected. The hepatitis B virus can also be transmitted from:
Birth to an infected mother
Sex with an infected person
Sharing equipment that has been contaminated with blood from an infected person, such as needles, syringes, and even medical equipment, such as glucose monitors
Sharing personal items such as toothbrushes or razors
Poor infection control has resulted in outbreaks in health care facilities
Hepatitis C is spread when blood from a person infected with the Hepatitis C virus – even in microscopic amounts – enters the body of someone who is not infected. The hepatitis C virus can also be transmitted from:
Sharing equipment that has been contaminated with blood from an infected person, such as needles and syringes
Receiving a blood transfusion or organ transplant before 1992 (when widespread screening virtually eliminated hepatitis C from the blood supply)
Poor infection control has resulted in outbreaks in health care facilities
Birth to an infected mother
Who should be vaccinated?
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
All children at age 1 year
Travelers to countries where hepatitis A is common
Family and caregivers of adoptees from countries where hepatitis A is common
Men who have sexual encounters with other men
People who use drugs, whether injected or not
People with chronic or long-term liver disease, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C
People with clotting-factor disorders
People with direct contact with others who have hepatitis A
Any person wishing to obtain immunity (protection)
People who are experiencing homelessness
All infants
All children and adolescents younger than 19 years of age who have not been vaccinated
People at risk for infection by sexual exposure including: people whose sex partners have hepatitis B, sexually active people who are not in a long-term, mutually moAll children at age 1 year
Travelers to countries where hepatitis A is common
Family and caregivers of adoptees from countries where hepatitis A is common
Men who have sexual encounters with other men
People who use drugs, whether injected or not
People with chronic or long-term liver disease, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C
People with clotting-factor disorders
People with direct contact with others who have hepatitis A
Any person wishing to obtain immunity (protection)
People who are experiencing homelessness
All infants
All children and adolescents younger than 19 years of age who have not been vaccinated
People at risk for infection by sexual exposure including: people whose sex partners have hepatitis B, sexually active people who are not in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship, people seeking evaluation or treatment for an STD, and men who have sex with men
People at risk for infection by exposure to blood including: people who inject drugs, people who live with a person who has hepatitis B, residents and staff of facilities for developmentally disabled people, health care and public safety workers at risk for exposure to blood or blood-contaminated body fluids on the job
Hemodialysis patients and predialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and home dialysis patients
People with diabetes aged 19–59 years; people with diabetes aged 60 or older should ask their doctor.
International travelers to countries where hepatitis B is common
People with hepatitis C
People with chronic liver disease
People with HIV
People who are in jail or prison
All other people seeking protection from hepatitis B virus infection
There is no vaccine available for hepatitis C.kWhat causes it?
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis C virus
Number of U.S. cases
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
About 6,700 new infections each year
About 22,100 new infections each year
Estimated 862,000 people living with hepatitis B
About 44,300 new infections each year
Estimated 2.4 million people living with hepatitis C
Key facts
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
Effective vaccine available
Outbreaks still occur in the United States; currently there are outbreaks among people who use drugs, people experiencing homelessness, and men who have sex with men
Recent foodborne outbreaks in US traced to imported food
Common in many countries, especially those without modern sanitation
Effective vaccine available
About 2 in 3 people with hepatitis B do not know they are infected
About 50% of people with hepatitis B in the U.S are Asian
Hepatitis B is a leading cause of liver cancer
About 50% of people with hepatitis C do not know they are infected
3 in 4 people with hepatitis C were born from 1945-1965
Hepatitis C is a leading cause of liver transplants and liver cancer
How long does it last?
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A can last from a few weeks to several months. Hepatitis B can range from a mild illness, lasting a few weeks, to a serious, life-long (chronic) condition. More than 90% of unimmunized infants who get infected develop a chronic infection, but 6%–10% of older children and adults who get infected develop chronic hepatitis B. Hepatitis C can range from a mild illness, lasting a few weeks, to a serious, life-long (chronic) infection. Most people who get infected with the hepatitis C virus develop chronic hepatitis C.
How is it spread?
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A is spread when a person ingests fecal matter—even in microscopic amounts—from contact with objects, food, or drinks contaminated by feces or stool from an infected person. Hepatitis B is primarily spread when blood, semen, or certain other body fluids- even in microscopic amounts – from a person infected with the hepatitis B virus enters the body of someone who is not infected. The hepatitis B virus can also be transmitted from:
Birth to an infected mother
Sex with an infected person
Sharing equipment that has been contaminated with blood from an infected person, such as needles, syringes, and even medical equipment, such as glucose monitors
Sharing personal items such as toothbrushes or razors
Poor infection control has resulted in outbreaks in health care facilities
Hepatitis C is spread when blood from a person infected with the Hepatitis C virus – even in microscopic amounts – enters the body of someone who is not infected. The hepatitis C virus can also be transmitted from:
Sharing equipment that has been contaminated with blood from an infected person, such as needles and syringes
Receiving a blood transfusion or organ transplant before 1992 (when widespread screening virtually eliminated hepatitis C from the blood supply)
Poor infection control has resulted in outbreaks in health care facilities
Birth to an infected mother
Who should be vaccinated?
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C
All children at age 1 year
Travelers to countries where hepatitis A is common
Family and caregivers of adoptees from countries where hepatitis A is common
Men who have sexual encounters with other men
People who use drugs, whether injected or not
People with chronic or long-term liver disease, including hepatitis B or hepatitis C
People with clotting-factor disorders
People with direct contact with others who have hepatitis A
Any person wishing to obtain immunity (protection)
People who are experiencing homelessness
All infants
All children and adolescents younger than 19 years of age who have not been vaccinated
People at risk for infection by sexual exposure including: people whose sex partners have hepatitis B, sexually active people who are not in a long-term, mutually monogamous
Hepatitis
Also called: Viral hepatitis
Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver.
Viruses cause most cases of hepatitis. The type of hepatitis is named for the virus that causes it; for example, hepatitis A, hepatitis B or hepatitis C. Drug or alcohol use can also cause hepatitis. In other cases, your body mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the liver.
Some people who have hepatitis have no symptoms. Others may have
Loss of appetite
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea
Dark-colored urine and pale bowel movements
Stomach pain
Jaundice, yellowing of skin and eyes
Some forms of hepatitis are mild, and others can be serious. Some can lead to scarring, called cirrhosis, or to liver cancer.
Sometimes hepatitis goes away by itself. If it does not, it can be treated with drugs. Sometimes hepatitis lasts a lifetime. Vaccines can help prevent some viral forms
Hepatitis: Viral Hepatitis A, B, & C
Several viruses are known to cause hepatitis, which refers to inflammation of the liver. There are many causes of hepatitis and prevention is discussed. Hepatitis Types A, B, and C are outlined.
Hepatitis: Viral Hepatitis A, B, & C Menu
What is hepatitis?
Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver. Inflammation is a tissue’s reaction to irritation or injury. It generally results in pain, redness, and swelling.
There are many causes of hepatitis. Viral hepatitis is caused by a virus. Viral hepatitis can either be acute (lasting less than 6 months) or chronic (lasting more than 6 months). Viral hepatitis can be spread from person to person. Some types of viral hepatitis can be spread through sexual contact.
Several viruses are known to cause hepatitis. Common forms of viral hepatitis include:
Hepatitis A: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there were about 3,050 instances of acute hepatitis A infections in the U.S. in 2012. This form of hepatitis does not lead to a chronic infection and usually has no complications. The liver usually heals from hepatitis A within 2 months. However, occasional deaths from hepatitis A have occurred due to liver failure. Hepatitis A can be prevented by vaccination.
Hepatitis B: This form of hepatitis infects between 200,000 and 300,000 people in the U.S. each year, but as many as 1.2 million people might be carrying the disease. More than 70% of all cases of hepatitis B affect young people between the ages of 15 and 39. Most people recover from the virus within 6 months. However, a few cases cause a life-long, chronic infection. Chronic hepatitis causes ongoing damage to the liver. The earlier in life hepatitis B is contracted, the more likely it is to become chronic. People can carry the virus without feeling sick. These people can still spread the virus. Hepatitis B can be prevented by getting a vaccine.
Hepatitis C: Hepatitis C is one of the most common causes of liver disease in the U.S., and the number one reason for liver transplant. At least 80% of patients with hepatitis C develop a chronic liver infection. About 3.2 million people in the U.S. are estimated to have chronic hepatitis C infection. It often does not show any symptoms. No vaccine is yet available to prevent hepatitis C.
Most people recover from hepatitis, and the disease is often preventable. However, it is still considered a serious health risk because it can:
Destroy liver tissue.
Spread easily from person to person.
Weaken the body's immune system.
Cause the liver to fail.
Cause liver cancer.
Cause death.
Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy
How does someone get or spread hepatitis?
A person can get hepatitis A from eating food or drinking water carrying the virus. A person can get hepatitis B in many ways, including:
Having sex with an infected person.
Sharing dirty needles.
Being in direct contact with infected blood.
Getting needle stick injuries.
Being transferred from mother to unborn child.
Being in contact with an infected person's body fluids.
An infected mother has a high chance of giving hepatitis B to her child during or after birth. All pregnant women should be tested for hepatitis B. Within 12 hours of birth, infants born to mothers with hepatitis B need to receive treatment with hepatitis B antibody and hepatitis B vaccine. This can prevent transmission of hepatitis B from mother to the baby.
A person can get hepatitis C from:
Sharing dirty needles.
Being in direct contact with infected blood.
Getting needle stick injuries.
Having sex with an infected person (less common).
Blood products are currently tested for hepatitis B and C, so it is not likely that a person will get hepatitis from receiving them. However, blood transfusions or organ transplants before 1992 might have not been tested for hepatRequest an Appointment
Patient Care & Health Information
Diseases & Conditions
Hepatitis B
Sectionsfor Hepatitis B
Overview
Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). For some people, hepatitis B infection becomes chronic, meaning it lasts more than six months. Having chronic hepatitis B increases your risk of developing liver failure, liver cancer or cirrhosis — a condition that permanently scars of the liver.
Advertisement
Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission.
Advertising & Sponsorship
PolicyOpportunitiesAd Choices
Most adults with hepatitis B recover fully, even if their signs and symptoms are severe. Infants and children are more likely to develop a chronic (long-lasting) hepatitis B infection.
A vaccine can prevent hepatitis B, but there's no cure if you have the condition. If you're infected, taking certain precautions can help prevent spreading the virus to others.
Products & Services
Book: The Mayo Clinic A to Z Health Guide
Show more products from Mayo Clinic
Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of hepatitis B range from mild to severe. They usually appear about one to four months after you've been infected, although you could see them as early as two weeks post-infection. Some people, usually young children, may not have any symptoms.
Hepatitis B signs and symptoms may include:
Abdominal pain
Dark urine
Fever
Joint pain
Loss of appetite
Nausea and vomiting
Weakness and fatigue
Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
When to see a doctor
If you know you've been exposed to hepatitis B, contact your doctor immediately. A preventive treatment may reduce your risk of infection if you receive the treatment within 24 hours of exposure to the virus.
If you think you have signs or symptoms of hepatitis B, contact your doctor.
Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic
Causes
Hepatitis B infection is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus is passed from person to person through blood, semen or other body fluids. It does not spread by sneezing or coughing.
Common ways that HBV can spread are:
Sexual contact. You may get hepatitis B if you have unprotected sex with someone who is infected. The virus can pass to you if the person's blood, saliva, semen or vaginal secretions enter your body.
Sharing of needles. HBV easily spreads through needles and syringes contaminated with infected blood. Sharing IV drug paraphernalia puts you at high risk of hepatitis B.
Accidental needle sticks. Hepatitis B is a concern for health care workers and anyone else who comes in contact with human blood.
Mother to child. Pregnant women infected with HBV can pass the virus to their babies during childbirth. However, the newborn can be vaccinated to avoid getting infected in almost all cases. Talk to your doctor about being tested for hepatitis B if you are pregnant or want to become pregnant.
Acute vs. chronic hepatitis B
Hepatitis B infection may be either short-lived (acute) or long lasting (chronic).
Acute hepatitis B infection lasts less than six months. Your immune system likely can clear acute hepatitis B from your body, and you should recover completely within a few months. Most people who get hepatitis B as adults have an acute infection, but it can lead to chronic infection.
Chronic hepatitis B infection lasts six months or longer. It lingers because your immune system can't fight off the infection. Chronic hepatitis B infection may last a lifetime, possibly leading to serious illnesses such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.
The younger you are when you get hepatitis B — particularly newborns or children younger than 5 — the higher your risk of the infection becoming chronic. Chronic infection may go undetected for decades until a person becomes seriously ill from liver disease.
Risk factors
Hepatitis B spreads through contact with blood, semen or other body fluids from an infected person. Your risk
Are a man who has sex with other men
Live with someone who has a chronic HBV infection
Are an infant born to an infected mother
Have a job that exposes you to human blood
Travel to regions with high infection rates of HBV, such as Asia, the Pacific Islands, Africa and Eastern Europe
Complications
Having a chronic HBV infection can lead to serious complications, such as:
Scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). The inflammation associated with a hepatitis B infection can lead to extensive liver scarring (cirrhosis), which may impair the liver's ability to function.
Liver cancer. People with chronic hepatitis B infection have an increased risk of liver cancer.
Liver failure. Acute liver failure is a condition in which the vital functions of the liver shut down. When that occurs, a liver transplant is necessary to sustain life.
Other conditions. People with chronic hepatitis B may develop kidney disease or inflammation of blood vessels.
Prevention
The hepatitis B vaccine is typically given as three or four injections over six months. You can't get hepatitis B from the vaccine.
The hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for:
Newborns
Children and adolescents not vaccinated at birth
Those who work or live in a center for people who are developmentally disabled
People who live with someone who has hepatitis B
Health care workers, emergency workers and other people who come into contact with blood
Anyone who has a sexually transmitted infection, including HIV
Men who have sex with men
People who have multiple sexual partners
Sexual partners of someone who has hepatitis B
People who inject illegal drugs or share needles and syringes
People with chronic liver disease
People with end-stage kidney disease
Travelers planning to go to an area of the world with a high hepatitis B infection rate
Take precautions to avoid HBV
Other ways to reduce your risk of HBV include:
Know the HBV status of any sexual partner. Don't engage in unprotected sex unless you're absolutely certain your partner isn't infected with HBV or any other sexually transmitted infection.
Use a new latex or polyurethane condom every time you have sex if you don't know the health status of your partner. Remember that although condoms can reduce your risk of contracting HBV, they don't eliminate the risk.
Don't use illegal drugs. If you use illicit drugs, get help to stop. If you can't stop, use a sterile needle each time you inject illicit drugs. Never share needles.
Be cautious about body piercing and tattooing. If you get a piercing or tattoo, look for a reputable shop. Ask about how the equipment is cleaned. Make sure the employees use sterile needles. If you can't get answers, look for another shop.
Ask about the hepatitis B vaccine before you travel. If you're traveling to a region where hepatitis B is common, ask your doctor about the hepatitis B vaccine in advance. It's usually given in a series of three injections over a six-month period.
AHepatitis B
Sectionsfor Hepatitis B
Diagnosis
Your doctor will examine you and look for signs of liver damage, such as yellowing skin or belly pain. Tests that can help diagnose hepatitis B or its complications are:
Blood tests. Blood tests can detect signs of the hepatitis B virus in your body and tell your doctor whether it's acute or chronic. A simple blood test can also determine if you're immune to the condition.
Liver ultrasound. A special ultrasound called transient elastography can show the amount of liver damage.
Liver biopsy. Your doctor might remove a small sample of your liver for testing (liver biopsy) to check for liver damage. During this test, your doctor inserts a thin needle through your skin and into your liver and removes a tissue sample for laboratory analysis.
Screening healthy people for hepatitis B
Doctors sometimes test certain healthy people for hepatitis B infection because the virus can damage the liver before causing signs and symptoms. Talk to your doctor about screening for hepatitis B infection if you:
Are pregnant
Live with someone who has hepatitis B
Have had many sexual partners
Have had sex with someone who has hepatitis B
Are a man who has sex with men
Have a history of a sexually transmitted illness
Have HIV or hepatitis C
Have a liver enzyme test with unexplained abnormal results
Receive kidney dialysis
Take medications that suppress the immune system, such as those used to prevent rejection after an organ transplant
Use illegal injected drugs
Are in prison
Were born in a country where hepatitis B is common, including Asia, the Pacific Islands, Africa and Eastern Europe
Have parents or adopted children from places where hepatitis B is common, including Asia, the Pacific Islands, Africa and Eastern Europe
Request an Appointment
Patient Care & Health Information
Diseases & Conditions
Hepatitis A
Sectionsfor Hepatitis A
Overview
Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. The virus is one of several types of hepatitis viruses that cause inflammation and affect your liver's ability to function.
You're most likely to get hepatitis A from contaminated food or water or from close contact with a person or object that's infected. Mild cases of hepatitis A don't require treatment. Most people who are infected recover completely with no permanent liver damage.
Advertisement
Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission.
Advertising & Sponsorship
PolicyOpportunitiesAd Choices
Practicing good hygiene, including washing hands frequently, is one of the best ways to protect against hepatitis A. Vaccines are available for people most at risk.
Products & Services
Book: The Mayo Clinic A to Z Health Guide
Show more products from Mayo Clinic
Symptoms
Hepatitis A signs and symptoms typically don't appear until you've had the virus for a few weeks. But not everyone with hepatitis A develops them. If you do, hepatitis signs and symptoms can include:
Fatigue
Sudden nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain or discomfort, especially on the upper right side beneath your lower ribs (by your liver)
Clay-colored bowel movements
Loss of appetite
Low-grade fever
Dark urine
Joint pain
Yellowing of the skin and the whites of your eyes (jaundice)
Intense itching
These symptoms may be relatively mild and go away in a few weeks. Sometimes, however, hepatitis A infection results in a severe illness that lasts several months.
When to see a doctor
Make an appointment with your doctor if you have signs or symptoms of hepatitis A.
Getting a hepatitis A vaccine or an injection of immunoglobulin (an antibody) within two weeks of exposure to hepatitis A may protect you from infection. Ask your doctor or your local health department about receiving the hepatitis A vaccine if:
You've traveled out of the country recently, particularly to Mexico or South or Central America, or to areas with poor sanitation
A restaurant where you recently ate reports a hepatitis A outbreak
Someone close to you, such as a roommate or caregiver, is diagnosed with hepatitis A
You recently had sexual contact with someone who has hepatitis A
Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic
Causes
Hepatitis A is caused by a virus that infects liver cells and causes inflammation. The inflammation can affect how your liver works and cause other signs and symptoms of hepatitis A.
The virus most commonly spreads when you eat or drink something contaminated with fecal matter, even just tiny amounts. It does not spread through sneezing or coughing.
Here are some of the specific ways the hepatitis A virus can spread:
Eating food handled by someone with the virus who doesn't thoroughly wash his or her hands after using the toilet
Drinking contaminated water
Eating raw shellfish from water polluted with sewage
Being in close contact with a person who's infected — even if that person has no signs or symptoms
Having sex with someone who has the virus
Risk factors
You're at increased risk of hepatitis A if you:
Travel or work in areas of the world where hepatitis A is common
Attend child care or work in a child care center
Live with another person who has hepatitis A
Are a man who has sexual contact with other men
Have any type of sexual contact with someone who has hepatitis A
Are HIV positive
Are experiencing homelessness
Have a clotting-factor disorder, such as hemophilia
Use any type of illegal drugs (not just those that are injected)
Complications
Unlike other types of viral hepatitis, hepatitis A does not cause long-term liver damage, and it doesn't become chronic.
In rare cases, hepatitis A can cause a sudden loss of liver function, especially in older adults or people with chronic liver diseases. A
Last updated Fri 24 Nov 2017 By Adam Felman Reviewed by Daniel Murrell, MD
Table of contents
Hepatitis refers to an inflammation of the liver cells and damage to the liver. There are different types and causes, but the symptoms can be similar.
The liver's functions include detoxifying the blood, storing vitamins, and producing hormones. Hepatitis can disrupt these processes and create severe health problems throughout the body.
At least five viruses can cause hepatitis. The three most common are hepatitis viruses A, B and C. Infection with any of these three can be fatal.
Other types of hepatitis can result from overconsumption of alcohol or an autoimmune condition. This article will look at hepatitis A, B, and C. These are forms of hepatitis transmitted by a virus.
In the United States, the incidence of hepatitis A has been falling for the last 20 years, but acute hepatitis C has seen an increase of 44 percent between 2011 and 2012.
Types
he three main types of hepatitis are known as hepatitis A, B, and C. Each is caused by a different virus. All three types can be acute, lasting for 6 months or less, and types B and C can be chronic, lasting for longer.
Each type has different characteristics and is transmitted in different ways, but symptoms tend to be similar.
Hepatitis A
In the United States (U.S.), 1,390 cases of hepatitis A were reported in 2015.
It is often mild, and most people make a full recovery, after which they are immune and therefore protected from the virus in the future. However, if it progresses, symptoms can be severe or life-threatening.
People in parts of the world with poor sanitation are particularly at risk of contracting HAV.
There are safe and effective vaccines that protect against this virus.
Causes, symptoms, and treatment of hepatitis A
Find out more details about Hepatitis A
READ NOW
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B can be transmitted when a person:
has unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person
shares a needle with an infected person, often for illegal drug or steroid use
has a tattoo created with unsterilized needles
is accidentally pricked, for example, health workers dealing with sharp objects
shares personal items, such as a toothbrush or razor, with an infected person
is bitten by someone who is infected
An infected mother can pass the virus on to her infant when breast-feeding.
The liver of a person infected with hepatitis B swells. Severe damage can result.
HBV infection can become chronic. This can lead to complications, including scarring of the liver, or cirrhosis. It can also cause a type of cancer known as hepatocellular carcinoma.
In 2015, 887,000 deaths worldwide were linked to HBV, mostly as a result of complications such as these.
In the U.S., there were 3,370 reported cases of HBV, but the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that the real figure may be around 21,900.
There is not currently a cure for HBV. However, the incidence rate has dropped in countries where the vaccine is available, and this vaccine is 95 percent effective against the infection.
There is a safe and effective vaccine that can protect against HBV.
Hepatitis C
HCV can lead to liver damage and swelling. Around 1 in 4 people with HCV get cirrhosis, and this can lead to liver cancer.
Donated blood is now tested for HCV, but people who received organ transplants or blood donations before testing became part of the donation process may be at risk.
Other at-risk groups include healthcare workers who are exposed to sharps, users of intravenous drugs, and infants born to mothers with HCV.
The number of cases of HCV in the U.S. rose nearly threefold between 2010 and 2015 when 2,436 cases were reported. However, the CDC estimate that 33,900 infections occurred in 2015, including those not reported.sTreatment
Some types and cases of hepatitis can heal without intervention, but sometimes it can progress to scarring of the liver, or cirrhosis.
Hepatitis A
There is no specific treatment for HAV. The doctor will advise the patient to abstain from alcohol and drugs during the recovery. Most patients with hepatitis A will recover without intervention.
Hepatitis B
A patient with HBV needs to rest and abstain completely from alcohol. The doctor may prescribe an antiviral agent called interferon, or other antiviral suppressive therapies.
Hepatitis C
A patient with hepatitis C will be prescribed antiviral agents, with or without ribavirin.
Some directed antivirals and combination therapies are now available to treat the hepatitis C virus based on its subtype. These treatments target viral replication and prevent the virus from being able to reproduce. When taken correctly, the cure rate is very high.
These medications can be expensive, and insurers may have specific criteria for treatment.
FSymptoms
Many people with hepatitis experience either mild or no symptoms. When symptoms appear, they can do so from 15 to 180 days after infection. This applies to all types of hepatitis.
Acute hepatitis
The initial phase of hepatitis is called the acute phase. The symptoms are similar to mild flu, and may include:
fatigue
loss of appetite
mild fever
muscle or joint aches
nausea
slight abdominal pain
vomiting
weight loss
jaundice
The acute phase is not usually dangerous, but in certain people, it can result in acute liver failure and death. It may also progress to a chronic infection. This is most likely with HBV or HCV.
As the disease progresses, chronic hepatitis can lead to progressive liver failure, resulting in jaundice, swelling of the lower extremities, confusion, and blood in the feces or vomit.
The following may occur:
dark urine
hives
itchy skin
light-colored feces
yellow skin, whites of the eyes, and tongue
Patient outcomes after the acute phase depend on various factors, especially the type of hepatitis. Some people will not know they have chronic hepatitis until liver failure occurs.
Diagnosis
As the symptoms of the different types of hepatitis are similar, the type and severity of hepatitis may only be diagnosed through laboratory tests.
A doctor will perform a physical examination and ask for a medical history to assess whether a patient has been exposed to a likely cause of hepatitis.
If a patient recently traveled abroad, they may have HAV. If they have had unprotected sex, they may have HBV.
If hepatitis is suspected, the following tests can confirm a diagnosis:
Blood tests: These can detect whether the body is producing antibodies to fight the disease, and they can assess liver function by checking the levels of certain liver proteins and enzymes.
Nucleic acid tests: For hepatitis B and C, an HBV DNA or HCV RNA test can confirm the speed at which the virus is reproducing in the liver, and this will show how active the disease is.
A liver biopsy: This can measure the extent of liver damage and the possibility of cancer.
Paracentesis: Abdominal fluid is extracted and tested, to identify the cause of fluid accumulation.
Elastography: This measures the liver's stiffness by emitting sound waves.
Surrogate markers: A type of blood test to assess the development of cirrhosis and fibrosis.
Treatment will depend on the diagnosis.
Causes
The three most common types of viral hepatitis are all caused by viral infections.
Hepatitis A is caused by consuming food or water infected with the hepatitis A virus (HAV), often while traveling abroad. The virus can also be transmitted through anal-oral contact during sex or by injecting drugs.
Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and is spread through contact with infected blood, semen, and some other body fluids. It can be a sexually transmitted disease (STD).
Hepatitis C mostly results from percutaneous infection, occurring when the HCV virus gets under the skin. It is usually spread through injected narcotics, needle-stick injuries, and a lack of infection control in healthcare settings.
HCV cannot be caught from contact with feces, and sexual transmission is less common than in other types.
Alcohol, medicines, obesity, and chemical exposure do not cause types A, B, or C, but they may aggravate inflammation and make symptoms worse.
Prevention
Hepatitis can be dangerous and difficult to treat, so people are advised to take precautions against possible infection.
Preventing hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is mostly spread through infected food and water.
The following steps can help avoid infection, especially when traveling.
Wash hands with soap after using the bathroom.
Only consume food that has just been cooked.
Only drink commercially bottled water, or boiled water if you're unsure of local sanitation.
Only eat peelable fruits if you are in a location with unreliable sanitation
Only eat raw vegetables if you are sure they have been cleaned or disinfected thoroughly.
Get a vaccine for HAV before traveling to places where hepatitis may be endemic.
Preventing hepatitis B
To minimize the risk of transmission:
Tell any sex partner if you are a carrier or try to find out if they carry the disease.
Practice safe sex using condoms.
Only use previously unusrOnly use previously unused, clean needles.
Do not share toothbrushes, razors, or manicure instruments.
Only allow the use of well-sterilized skin perforating equipment, such as during a tattoo, piercing, or acupuncture.
Have the HBV vaccination if you are at risk.
How to prevent hepatitis C
As this is often passed on through the transfer of infected bodily fluids, the following steps can help prevent HCV transmission:
Do not share needles, toothbrushes, or manicure equipment.
Make sure equipment is well-sterilized for any skin piercing.
Consume alcohol with moderation.
Do not inject illegal drugs.
Hepatitis A and C are curable, but hepatitis B is only preventable by vaccine. A cure is still under development.
Outlook
The different types of hepatitis have different chances of recovery.
Hepatitis A: This type of hepatitis will normally resolve in 2 months without leaving any long-term effects. A person with HAV will usually be immune to hepatitis A for the rest of their life.
Hepatitis B: Most adults infected with the HBV virus recover within 90 days and achieve lifelong immunity. However, 90 percent of infants, 20 percent of older children, and 5 percent of adults will develop a chronic infection and develop severe health problems, such as liver cancer and cirrhosis.
Hepatitis C: This becomes a lifelong infection in 70 to 85 percent of people that have the HCV virus. Hepatitis C is fatal in between 1 and 5 percent of people. The infection can now be cured, and 15 to 25 percent of people with HCV clear the infection without treatment.
Hepatitis (Viral Hepatitis, A, B, C, D, E, G)
Medical Author: Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD
Medical Editor: Jay W. Marks, MD
Medically Reviewed on 8/14/2018
Table of Contents
Viral hepatitis facts
Viral hepatitis definition and overview
What are the common types of viral hepatitis?
Who is at risk for viral hepatitis?
What are the symptoms and signs of viral hepatitis?
What is acute fulminant hepatitis?
What is chronic viral hepatitis?
How is viral hepatitis diagnosed?
What is the treatment for viral hepatitis?
How is viral hepatitis prevented?
Hepatitis Vaccinations
What is the prognosis of viral hepatitis?
Viral hepatitis facts
Readers Comments 1
Share Your Story
Many illnesses and conditions can cause inflammation of the liver (hepatitis), but certain viruses cause about half of all hepatitis in people.
Viruses that primarily attack the liver are called hepatitis viruses. There are several types of hepatitis viruses including types A, B, C, D, E, and possibly G. Types A, B, and C are the most common.
All hepatitis viruses can cause acute hepatitis.
Viral hepatitis types B and C can cause chronic hepatitis.
Symptoms of acute viral hepatitis include fatigue, flu-like symptoms, dark urine, light-colored stools, fever, and jaundice; however, acute viral hepatitis may occur with minimal symptoms that go unrecognized. Rarely, acute viral hepatitis causes fulminant hepatic failure.
The symptoms of chronic viral hepatitis often are mild and nonspecific, and the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis often is delayed.
Chronic viral hepatitis often requires treatment in order to prevent progressive liver damage, cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer.
Hepatitis infections can be prevented by avoiding exposure to viruses, and through injectable immunoglobulins or by vaccines; however, vaccines are available for only hepatitis A and B.
Those at risk for viral hepatitis B and C include workers in the health care profession, people with multiple sexual partners, intravenous drug abusers, and people with hemophilia. Blood transfusion is a rare cause of viral hepatitis.
Viral hepatitis definition and overview
Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. Many illnesses and conditions can cause inflammation of the liver, for example, drugs, alcohol, chemicals, and autoimmune diseases. Many viruses, for example, the virus causing mononucleosis and the cytomegalovirus, can inflame the liver. Most viruses, however, do not attack primarily the liver; the liver is just one of several organs that the viruses affect. When most doctors speak of viral hepatitis, they are using the definition that means hepatitis caused by a few specific viruses that primarily attack the liver and are responsible for about half of all human hepatitis. There are several hepatitis viruses; they have been named types A, B, C, D, E, F (not confirmed), and G. As our knowledge of hepatitis viruses grows, it is likely that this alphabetical list will become longer. The most common hepatitis viruses are types A, B, and C. Reference to the hepatitis viruses often occurs in an abbreviated form (for example, HAV, HBV, HCV represent hepatitis viruses A, B, and C, respectively.) The focus of this article is on these viruses that cause the majority of human viral hepatitis.
Hepatitis viruses replicate (multiply) primarily in the liver cells. This can cause the liver to be unable to perform its functions. The following is a list of major functions of the liver:
The liver helps purify the blood by changing harmful chemicals into harmless ones. The source of these chemicals can be external, such as medications or alcohol, or internal, such as ammonia or bilirubin. Typically, these harmful chemicals are broken down into smaller chemicals or attached to other chemicals that then are eliminated from the body in the urine or stool.
The liver produces many important substances, especially proteins that are necessary for good health. For example, it produces albumin, the protein building block of the body, as well as the proteins that cause blood to clot properly.
The liver stores many sugars, fats and vitamins until they are needed elsewhere in the body.
The liver builds smaller chemicals into larger, more complicated chemicals that are needed elsewhere in the body. Examples of this type of function are the manufacture of a fat, cholesterol, and the protein bilirubin.
When the liver is inflamed, it does not perform these functions well, which brings about many of the symptoms, signs, and problems associated with any type of hepatitis. Each hepatitis viral type (A-F) has both articles and books describing the details of infection with that specific virus. This article is designed to give the reader an overview of the predominant viruses that cause viral hepatitis, their symptoms, diagnosis, and treatments, and should help the reader choose the subject(s) for more in depth information.
What are the common types of viral hepatitis?
Although the most common types of viral hepatitis are HAV, HBV and HCV, some clinicians had previously considered the acute and chronic phases of hepatic infections as "types" of viral hepatitis. HAV was considered to be acute viral hepatitis because the HAV infections seldom caused permanent liver damage that led to hepatic (liver) failure. HBV and HCV produced chronic viral hepatitis. However, these terms are outdated and not currently used as frequently because all of the viruses that cause hepatitis may have acute phase symptoms (see symptoms below). Prevention techniques and vaccinations have markedly reduced the current incidence of common viral hepatitis infections; however, there remains a population of about 1 to 2 million people in the U.S. with chronic HBV, and about 3.5 million with chronic HCV according to the CDC. Statistics are incomplete for determining how many new infections occur each year; the CDC documented infections but then goes on to estimate the actual numbers by further estimating the number of unreported infections (see following sections and reference 1).
Hepatitis A (HAV)
In 2016, there were 2,007 new HAV cases reported to the CDC. The hepatitis caused by HAV is an acute illness (acute viral hepatitis) that never becomes chronic. At one time, hepatitis A was referred to as "infectious hepatitis" because it could be spread easily from person to person like other viral infections. Infection with hepatitis A virus can be spread through the ingestion of food or water, especially where unsanitary conditions allow water or food to become contaminated by human waste containing hepatitis A (the fecal-oral mode of transmission). Hepatitis A typically is spread among household members and close contacts through the passage of oral secretions (intimate kissing) or stool (poor hand washing). It also is common to have infection spread to customers in restaurants and among children and workers in day care centers if hand washing and sanitary precautions are not observed.
Hepatitis B (HBV)
There were 3,218 new cases of HBV infection estimated by the CDC in 2016 and more than 1,698 people died due to the consequences of chronic hepatitis B infection in the United States according to the CDC. HBV hepatitis was at one time referred to as "serum hepatitis," because it was thought that the only way HBV could spread was through blood or serum (the liquid portion of blood) containing the virus. It is now known that HBV can spread by sexual contact, the transfer of blood or serum through shared needles in drug abusers, accidental needle sticks with needles contaminated with infected blood, blood transfusions, hemodialysis, and by infected mothers to their newborns. The infection also can be spread by tattooing, body piercing, and sharing razors and toothbrushes (if there is contamination with infected blood). About 5% to 10% of patients with HBV hepatitis develop chronic HBV infection (infection lasting at least six months and often years to decades) and can infect others as long as they remain infected. Patients with chronic HBV infection also are at risk of developing cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. It is estimated that there are 2.2 million people in the U.S. and 2 billion people world-wide who suffer with chronic HBV infections.
Hepatitis C (HCV)
The CDC reported that there were 2,967 reported new cases of hepatitis C in 2016. The CDC reports that the actual number of acute cases are estimated to be 13.9 times the number of reported cases in any year, thus, it is estimated that there were actually 41,200 acute hepatitis C cases occurring in 2016. HCV hepatitis was previously referred to as "non-A, non-B hepatitis," because the causative virus had not been identified, but it was known to be neither HAV nor HBV. HCV usually is spread by shared needles among drug abusers, blood transfusion, hemodialysis, and needle sticks. Approximately 75-90% of LEARN
GET CARE
GET INVOLVED
DONATE
SEARCH
Español
Learn
Get Care
Get Involved
Donate
Home Learn Sexually Transmitted Infections (STDs) Hepatitis B Current: What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis B?
What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis B?
In This Section
Hepatitis B often doesn’t show symptoms, and it usually goes away on its own. Most people don’t even know they have it. When there are hepatitis B symptoms, it can feel like the flu.
Want to get tested for hepatitis B?
FIND A HEALTH CENTER
Hepatitis B often has no symptoms.
About half of adults with hepatitis B never get any symptoms. The symptoms can also feel like other illnesses, like the flu. So it’s possible to have the infection and not know it.
Symptoms of hepatitis B
When people do show signs of hepatitis B, the first ones usually show up between 6 weeks and 6 months after they got the virus. Hepatitis B symptoms typically last for a few weeks, but can sometimes stick around for months.
These are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis B:
feeling really tired
pain in your belly
losing your appetite
nausea and vomiting
pain in your joints
headache
fever
hives
dark-colored urine (pee)
pale, clay-colored bowel movements (poop)
jaundice — when your eyes and skin get yellow
If you have any symptoms of hepatitis B, it’s important to check with a doctor or nurse for testing. Hepatitis B usually will go away by itself, but it may become chronic and seriously damage your liver.
Should I get tested for hepatitis B?
In This Section
You should get tested if you’ve had unprotected sex or think you’ve been exposed to hepatitis B another way. You should also get tested if you have symptoms.
Want to get tested for hepatitis B? FIND A HEALTH CENTER
How do I know if I have hepatitis B?
Like all STDs, the only way to know for sure if you have hepatitis B is to get tested — whether or not you have symptoms.
If you’re showing any signs of hepatitis B, you should get tested. It’s also a good idea to get a test if you had unprotected sex or shared a needle, razor, or toothbrush with someone who has hepatitis B (even if you don’t have symptoms).
Your nurse or doctor will take a quick blood sample to test you for hepatitis B. It may take up to two months after infection for the test to be accurate — but if you’re not feeling well, don’t wait to see a doctor or nurse.
Where can I get a hepatitis B test?
You can get tested for hepatitis B and other STDs at your doctor’s office, community health clinic, the health department, or your local Planned Parenthood health center.
Getting tested for STDs can sometimes feel scary, but once you get it over with it can really put your mind at ease. And if you DO have an STD, it’s best to know sooner so you can get the care you need.
STD testing isn’t usually part of your regular checkup or gynecologist exam — you have to ask for it directly. Be open and honest with your nurse or doctor so they can help figure out what tests are best for you. Don’t be embarrassed: doctors are there to help, not judge.
It’s extra important to get tested if you’re pregnant or trying to get pregnant. Hepatitis B can easily spread to your baby during birth, which can be dangerous. If you have hepatitis B, your doctor can give your baby treatments.
Previous
What are the signs and symptoms of hepatitis B?
Next
How do I get treated for hepatitis B?
Was this page helpful?
YES
NO
Adults Living with Hepatitis B
If you test positive for the hepatitis B virus for longer than 6 months, this indicates that you have a chronic hepatitis B infection.
All patients with chronic hepatitis B infections, including children and adults, should be monitored regularly since they are at increased risk for developing cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer.
You should make an appointment with a hepatologist (liver specialist) or gastroenterologist familiar with hepatitis B. This specialist will order blood tests and possibly a liver ultrasound to evaluate your hepatitis B status and the health of your liver. Your doctor will probably want to see you at least once or twice a year to monitor your hepatitis B and determine if you would benefit from treatment.
Not everyone who tests positive for hepatitis B will require medication. Depending on your test results, you and your doctor might decide to wait and monitor your condition. If your test results indicate that you would be a good candidate for treatment, then your doctor will discuss the current treatment options with you. Whether you start treatment or not, your doctor will want to see you every six months, or at minimum once every year.
Before you start any treatment, make sure you research each treatment option, and ask your doctor to thoroughly explain each option, so that you are well informed. It also might be a good idea to get a second opinion from another doctor before starting any treatment, because more information is always better!
Once you are diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B, the virus will most likely stay in your blood and liver for a lifetime. It is important to know that you can pass the virus along to others, even if you don’t feel sick. This is why it’s so important that you make sure that all close household contacts and sex partners are tested and vaccinated against hepatitis B.
While living with hepatitis B can be difficult and scary at first, the more information and support that you have, the easier it gets. Many patients become such experts at managing their hepatitis B that they sometimes teach their health care providers about the latest research and information!
The most important thing to remember is that hepatitis B is a chronic medical condition (such as diabetes and high blood pressure) that can be successfully managed if you take good care of your health and your liver. You should expect to live a long, full life.
KidsHealth / for Teens / Hepatitis
Hepatitis
Reviewed by: Jolanda M. Denham, MD
en español
Hepatitis
What Is Hepatitis?
Hepatitis (pronounced: hep-uh-TIE-tiss) is an inflammation of the liver. The liver, in the right side of the abdomen, is an important organ that processes nutrients, metabolizes medicines, and helps clear toxins from the body.
Most cases of hepatitis are caused by a virus. The three most common hepatitis viruses are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. (Hepatitis viruses D and E are rare in the United States.)
Hepatitis that's not caused by a virus can happen from things such as:
a bacterial infection
liver injury caused by a toxin (poison)
liver damage caused by interruption of the organ's normal blood supply
liver damage caused by interruption of the flow of bile through the liver
abdominal trauma in the area of the liver
an attack on the liver by the body's own immune system (called autoimmune hepatitis)
a problem with the liver itself
What Is Hepatitis A?
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is contagious, usually spreading to others through food, drink, or objects contaminated by feces (poop) containing HAV. The hepatitis A vaccine has helped to make the infection rare in the United States and other developed countries.
Although a hepatitis A infection can cause severe symptoms, unlike some other hepatitis viruses, it rarely leads to long-lasting liver damage. People who have recovered from a hepatitis A infection have immunity to the virus and won't get it again.
Read more about hepatitis A.
What Is Hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is a more serious infection. It can lead to cirrhosis (permanent scarring) of the liver, liver failure, or liver cancer, causing severe illness and even death.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) spreads from person to person through blood or other body fluids. It also can be passed from an infected mother to her unborn baby. In the United States, this most commonly happens through unprotected sex with someone who has the disease or from injecting drugs with shared needles that aren't sterilized.
The hepatitis B vaccine is approved for people of all ages to prevent HBV infection.
Read more about hepatitis B.
What Is Hepatitis C?
Like hepatitis B, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) spreads from person to person through blood or other body fluids, and can lead to cirrhosis or liver cancer. The most common way people become infected is by sharing drug paraphernalia such as needles and straws. People also can get hepatitis C from unprotected sex with an infected partner. And it can be passed from an infected mother to her unborn baby.
Hepatitis C is the most serious type of hepatitis. It's now one of the most common reasons for liver transplants in adults. Scientists have been trying for decades to develop a hepatitis C vaccine, but none has been successful yet. Fortunately, medicines can now treat people with hepatitis C and cure them in most cases.
Read more about hepatitis C.
Reviewed by: Jolanda M. Denham, MD
Date reviewed: August 2017
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is the term used to describe inflammation of the liver. It's usually the result of a viral infection or liver damage caused by drinking alcohol.
There are several different types of hepatitis, most of which are outlined below.
Some types will pass without any serious problems, while others can be long-lasting (chronic) and cause scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), loss of liver function and, in some cases, liver cancer.
Symptoms of hepatitis
Short-term (acute) hepatitis often has no noticeable symptoms, so you may not realise you have it.
If symptoms do develop, they can include:
muscle and joint pain
a high temperature
feeling and being sick
feeling unusually tired all the time
a general sense of feeling unwell
loss of appetite
tummy pain
dark urine
pale, grey-coloured poo
itchy skin
yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice)
See your GP if you have any persistent or troublesome symptoms that you think could be caused by hepatitis.
Long-term (chronic) hepatitis also may not have any obvious symptoms until the liver stops working properly (liver failure) and may only be picked up during blood tests.
In the later stages it can cause jaundice, swelling in the legs, ankles and feet, confusion, and blood in your stools or vomit.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus. It's usually caught by consuming food and drink contaminated with the poo of an infected person, and is most common in countries where sanitation is poor.
Hepatitis A usually passes within a few months, although it can occasionally be severe and even life threatening.
There's no specific treatment for it, other than to relieve symptoms like pain, nausea and itching.
Vaccination against hepatitis A is recommended if:
you're at high risk of infection or severe consequences of infection
you're travelling to an area where the virus is common, such as the Indian subcontinent, Africa, Central and South America, the Far East and eastern Europe.
AHepatitis B
Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus, which is spread in the blood of an infected person.
It's a common infection worldwide and is usually spread from infected pregnant women to their babies, or from child-to-child contact.
In rare cases, it can be spread through unprotected sex and injecting drugs.
Hepatitis B is uncommon in the UK. Most cases affect people who became infected while growing up in part of the world where the infection is more common, such as southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
Most adults infected with hepatitis B are able to fight off the virus and fully recover from the infection within a couple of months.
But most people infected as children develop a long-term infection. This is known as chronic hepatitis B, and can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Antiviral medication can be used to treat it.
In the UK, vaccination against hepatitis B is recommended for people in high-risk groups, such as:
healthcare workers
people who inject drugs
men who have sex with men
children born to mothers with hepatitis B
people travelling to parts of the world where the infection is more common
In 2017, the hepatitis B vaccine was added to the routine immunisation programme so all children can benefit from protection from this virus.
Find out more about hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus and is the most common type of viral hepatitis in the UK.
It's usually spread through blood-to-blood contact with an infected person.
In the UK, it's most commonly spread through sharing needles used to inject drugs.
Poor healthcare practices and unsafe medical injections are the main way it's spread outside the UK.
Hepatitis C often causes no noticeable symptoms, or only flu-like symptoms, so many people are unaware they're infected.
Around 1 in 4 people will fight off the infection and be free of the virus. In the remaining cases, it'll stay in the body for many years.
This is known as chronic hepatitis C and can cause cirrhosis and liver failure.
Chronic hepatitis C can be treated with very effective antiviral medications, but there's currently no vaccine available.
Find out more about hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis D is caused by the hepatitis D virus. It only affects people who are already infected with hepatitis B, as it needs the hepatitis B virus to be able to survive in the body.
Hepatitis D is usually spread through blood-to-blood contact or sexual contact. It's uncommon in the UK, but is more widespread in other parts of Europe, the Middle East, Africa and South America.
Long-term infection with hepatitis D and hepatitis B can increase your risk of developing serious problems, such as cirrhosis and liver cancer.
There's no vaccine specifically for hepatitis D, but the hepatitis B vaccine can help protect you from it.
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E is caused by the hepatitis E virus. The number of cases in Europe has increased in recent years and it's now the most common cause of short-term (acute) hepatitis in the UK.
The virus has been mainly associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked pork meat or offal, but also with wild boar meat, venison and shellfish.
Hepatitis E is generally a mild and short-term infection that does not require any treatment, but it can be serious in some people, such as those who have a weakened immune system.
There's no vaccine for hepatitis E. When travelling to parts of the world with poor sanitation, where epidemic hepatitis E may be common, you can reduce your risk by practising good food and water hygiene measures.
The British Liver Trust has more information about hepatitis E.
Alcoholic hepatitis
Alcoholic hepatitis is a type of hepatitis caused by drinking excessive amounts of alcohol over many years.
The condition is common in the UK and many people do not realise they have it.
This is because it does not usually cause any symptoms, although it can cause sudden jaundice and liver failure in some Alcoholic hepatitis
Alcoholic hepatitis is a type of hepatitis caused by drinking excessive amounts of alcohol over many years.
The condition is common in the UK and many people do not realise they have it.
This is because it does not usually cause any symptoms, although it can cause sudden jaundice and liver failure in some people.
Stopping drinking will usually allow your liver to recover, but there's a risk you could eventually develop cirrhosis, liver failure or liver cancer if you continue to drink alcohol excessively.
You can reduce your risk of developing alcoholic hepatitis by controlling how much you drink.
It's recommended that you do not regularly drink more than 14 units of alcohol a week.
Read more about alcohol-related liver disease and the health risks associated with alcohol.
Autoimmune hepatitis
Autoimmune hepatitis is a rare cause of long-term hepatitis in which the immune system attacks and damages the liver.
Eventually, the liver can become so damaged that it stops working properly.
Treatment for autoimmune hepatitis involves very effective medicines that suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation.
It's not clear what causes autoimmune hepatitis and it's not known whether anything can be done to prevent it.
The British Liver Trust has more information about autoimmune hepatitis.
Page last reviewed: 4 February 2019
Next review due: 4 February 2022
OnHealth
Diseases & Conditions
A Quick Guide to Hepatitis
Reveiwed By Physicians' Review Network (PRN) on 5/3/2016
What Is Hepatitis?
Inflammation of the liver of any cause is referred to as hepatitis. It may be caused by viruses, drugs, or alcohol, although the most common cause is viruses, viral hepatitis. There are several types of viral hepatitis, the most common of which are hepatitis A, B, and C.
Open main menu
Search
Hepatitis
Read in another language
Watch this page
Edit
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue.[3] Some people with hepatitis have no symptoms, whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.[1][2] Hepatitis is acute if it resolves within six months, and chronic if it lasts longer than six months.[1][5] Acute hepatitis can resolve on its own, progress to chronic hepatitis, or (rarely) result in acute liver failure.[6] Chronic hepatitis may progress to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver failure, and liver cancer.[3]
Hepatitis
Specialty
Infectious disease, gastroenterology, hepatology
Symptoms
Yellowish skin, poor appetite, abdominal pain[1][2]
Complications
Scarring of the liver, liver failure, liver cancer[3]
Duration
Short term or long term[1]
Causes
Viruses, alcohol, toxins, autoimmune[2][3]
Prevention
Vaccination (for viral hepatitis)[2]
Treatment
Medication, liver transplant[1][4]
Frequency
> 500 million cases[3]
Deaths
> One million a year[3]
Hepatitis is most commonly caused by the viruses hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E.[3][2] Other causes include heavy alcohol use, certain medications, toxins, other infections, autoimmune diseases,[2][3] and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).[7] Hepatitis A and E are mainly spread by contaminated food and water.[3] Hepatitis B is mainly sexually transmitted, but may also be passed from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth and spread through infected blood.[3] Hepatitis C is commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during needle sharing by intravenous drug users.[3] Hepatitis D can only infect people already infected with hepatitis B.[3]
Hepatitis A, B, and D are preventable with immunization.[2] Medications may be used to treat chronic viral hepatitis.[1] Antiviral medications are recommended in all with chronic hepatitis C, except those with conditions that limit their life expectancy.[8] There is no specific treatment for NASH; however, physical activity, a healthy diet, and weight loss are recommended.[7] Autoimmune hepatitis may be treated with medications to suppress the immune system.[9] A liver transplant may be an option in both acute and chronic liver failure.[4]
Worldwide in 2015, hepatitis A occurred in about 114 million people, chronic hepatitis B affected about 343 million people and chronic hepatitis C about 142 million people.[10] In the United States, NASH affects about 11 million people and alcoholic hepatitis affects about 5 million people.[7][11] Hepatitis results in more than a million deaths a year, most of which occur indirectly from liver scarring or liver cancer.[3][12] In the United States, hepatitis A is estimated to occur in about 2,500 people a year and results in about 75 deaths.[13] The word is derived from the Greek hêpar (ἧπαρ), meaning "liver", and -itis (-ῖτις), meaning "inflammation".[14]
Signs and symptoms Edit
Jaundiced eyes
Hepatitis has a broad spectrum of presentations that range from a complete lack of symptoms to severe liver failure.[15][16][17] The acute form of hepatitis, generally caused by viral infection, is characterized by constitutional symptoms that are typically self-limiting.[15][16] Chronic hepatitis presents similarly, but can manifest signs and symptoms specific to liver dysfunction with long-standing inflammation and damage to the organ.[17][18]
Acute hepatitis Edit
Acute viral hepatitis follows three distinct phases:
The initial prodromal phase (preceding symptoms) involves non-specific and flu-like symptoms common to many acute viral infections. These include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, joint pain, and headaches.[15][16] Fever, when present, is most common in cases of hepatitis A and E.[15] Late in this phase, people can experience liver-specific symptoms, including choluria (dark urine) and clay-colored stools.[15][16]
Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes follow the prodrome after about 1–2 weeks and can last for up to 4 weeks.[15][16] The non-specific symptoms seen in the prodromal typically resolve by this time, but people will develop an enlarged liver and right upper abdominal pain or discomfort.[15] 10–20% of people will also experience an enlarged spleen, while some people will also experience a mild unintentional weight loss.[15][17]
The recovery phase is characterized by resolution of the clinical symptoms of hepatitis with persistent elevations in liver lab values and potentially a persistently enlarged liver.[15] All cases of hepatitis A and E are expected to fully resolve after 1–2 months.[15] Most hepatitis B cases are also self-limiting and will resolve in 3–4 months. Few cases of hepatitis C will resolve completely.[15]
Both drug-induced hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis can present very similarly to acute viral hepatitis, with slight variations in symptoms depending on the cause.[19][20] Cases of drug-induced hepatitis can manifest with systemic signs of an allergic reaction including rash, fever, serositis (inflammation of membranes lining certain organs), elevated eosinophils (a type of white blood cell), and suppression of bone marrow activity.[19]
Fulminant hepatitis Edit
Fulminant hepatitis, or massive hepatic cell death, is a rare and life-threatening complication of acute hepatitis that can occur in cases of hepatitis B, D, and E, in addition to drug-induced and autoimmune hepatitis.[15][19][20] The complication more frequently occurs in instances of hepatitis B and D co-infection at a rate of 2–20% and in pregnant women with hepatitis E at rate of 15–20% of cases.[15][16] In addition to the signs of acute hepatitis, people can also demonstrate signs of coagulopathy (abnormal coagulation studies with easy bruising and bleeding) and encephalopathy (confusion, disorientation, and sleepiness).[15][16] Mortality due to fulminant hepatitis is typically the result of various complications including cerebral edema, gastrointestinal bleeding, sepsis, respiratory failure, or kidney failure.[15]
Chronic hepatitis Edit
Acute cases of hepatitis are seen to be resolved well within a six-month period. When hepatitis is continued for more than six months it is termed chronic hepatitis.[21] Chronic hepatitis is often asymptomatic early in its course and is detected only by liver laboratory studies for screening purposes or to evaluate non-specific symptoms.[17][18] As the inflammation progresses, patients can develop constitutional symptoms similar to acute hepatitis, including fatigue, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, and joint pain.[18] Jaundice can occur as well, but much later in the disease process and is typically a sign of advanced disease.[18] Chronic hepatitis interferes with hormonal functions of the liver which can result in acne, hirsutism (abnormal hair growth), and amenorrhea (lack of menstrual period) in women.[18] Extensive damage an
Chronic hepatitis Edit
Acute cases of hepatitis are seen to be resolved well within a six-month period. When hepatitis is continued for more than six months it is termed chronic hepatitis.[21] Chronic hepatitis is often asymptomatic early in its course and is detected only by liver laboratory studies for screening purposes or to evaluate non-specific symptoms.[17][18] As the inflammation progresses, patients can develop constitutional symptoms similar to acute hepatitis, including fatigue, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, and joint pain.[18] Jaundice can occur as well, but much later in the disease process and is typically a sign of advanced disease.[18] Chronic hepatitis interferes with hormonal functions of the liver which can result in acne, hirsutism (abnormal hair growth), and amenorrhea (lack of menstrual period) in women.[18] Extensive damage and scarring of the liver over time defines cirrhosis, a condition in which the liver's ability to function is permanently impeded.[17] This results in jaundice, weight loss, coagulopathy, ascites (abdominal fluid collection), and peripheral edema (leg swelling).[18] Cirrhosis can lead to other life-threatening complications such as hepatic encephalopathy, esophageal varices, hepatorenal syndrome, and liver cancer.[17]
Causes Edit
Causes of hepatitis can be divided into the following major categories: infectious, metabolic, ischemic, autoimmune, genetic, and other. Infectious agents include viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Metabolic causes include prescription medications, toxins (most notably alcohol), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Autoimmune and genetic causes of hepatitis involve genetic predispositions and tend to affect characteristic populations.
Infectious Edit
Viral hepatitis Edit
Main article: Viral hepatitis
Viral hepatitis is the most common type of hepatitis worldwide.[22] Viral hepatitis is caused by five different viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E).[15] Hepatitis A and hepatitis E behave similarly: they are both transmitted by the fecal–oral route, are more common in developing countries, and are self-limiting illnesses that do not lead to chronic hepatitis.[15][23][24]
Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and hepatitis D are transmitted when blood or mucous membranes are exposed to infected blood and body fluids, such as semen and vaginal secretions.[15] Viral particles have also been found in saliva and breastmilk. However, kissing, sharing utensils, and breastfeeding do not lead to transmission unless these fluids are introduced into open sores or cuts.[25]
Hepatitis B and C can present either acutely or chronically.[15] Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires hepatitis B to replicate and is only found with hepatitis B co-infection.[15] In adults, hepatitis B infection is most commonly self-limiting, with less than 5% progressing to chronic state, and 20 to 30% of those chronically infected developing cirrhosis or liver cancer.[26] However, infection in infants and children frequently leads to chronic infection.[26]
Unlike hepatitis B, most cases of hepatitis C lead to chronic infection.[27] Hepatitis C is the second most common cause of cirrhosis in the US (second to alcoholic hepatitis).[28] In the 1970s and 1980s, blood transfusions were a major factor in spreading hepatitis C virus.[27] Since widespread screening of blood products for hepatitis C began in 1992, the risk of acquiring hepatitis C from a blood transfusion has decreased from approximately 10% in the 1970s to 1 in 2 million currently.[15]
Parasitic hepatitis Edit
Echinococcus granulosus
Parasites can also infect the liver and activate the immune response, resulting in symptoms of acute hepatitis with increased serum IgE (though chronic hepatitis is possible with chronic infections).[29] Of the protozoans, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania species, and the malaria-causing Plasmodium species all can cause liver inflammation.[29] Another protozoan, Entamoeba histolytica, causes hepatitis with distinct liver abscesses.[29]
Of the worms, the cestode Echinococcus granulosus, also known as the dog tapeworm, infects the liver and forms characteristic hepatic hydatid cysts.[29] The liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and Clonorchis sinensis live in the bile ducts and cause progressive hepatitis and liver fibrosis.[29]
Bacterial hepatitis Edit
Bacterial infection of the liver commonly results in pyogenic liver abscesses, acute hepatitis, or granulomatous (or chronic) liver disease.[30] Pyogenic abscesses commonly involve enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and are composed of multiple bacteria up to 50% of the time.[30] Acute hepatitis is caused by Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Bartonella henselae, Borrelia burgdorferi, salmonella species, brucella species and campylobacter species.[30] Chronic or granulomatous hepatitis is seen with infection from mycobacteria species, Tropheryma whipplei, Treponema pallidum, Coxiella burnetii, and rickettsia species.[30]
Metabolic Edit
Alcoholic hepatitis Edit
Main article: Alcoholic hepatitis
Excessive alcohol consumption is a significant cause of hepatitis and is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the U.S.[28] Alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of alcoholic xcessive alcohol consumption is a significant cause of hepatitis and is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the U.S.[28] Alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease. This ranges in order of severity and reversibility from alcoholic steatosis (least severe, most reversible), alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer (most severe, least reversible).[28] Hepatitis usually develops over years-long exposure to alcohol, occurring in 10 to 20% of alcoholics.[31] The most important risk factors for the development of alcoholic hepatitis are quantity and duration of alcohol intake.[31] Long-term alcohol intake in excess of 80 grams of alcohol a day in men and 40 grams a day in women is associated with development of alcoholic hepatitis (1 beer or 4 ounces of wine is equivalent to 12g of alcohol).[28] Alcoholic hepatitis can vary from asymptomatic hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) to symptoms of acute or chronic hepatitis to liver failure.[28]
Toxic and drug-induced hepatitis Edit
Many chemical agents, including medications, industrial toxins, and herbal and dietary supplements, can cause hepatitis.[32][33] The spectrum of drug-induced liver injury varies from acute hepatitis to chronic hepatitis to acute liver failure.[32] Toxins and medications can cause liver injury through a variety of mechanisms, including direct cell damage, disruption of cell metabolism, and causing structural changes.[34] Some drugs such as paracetamol exhibit predictable dose-dependent liver damage while others such as isoniazid cause idiosyncratic and unpredictable reactions that vary among individuals.[32] There are wide variations in the mechanisms of liver injury and latency period from exposure to development of clinical illness.[28]
Many types of drugs can cause liver injury, including the analgesic paracetamol; antibiotics such as isoniazid, nitrofurantoin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, erythromycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; anticonvulsants such as valproate and phenytoin; cholesterol-lowering statins; steroids such as oral contraceptives and anabolic steroids; and highly active anti-retroviral therapy used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS.[28] Of these, amoxicillin-clavulanate is the most common cause of drug-induced liver injury, and paracetamol toxicity the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States and Europe.[32]
Herbal remedies and dietary supplements are another important cause of hepatitis; these are the most common causes of drug-induced hepatitis in Korea.[35] The United-States-based Drug Induced Liver Injury Network linked more than 16% of cases of hepatotoxicity to herbal and dietary supplements.[36] In the United States, herbal and dietary supplements – unlike pharmaceutical drugs – are unregulated by the Food and Drug Administration.[36] However, the National Institutes of Health maintains the LiverTox database for consumers to track all known prescription and non-prescription compounds associated with liver injury.[37]
Exposure to other hepatotoxins can occur accidentally or intentionally through ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. The industrial toxin carbon tetrachloride and the wild mushroom Amanita phalloides are other known hepatotoxins.[32][33][38]
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Edit
Main article: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Non-alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of non-alcoholic liver disease (NALD), which ranges in severity and reversibility from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to cirrhosis to liver cancer, similar to the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease.[39]
Non-alcoholic liver disease occurs in people with little or no history of alcohol use, and is instead strongly associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia.[28] Over time, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which additionally involves liver
Other Edit
Main article: Neonatal hepatitis
Hepatitis can also occur in neonates and is attributable to a variety of causes, some of which are not typically seen in adults.[49] Congenital or perinatal infection with the hepatitis viruses, toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and syphilis can cause neonatal hepatitis.[49] Structural abnormalities such as biliary atresia and choledochal cysts can lead to cholestatic liver injury leading to neonatal hepatitis.[49] Metabolic diseases such as glycogen storage disorders and lysosomal storage disorders are also implicated.[49] Neonatal hepatitis can be idiopathic, and in such cases, biopsy often shows large multinucleated cells in the liver tissue.[50] This disease is termed giant cell hepatitis and may be associated with viral infection, autoimmune disorders, and drug toxicity.[51][52]
Mechanism Edit
The specific mechanism varies and depends on the underlying cause of the hepatitis. Generally, there is an initial insult that causes liver injury and activation of an inflammatory response, which can become chronic, leading to progressive fibrosis and cirrhosis.[15]
Viral hepatitis Edit
Stages of liver disease
The pathway by which hepatic viruses cause viral hepatitis is best understood in the case of hepatitis B and C.[15] The viruses do not directly cause apoptosis (cell death).[15][53] Rather, infection of liver cells activates the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system leading to an inflammatory response which causes cellular damage and death.[15][53] Depending on the strength of the immune response, the types of immune cells involved and the ability of the virus to evade the body's defense, infection can either lead to clearance (acute disease) or persistence (chronic disease) of the virus.[15] The chronic presence of the virus within liver cells results in multiple waves of inflammation, injury and wound healing that over time lead to scarring or fibrosis and culminate in hepatocellular carcinoma.[53][54] Individuals with an impaired immune response are at greater risk of developing chronic infection.[15] Natural killer cells are the primary drivers of the initial innate response and create a cytokine environment that results in the recruitment of CD4 T-helper and CD8 cytotoxic T-cells.[55][56] Type I interferons are the cytokines that drive the antiviral response.[56] In chronic Hepatitis B and C, natural killer cell function is impaired.[55]
Steatohepatitis Edit
Steatohepatitis is seen in both alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease and is the culmination of a cascade of events that began with injury. In the case of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, this cascade is initiated by changes in metabolism associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and lipid dysregulation.[57][58] In alcoholic hepatitis, chronic excess alcohol use is the culprit.[59] Though the inciting event may differ, the progression of events is similar and begins with accumulation of free fatty acids (FFA) and their breakdown products in the liver cells in a process called steatosis.[57][58][59] This initially reversible process overwhelms the hepatocyte's ability to maintain lipid homeostasis leading to a toxic effect as fat molecules accumulate and are broken down in the setting of an oxidative stress response.[57][58][59] Over time, this abnormal lipid deposition triggers the immune system via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) resulting in the production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF that cause liver cell injury and death.[57][58][59] These events mark the transition to steatohepatitis and in the setting of chronic injury, fibrosis eventually develops setting up events that lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.[57] Microscopically, changes that can be seen include steatosis with large and swollen hepatocytes (ballooning), evidence of cellular injury and cell death (apoptosis, necrosis), evidence of inflammation in particular in zone 3 of the liver, variable degrees of fibrosis and Mallory bodies.[57][60][61]
Diagnosis Edit
Predominantly elevated aminotransferase Cause
ALT Chronic hepatitis B, C, and D
Nonalcoholic liver disease
Acute viral hepatitis
Medications/toxins
Autoimmune hepatitis
Wilson's disease
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
Hemochromatosis
Ischemic hepatitis (severe elevation up to thousands)
AST Alcoholic liver disease
Cirrhosis
Diagnosis of hepatitis is made on the basis of some or all of the following: a patient's signs and symptoms, medical history including sexual and substance use history, blood tests, imaging, and liver biopsy.[28] In general, for viral hepatitis and other acute causes of hepatitis, the patient's blood tests and clinical picture are sufficient for diagnosis.[15][28] For other causes of hepatitis, especially chronic causes, blood tests may not be useful.[28] In this case, liver biopsy is the gold standard for establishing the diagnosis: histopathologic analysis is able to reveal the precise extent and pattern of inflammation and fibrosis.[28] However, liver biopsy is typically not the initial diagnostic test because it is invasive and is associated with a small but significant risk of bleeding that is increased in patients with liver injury and cirrhosis.[62]
Blood testing includes liver enzymes, serology (i.e. for autoantibodies), nucleic acid testing (i.e. for hepatitis virus DNA/RNA), blood chemistry, and complete blood count.[28] Characteristic patterns of liver enzyme abnormalities can point to certain causes or stages of hepatitis.[63][64] Generally, AST and ALT are elevated in most cases of hepatitis regardless of whether the patient shows any symptoms.[28] However, the degree of elevation (i.e. levels in the hundreds vs. in the thousands), the predominance for AST vs. ALT elevation, and the ratio between AST and ALT are informative of the diagnosis.[28]
Ultrasound, CT, and MRI can all identify steatosis (fatty changes) of the liver tissue and nodularity of the liver surface suggestive of cirrhosis.[65][66] CT and especially MRI are able to provide a higher level of detail, allowing visualization and characterize such structures as vessels and tumors within the liver.[67] Unlike steatosis and cirrhosis, no imaging test is able to detect liver inflammation (i.e. hepatitis) or fibrosis.[28] Liver biopsy is the only definitive diagnostic test that is able to assess inflammation and fibrosis of the liver.[28]
Viral hepatitis Edit
Main article: Viral hepatitis
Viral hepatitis is primarily diagnosed through blood tests for levels of viral antigens (such as the hepatitis B surface or core antigen), anti-viral antibodies (such as the anti-hepatitis B surface antibody or anti-hepatitis A antibody), or viral DNA/RNA.[15][28] In early infection (i.e. within 1 week), IgM antibodies are found in the blood.[28] In late infection and after recovery, IgG antibodies are present and remain in the body for up to years.[28] Therefore, when a patient is positive for IgG antibody but negative for IgM antibody, he is considered immune from the virus via either prior infection and recovery or prior vaccination.[28]
In the case of hepatitis B, blood tests exist for multiple virus antigens (which are different components of the virion particle) and antibodies.[68] The combination of antigen and antibody positivity can provide information about the stage of infection (acute or chronic), the degree of viral replication, and the infectivity of the virus.[68]
Alcoholic versus non-alcoholic Edit
The most apparent distinguishing factor between alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a history of alcohol use or abuse.[69] Thus, in patients who have no or negligible alcohol use, the diagnosis is unlikely to be alcoholic hepatitis. However, in those who use alcohol, the diagnosis may just as likely be alcoholic or nonalcoholic hepatitis especially if there is concurrent obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. In this case, alcoholic and nonalcoholic hepatitis can be distinguish
No comments:
Post a Comment
Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.