AFRICAN BULLET PROOF (AYETA) BY BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa extreme documentaries

                     Ogboju Ode-Olak  •

AFRICAN BULLET PROOF (AYETA) BY BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa extreme documentaries

                                     

In this work Babalawo Obanifa will documents some of the spiritual spell and formula available in Yoruba spirituality for the protection against bullet or gun shot. It informally called African bullet proof. The tradition nomenclature for this type of work is known as Ayeta. This work will document some of those formula. Below are documentation of some of the spell available for this purpose in  African spirituality.

1.

Odidi agbon kan (one coconut fruit)

Etu Ibon Oyinbo (original gun powder)

 Preparation and usage

You  will drill the coconut fruit on the head. You will pour the original gun powder inside it.Place it at the corner of your room. You will leave it till the following morning. Early in the morning take and drink it content before you talk to anybody. You will take the rest of the coconut and bury it at refuse dump.

2.

Ewe laali mesan

Omo ataare mesan (nine seeds of alligator pepper)

Preparation and Usage

You will grind the entire aforementioned item together. You  will make incision around your waist from right to the lefts and meet each other. You will apply the medicine on the incisions.

3.

Odidi oga kan( a whole chameleon)

Odidi ataare kan (A whole alligator pepper /Aframomum melegueta)

Preparation and Usage

You will grind the two together and make incisions around your head . apply the medicine on it.

Copyright :Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, phone and whatsapp contact :+2348166343145, location Ile Ife osun state Nigeria.
IMPORTANT NOTICE :As regards the article above no part of this article may be reproduced or duplicated in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying and recording or by any information storage or retrieval system without prior written permission from the copyright holder and the author Babalawo Obanifa, doing so will be deem unlawful and will attract legal consequences

AFRICAN BULLET PROOF (AYETA) BY BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa extreme documentaries

In this work Babalawo Obanifa will documents some of the spiritual spell and formula available in Yoruba spirituality for the protection against bullet or gun shot. It informally called African bullet proof. The tradition nomenclature for this type of work is known as Ayeta. This work will document some of those formula. Below are documentation of some of the spell available for this purpose in  African spirituality.

1.

Odidi agbon kan (one coconut fruit)

Etu Ibon Oyinbo (original gun powder)

 Preparation and usage

You  will drill the coconut fruit on the head. You will pour the original gun powder inside it.Place it at the corner of your room. You will leave it till the following morning. Early in the morning take and drink it content before you talk to anybody. You will take the rest of the coconut and bury it at refuse dump.

2.

Ewe laali mesan

Omo ataare mesan (nine seeds of alligator pepper)

Preparation and Usage

You will grind the entire aforementioned item together. You  will make incision around your waist from right to the lefts and meet each other. You will apply the medicine on the incisions.

3.

Odidi oga kan( a whole chameleon)

Odidi ataare kan (A whole alligator pepper /Aframomum melegueta)

Preparation and Usage

You will grind the two together and make incisions around your head . apply the medicine on it.

Copyright :Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, phone and whatsapp contact :+2348166343145, location Ile Ife osun state Nigeria.
IMPORTANT NOTICE :As regards the article above no part of this article may be reproduced or duplicated in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying and recording or by any information storage or retrieval system without prior written permission from the copyright holder and the author Babalawo Obanifa, doing so will be deem unlawful and will attract legal consequences

Versão em Português
À prova de balas africanas (AYETA), de BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa documentários extremos


 Neste trabalho, Babalawo Obanifa documentará alguns dos feitiços e fórmulas espirituais disponíveis na espiritualidade iorubá para proteção contra balas ou tiros.  É chamado informalmente de prova de balas africana.  A nomenclatura da tradição para esse tipo de trabalho é conhecida como Ayeta.  Este trabalho documentará algumas dessas fórmulas.  Abaixo está a documentação de alguns dos feitiços disponíveis para esse fim na espiritualidade africana.

 1

 Odidi agbon kan (um coco)

 Etu Ibon Oyinbo (pólvora original)

 Preparação e uso

 Você vai perfurar o coco na cabeça.  Coloque o pó original da pistola dentro dele e coloque-o no canto do seu quarto.  Você o deixará até a manhã seguinte.  De manhã cedo, tome e beba conteúdo antes de falar com alguém.  Você vai pegar o resto do coco e enterrá-lo no depósito de lixo.

 2)

 Ewe laali mesan

 Omo ataare mesan (nove sementes de pimenta jacaré)

 Preparação e Uso

 Você triturará todo o item mencionado acima.  Você fará uma incisão na cintura, da direita para as esquerdas, e se conhecerá.  Você aplicará o medicamento nas incisões.


 3)

 Odidi oga kan (um camaleão inteiro)

 Odidi ataare kan (Uma pimenta-jacaré inteira / Aframomum melegueta)

 Preparação e Uso

 Você vai moer os dois juntos e fazer incisões ao redor de sua cabeça.  aplique o medicamento nele.

 Direitos autorais: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, telefone e whatsapp: +2348166343145, local Ile Ife osun state Nigeria.
 AVISO IMPORTANTE: No que diz respeito ao artigo acima, nenhuma parte deste artigo pode ser reproduzida ou duplicada de qualquer forma ou por qualquer meio, eletrônico ou mecânico, incluindo fotocópia e gravação ou por qualquer sistema de armazenamento ou recuperação de informações sem a permissão prévia por escrito do detentor dos direitos autorais e  o autor Babalawo Obanifa, fazê-lo será considerado ilegal e atrairá consequências legais



 À prova de balas africanas (AYETA), de BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa documentários extremos


 Neste trabalho, Babalawo Obanifa documentará alguns dos feitiços e fórmulas espirituais disponíveis na espiritualidade iorubá para proteção contra balas ou tiros.  É chamado informalmente de prova de balas africana.  A nomenclatura da tradição para esse tipo de trabalho é conhecida como Ayeta.  Este trabalho documentará algumas dessas fórmulas.  Abaixo está a documentação de alguns dos feitiços disponíveis para esse fim na espiritualidade africana.

 1

 Odidi agbon kan (um coco)

 Etu Ibon Oyinbo (pólvora original)

 Preparação e uso

 Você vai perfurar o coco na cabeça.  Coloque o pó original da pistola dentro dele e coloque-o no canto do seu quarto.  Você o deixará até a manhã seguinte.  De manhã cedo, tome e beba conteúdo antes de falar com alguém.  Você vai pegar o resto do coco e enterrá-lo no depósito de lixo.

 2)

 Ewe laali mesan

 Omo ataare mesan (nove sementes de pimenta jacaré)

 Preparação e Uso

 Você triturará todo o item mencionado acima.  Você fará uma incisão na cintura, da direita para as esquerdas, e se conhecerá.  Você aplicará o medicamento nas incisões.

 3)

 Odidi oga kan (um camaleão inteiro)

 Odidi ataare kan (Uma pimenta-jacaré inteira / Aframomum melegueta)

 Preparação e Uso

 Você vai moer os dois juntos e fazer incisões ao redor de sua cabeça.  aplique o medicamento nele.

 Direitos autorais: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, telefone e whatsapp: +2348166343145, local Ile Ife osun state Nigeria.
 AVISO IMPORTANTE: No que diz respeito ao artigo acima, nenhuma parte deste artigo pode ser reproduzida ou duplicada de qualquer forma ou por qualquer meio, eletrônico ou mecânico, incluindo fotocópia e gravação ou por qualquer sistema de armazenamento ou recuperação de informações sem a permissão prévia por escrito do detentor dos direitos autorais e  o autor Babalawo Obanifa, fazê-lo será considerado ilegal e atrairá consequências legais

Version en español
BALA AFRICANA A PRUEBA (AYETA) POR BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa documentales extremos


  En este trabajo, Babalawo Obanifa documentará algunos de los hechizos y fórmulas espirituales disponibles en la espiritualidad yoruba para la protección contra balas o disparos.  Informalmente se llama prueba de bala africana.  La nomenclatura tradicional para este tipo de trabajo se conoce como Ayeta.  Este trabajo documentará algunas de esas fórmulas.  A continuación hay documentación de algunos de los hechizos disponibles para este propósito en la espiritualidad africana.

  1)

  Odidi agbon kan (una fruta de coco)

  Etu Ibon Oyinbo (pólvora original en polvo)

  Preparación y uso

  Taladrarás la fruta de coco en la cabeza.  Verterás la pólvora original en su interior. Colócala en la esquina de tu habitación.  Lo dejarás hasta la mañana siguiente.  Temprano en la mañana, tómalo y bébelo antes de hablar con nadie.  Tomarás el resto del coco y lo enterrarás en el basurero.

  2)

  Oveja laali mesan

  Omo ataare mesan (nueve semillas de pimienta de cocodrilo)

  Preparación y uso

  Molerás todo el artículo mencionado anteriormente.  Harán una incisión alrededor de la cintura desde la derecha hasta la izquierda y se encontrarán.  Aplicará el medicamento en las incisiones.


  3)

  Odidi oga kan (todo un camaleón)

  Odidi ataare kan (Un cocodrilo entero / Aframomum melegueta)

  Preparación y uso

  Molerás los dos juntos y harás incisiones alrededor de tu cabeza.  aplicar el medicamento sobre el mismo.

  Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, teléfono y contacto de WhatsApp: +2348166343145, ubicación Ile Ife osun state Nigeria.
  AVISO IMPORTANTE: en lo que respecta al artículo anterior, ninguna parte de este artículo puede reproducirse o duplicarse de ninguna forma ni por ningún medio, electrónico o mecánico, incluida la fotocopia y la grabación, o por cualquier sistema de almacenamiento o recuperación de información sin el permiso previo por escrito del titular de los derechos de autor y  el autor Babalawo Obanifa, hacerlo será considerado ilegal y traerá consecuencias legales



  BALA AFRICANA A PRUEBA (AYETA) POR BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa documentales extremos


  En este trabajo, Babalawo Obanifa documentará algunos de los hechizos y fórmulas espirituales disponibles en la espiritualidad yoruba para la protección contra balas o disparos.  Informalmente se llama prueba de bala africana.  La nomenclatura tradicional para este tipo de trabajo se conoce como Ayeta.  Este trabajo documentará algunas de esas fórmulas.  A continuación hay documentación de algunos de los hechizos disponibles para este propósito en la espiritualidad africana.

  1)

  Odidi agbon kan (una fruta de coco)

  Etu Ibon Oyinbo (pólvora original en polvo)

  Preparación y uso

  Taladrarás la fruta de coco en la cabeza.  Verterás la pólvora original en su interior. Colócala en la esquina de tu habitación.  Lo dejarás hasta la mañana siguiente.  Temprano en la mañana, tómalo y bébelo antes de hablar con nadie.  Tomarás el resto del coco y lo enterrarás en el basurero.

  2)

  Oveja laali mesan

  Omo ataare mesan (nueve semillas de pimienta de cocodrilo)

  Preparación y uso

  Molerás todo el artículo mencionado anteriormente.  Harán una incisión alrededor de la cintura desde la derecha hasta la izquierda y se encontrarán.  Aplicará el medicamento en las incisiones.

  3)

  Odidi oga kan (todo un camaleón)

  Odidi ataare kan (Un cocodrilo entero / Aframomum melegueta)

  Preparación y uso

  Molerás los dos juntos y harás incisiones alrededor de tu cabeza.  aplicar el medicamento sobre el mismo.

  Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, teléfono y contacto de WhatsApp: +2348166343145, ubicación Ile Ife osun state Nigeria.
  AVISO IMPORTANTE: en lo que respecta al artículo anterior, ninguna parte de este artículo puede reproducirse o duplicarse de ninguna forma ni por ningún medio, electrónico o mecánico, incluida la fotocopia y la grabación, o por cualquier sistema de almacenamiento o recuperación de información sin el permiso previo por escrito del titular de los derechos de autor y  el autor Babalawo Obanifa, hacerlo será considerado ilegal y traerá consecuencias legales

Version française
PREUVE DE BALLE AFRICAINE (AYETA) DE BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa documentaires extrêmes


  Dans ce travail, Babalawo Obanifa documentera une partie du sortilège spirituel et de la formule disponibles dans la spiritualité yoruba pour la protection contre les coups de feu.  Il a officieusement appelé africaine pare-balles.  La nomenclature traditionnelle de ce type de travail est connue sous le nom d'Ayeta.  Ce travail documentera certaines de ces formules.  Vous trouverez ci-dessous une description de certains des sorts disponibles à cet effet dans la spiritualité africaine.

  1.

  Odidi agbon kan (un fruit de noix de coco)

  Etu Ibon Oyinbo (poudre à canon originale)

  Préparation et utilisation

  Vous allez percer la noix de coco sur la tête.  Vous allez verser la poudre à canon originale à l'intérieur. Placez-la au coin de votre pièce.  Vous le laisserez jusqu'au lendemain matin.  Tôt le matin, prenez et buvez le contenu avant de parler à personne.  Vous allez prendre le reste de la noix de coco et l’enterrer à la décharge.

  2

  Brebis laali mesan

  Omo ataare mesan (neuf graines de piment alligator)

  Préparation et utilisation

  Vous allez broyer l'ensemble de l'article susmentionné.  Vous ferez une incision autour de votre taille de droite à gauche et vous vous rencontrerez.  Vous appliquerez le médicament sur les incisions.


  3

  Odidi oga kan (un caméléon entier)

  Odidi ataare kan (Un piment alligator entier / Aframomum melegueta)

  Préparation et utilisation

  Vous allez broyer les deux ensemble et faire des incisions autour de votre tête.  appliquez le médicament dessus.

  Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, contact téléphonique et whatsapp: +2348166343145, lieu-dit Ile Ife osun, Nigeria.
  AVIS IMPORTANT: En ce qui concerne l’article ci-dessus, aucune partie de cet article ne peut être reproduite ou dupliquée sous quelque forme ou par quelque moyen que ce soit, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et l’enregistrement, ou par tout système de stockage ou de récupération des informations, sans l’autorisation écrite préalable du  l'auteur Babalawo Obanifa, cela sera jugé illégal et entraînera des conséquences juridiques



  PREUVE DE BALLE AFRICAINE (AYETA) DE BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa documentaires extrêmes


  Dans ce travail, Babalawo Obanifa documentera une partie du sortilège spirituel et de la formule disponibles dans la spiritualité yoruba pour la protection contre les coups de feu.  Il a officieusement appelé africaine pare-balles.  La nomenclature traditionnelle de ce type de travail est connue sous le nom d'Ayeta.  Ce travail documentera certaines de ces formules.  Vous trouverez ci-dessous une description de certains des sorts disponibles à cet effet dans la spiritualité africaine.

  1.

  Odidi agbon kan (un fruit de noix de coco)

  Etu Ibon Oyinbo (poudre à canon originale)

  Préparation et utilisation

  Vous allez percer la noix de coco sur la tête.  Vous allez verser la poudre à canon originale à l'intérieur. Placez-la au coin de votre pièce.  Vous le laisserez jusqu'au lendemain matin.  Tôt le matin, prenez et buvez le contenu avant de parler à personne.  Vous allez prendre le reste de la noix de coco et l’enterrer à la décharge.

  2

  Brebis laali mesan

  Omo ataare mesan (neuf graines de piment alligator)

  Préparation et utilisation

  Vous allez broyer l'ensemble de l'article susmentionné.  Vous ferez une incision autour de votre taille de droite à gauche et vous vous rencontrerez.  Vous appliquerez le médicament sur les incisions.

  3

  Odidi oga kan (un caméléon entier)

  Odidi ataare kan (Un piment alligator entier / Aframomum melegueta)

  Préparation et utilisation

  Vous allez broyer les deux ensemble et faire des incisions autour de votre tête.  appliquez le médicament dessus.

  Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, contact téléphonique et whatsapp: +2348166343145, lieu-dit Ile Ife osun, Nigeria.
  AVIS IMPORTANT: En ce qui concerne l’article ci-dessus, aucune partie de cet article ne peut être reproduite ou dupliquée sous quelque forme ou par quelque moyen que ce soit, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et l’enregistrement, ou par tout système de stockage ou de récupération des informations, sans l’autorisation écrite préalable du  l'auteur Babalawo Obanifa, cela sera jugé illégal et entraînera des conséquences juridiques
AFRICAN BULLET PROOF (AYETA) VON BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa Extremdokumentationen


 In dieser Arbeit wird Babalawo Obanifa einige der spirituellen Zauber und Formeln dokumentieren, die in der Yoruba-Spiritualität zum Schutz vor Schusswaffen oder Schusswaffen verfügbar sind.  Es wird informell als afrikanischer Kugelsicher bezeichnet.  Die traditionelle Nomenklatur für diese Art von Arbeit ist als Ayeta bekannt.  Diese Arbeit wird einige dieser Formeln dokumentieren.  Nachfolgend finden Sie eine Dokumentation einiger der für diesen Zweck in der afrikanischen Spiritualität verfügbaren Zaubersprüche.

 1.

 Odidi Agbon Kan (eine Kokosnussfrucht)

 Etu Ibon Oyinbo (original Schießpulver)

 Vorbereitung und Verwendung

 Sie werden die Kokosnussfrucht auf den Kopf bohren.  Sie werden das originale Schießpulver hineinschütten. Stellen Sie es in die Ecke Ihres Zimmers.  Sie werden es bis zum nächsten Morgen verlassen.  Nehmen Sie es früh morgens zu sich und trinken Sie es, bevor Sie mit jemandem sprechen.  Sie werden den Rest der Kokosnuss nehmen und sie auf der Müllkippe begraben.

 2.

 Ewe laali mesan

 Omo ataare Mesan (neun Samen Alligatorpfeffer)

 Vorbereitung und Verwendung

 Sie werden den gesamten oben genannten Gegenstand zusammenschleifen.  Sie schneiden sich von rechts nach links um die Taille und treffen sich.  Sie werden die Medizin auf die Einschnitte anwenden.


 3.

 Odidi oga kan (ein ganzes Chamäleon)

 Odidi ataare kan (Ein ganzer Alligatorpfeffer / Aframomum melegueta)

 Vorbereitung und Verwendung

 Sie werden die beiden zusammenschleifen und Schnitte um Ihren Kopf machen.  Tragen Sie die Medizin darauf auf.

 Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, Telefon- und WhatsApp-Kontakt: +2348166343145, Standort Ile Ife Osun, Bundesstaat Nigeria.
 WICHTIGER HINWEIS: In Bezug auf den obigen Artikel darf kein Teil dieses Artikels in irgendeiner Form oder auf irgendeine Weise reproduziert oder vervielfältigt werden, elektronisch oder mechanisch, einschließlich Fotokopieren und Aufzeichnen oder durch ein Informationsspeicher- oder -abrufsystem ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Inhabers des Urheberrechts und  Der Autor Babalawo Obanifa wird als rechtswidrig eingestuft und zieht rechtliche Konsequenzen nach sich



 AFRICAN BULLET PROOF (AYETA) VON BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa Extremdokumentationen


 In dieser Arbeit wird Babalawo Obanifa einige der spirituellen Zauber und Formeln dokumentieren, die in der Yoruba-Spiritualität zum Schutz vor Schusswaffen oder Schusswaffen verfügbar sind.  Es wird informell als afrikanischer Kugelsicher bezeichnet.  Die traditionelle Nomenklatur für diese Art von Arbeit ist als Ayeta bekannt.  Diese Arbeit wird einige dieser Formeln dokumentieren.  Nachfolgend finden Sie eine Dokumentation einiger der für diesen Zweck in der afrikanischen Spiritualität verfügbaren Zaubersprüche.

 1.

 Odidi Agbon Kan (eine Kokosnussfrucht)

 Etu Ibon Oyinbo (original Schießpulver)

 Vorbereitung und Verwendung

 Sie werden die Kokosnussfrucht auf den Kopf bohren.  Sie werden das originale Schießpulver hineinschütten. Stellen Sie es in die Ecke Ihres Zimmers.  Sie werden es bis zum nächsten Morgen verlassen.  Nehmen Sie es früh morgens zu sich und trinken Sie es, bevor Sie mit jemandem sprechen.  Sie werden den Rest der Kokosnuss nehmen und sie auf der Müllkippe begraben.

 2.

 Ewe laali mesan

 Omo ataare Mesan (neun Samen Alligatorpfeffer)

 Vorbereitung und Verwendung

 Sie werden den gesamten oben genannten Gegenstand zusammenschleifen.  Sie schneiden sich von rechts nach links um die Taille und treffen sich.  Sie werden die Medizin auf die Einschnitte anwenden.

 3.

 Odidi oga kan (ein ganzes Chamäleon)

 Odidi ataare kan (Ein ganzer Alligatorpfeffer / Aframomum melegueta)

 Vorbereitung und Verwendung

 Sie werden die beiden zusammenschleifen und Schnitte um Ihren Kopf machen.  Tragen Sie die Medizin darauf auf.

 Copyright: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, Telefon- und WhatsApp-Kontakt: +2348166343145, Standort Ile Ife Osun, Bundesstaat Nigeria.
 WICHTIGER HINWEIS: In Bezug auf den obigen Artikel darf kein Teil dieses Artikels in irgendeiner Form oder auf irgendeine Weise reproduziert oder vervielfältigt werden, elektronisch oder mechanisch, einschließlich Fotokopieren und Aufzeichnen oder durch ein Informationsspeicher- oder -abrufsystem ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Inhabers des Urheberrechts und  Der Autor Babalawo Obanifa wird als rechtswidrig eingestuft und zieht rechtliche Konsequenzen nach sich
Русская версия


ДОКАЗАТЕЛЬСТВО АФРИКАНСКОГО ПУЛЯ (AYETA) БАБАЛАВО ОБАНИФА-Обанифа экстремальные документальные фильмы


  В этой работе Бабалаво Обанифа документирует некоторые из духовных заклинаний и формул, доступных в духовности йоруба, для защиты от пули или выстрела.  Это неофициально называют африканской пуленепробиваемой.  Традиционная номенклатура для этого вида работ известна как Ayeta.  Эта работа документирует некоторые из этих формул.  Ниже приводится документация некоторых заклинаний, доступных для этой цели в африканской духовности.

  1.

  Одиди агбон кан (один кокос)

  Etu Ibon Oyinbo (оригинальный порох)

  Подготовка и использование

  Вы будете сверлить кокосовые фрукты на голове.  Вы нальете в него оригинальный порох. Поместите его в угол вашей комнаты.  Вы оставите это до следующего утра.  Рано утром возьмите и выпейте это содержимое, прежде чем говорить с кем-либо.  Вы возьмете оставшийся кокос и похороните его на свалке.

  2.

  Эве лаали месан

  Omo ataare mesan (девять семян перца аллигатора)

  Подготовка и использование

  Вы будете шлифовать весь вышеупомянутый предмет вместе.  Вы сделаете надрез вокруг талии справа налево и встретитесь.  Вы будете наносить лекарство на разрезы.


  3.

  Одиди Ога Кан (целый хамелеон)

  Odidi ataare kan (Целый перец аллигатора / Aframomum melegueta)

  Подготовка и использование

  Вы будете размалывать их вместе и делать надрезы вокруг головы.  применить лекарство на нем.

  Авторское право: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, телефон и контакт WhatsApp: +2348166343145, местоположение Ile Ife osun штат Нигерия.
  ВАЖНОЕ УВЕДОМЛЕНИЕ. Что касается статьи выше, ни одна часть этой статьи не может быть воспроизведена или воспроизведена в любой форме или любым способом, электронным или механическим, включая фотокопирование и запись, или любой системой хранения или поиска информации без предварительного письменного разрешения от владельца авторских прав и  автор Бабалаво Обанифа, поступивший таким образом, будет признан незаконным и повлечет за собой юридические последствия



  ДОКАЗАТЕЛЬСТВО АФРИКАНСКОГО ПУЛЯ (AYETA) БАБАЛАВО ОБАНИФА-Обанифа экстремальные документальные фильмы


  В этой работе Бабалаво Обанифа документирует некоторые из духовных заклинаний и формул, доступных в духовности йоруба, для защиты от пули или выстрела.  Это неофициально называют африканской пуленепробиваемой.  Традиционная номенклатура для этого вида работ известна как Ayeta.  Эта работа документирует некоторые из этих формул.  Ниже приводится документация некоторых заклинаний, доступных для этой цели в африканской духовности.

  1.

  Одиди агбон кан (один кокос)

  Etu Ibon Oyinbo (оригинальный порох)

  Подготовка и использование

  Вы будете сверлить кокосовые фрукты на голове.  Вы нальете в него оригинальный порох. Поместите его в угол вашей комнаты.  Вы оставите это до следующего утра.  Рано утром возьмите и выпейте это содержимое, прежде чем говорить с кем-либо.  Вы возьмете оставшийся кокос и похороните его на свалке.

  2.

  Эве лаали месан

  Omo ataare mesan (девять семян перца аллигатора)

  Подготовка и использование

  Вы будете шлифовать весь вышеупомянутый предмет вместе.  Вы сделаете надрез вокруг талии справа налево и встретитесь.  Вы будете наносить лекарство на разрезы.

  3.

  Одиди Ога Кан (целый хамелеон)

  Odidi ataare kan (Целый перец аллигатора / Aframomum melegueta)

  Подготовка и использование

  Вы будете размалывать их вместе и делать надрезы вокруг головы.  применить лекарство на нем.

  Авторское право: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa, телефон и контакт WhatsApp: +2348166343145, местоположение Ile Ife osun штат Нигерия.
  ВАЖНОЕ УВЕДОМЛЕНИЕ. Что касается статьи выше, ни одна часть этой статьи не может быть воспроизведена или воспроизведена в любой форме или любым способом, электронным или механическим, включая фотокопирование и запись, или любой системой хранения или поиска информации без предварительного письменного разрешения от владельца авторских прав и  автор Бабалаво Обанифа, поступивший таким образом, будет признан незаконным и повлечет за собой юридические последствия

中文版

BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa极端纪录片的非洲防弹（AYETA）


 在这项工作中，巴巴拉瓦·奥巴尼法（Babalawo Obanifa）将记录约鲁巴灵性中可用的一些精神咒语和公式，以防止子弹或枪击。 它非正式地称为非洲子弹证明。 这类作品的传统命名法称为Ayeta。 这项工作将记录其中的一些公式。 以下是非洲灵性中可用于此目的的一些咒语的文档。

 1。

 Odidi Agbon Kan（一种椰子果）

 Etu Ibon Oyinbo（原始枪粉）

 准备和使用

 您将在头上钻椰子果。 将原始枪粉倒入其中，并将其放在房间的一角。 您将把它放到第二天早上。 清晨，在与任何人交谈之前，先喝点东西喝饱。 您将剩下的椰子埋在垃圾场。

 2。

 母羊laali mesan

 Omo ataare mesan（扬子鳄胡椒的九种种子）

 准备和使用

 您将一起研磨整个上述项目。 您将从右到左在腰部切开一个切口，并且彼此相遇。 您将在切口上涂药。


 3。

 Odidi oga kan（整个变色龙）

 Odidi ataare kan（整个扬子鳄胡椒/ Aframomum melegueta）

 准备和使用

 您将把两者磨在一起，并在头上做切口。 在上面涂药。

 版权：Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa，电话和whatsapp联系人：+2348166343145，位于尼日利亚Ile Ife osun省。
 重要声明：关于以上文章，未经版权所有者和作者的事先书面许可，不得以任何形式或通过任何方式（包括影印和记录的电子或机械方式）或通过任何信息存储或检索系统来复制或复制本文的任何部分。 作者Babalawo Obanifa，这样做将被视为非法，并将引起法律后果



 BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa极端纪录片的非洲防弹（AYETA）


 Babalawo Obanifa在这项工作中将记录约鲁巴灵性中可用的一些灵性咒语和公式，以防止子弹或枪击。 它非正式地称为非洲子弹证明。 这类作品的传统命名法称为Ayeta。 这项工作将记录其中的一些公式。 以下是非洲灵性中可用于此目的的一些咒语的文档。

 1。

 Odidi Agbon Kan（一种椰子果）

 Etu Ibon Oyinbo（原始枪粉）

 准备和使用

 您将在头上钻椰子果。 将原始枪粉倒入其中，并将其放在房间的一角。 您将把它放到第二天早上。 清晨，在与任何人交谈之前，先喝点东西喝饱。 您将剩下的椰子埋在垃圾场。

 2。

 母羊laali mesan

 Omo ataare mesan（扬子鳄胡椒的九种种子）

 准备和使用

 您将一起研磨整个上述项目。 您将从右到左在腰部切开一个切口，并且彼此相遇。 您将在切口上涂药。

 3。

 Odidi oga kan（整个变色龙）

 Odidi ataare kan（整个扬子鳄胡椒/ Aframomum melegueta）

 准备和使用

 您将把两者磨在一起，并在头上做切口。 在上面涂药。

 版权：Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa，电话和whatsapp联系人：+2348166343145，位于尼日利亚Ile Ife osun省。
 重要声明：关于以上文章，未经版权所有者和作者的事先书面许可，不得以任何形式或通过任何方式（包括影印和记录的电子或机械方式）或通过任何信息存储或检索系统来复制或复制本文的任何部分。 作者Babalawo Obanifa，这样做将被视为非法，并将引起法律后果

बाबलावाओ ओबनिफा-ओबनिफा चरम वृत्तचित्रों द्वारा AFRICAN BULLET PROOF (AYETA)


 इस काम में बाबलाव ओबनिफा गोली या बंदूक की गोली से सुरक्षा के लिए योरूबा आध्यात्मिकता में उपलब्ध कुछ आध्यात्मिक मंत्र और सूत्र का दस्तावेजीकरण करेंगे।  इसे अनौपचारिक रूप से अफ्रीकी बुलेट प्रूफ कहा जाता है।  इस तरह के काम के लिए परंपरा नामकरण को अइता के रूप में जाना जाता है।  यह काम उन कुछ फार्मूले को प्रलेखित करेगा।  नीचे अफ्रीकी आध्यात्मिकता में इस उद्देश्य के लिए उपलब्ध कुछ वर्तनी के दस्तावेज हैं।

 1।

 ओडीडी एगबन काण (एक नारियल फल)

 Etu Ibon Oyinbo (मूल गन पाउडर)

 तैयारी और उपयोग

 आप सिर पर नारियल फल ड्रिल करेंगे।  आप इसके अंदर मूल बंदूक पाउडर डालेंगे। इसे अपने कमरे के कोने पर रखें।  आप इसे अगली सुबह तक छोड़ देंगे।  किसी से भी बात करने से पहले सुबह जल्दी उठकर सामग्री लें।  आप बाकी नारियल लेंगे और इसे मना करने पर डंप कर दें।

 2।

 ईवे लाली मेसन

 ओमो अटारे मेसन (मगरमच्छ काली मिर्च के नौ बीज)

 तैयारी और उपयोग

 आप पूरे उपरोक्त आइटम को एक साथ पीस लेंगे।  आप अपनी कमर के चारों ओर दाहिनी ओर से चीर-फाड़ कर एक-दूसरे से मिलेंगे।  आप चीरों पर दवा लगाएंगे।


 3।

 ओदिदी ओगा कान (एक पूरी गिरगिट)

 Odidi ataare kan (एक संपूर्ण मगरमच्छ काली मिर्च / Aframomum melegueta)

 तैयारी और उपयोग

 आप दोनों को एक साथ पीसेंगे और अपने सिर के चारों ओर चीरा लगाएंगे।  उस पर दवा लगाएं।

 कॉपीराइट: बबालावो पेले ओबासा ओबनिफा, फोन और व्हाट्सएप संपर्क: 13:48166343145, स्थान इले इफ ओसुन राज्य नाइजीरिया।
 महत्वपूर्ण सूचना: जैसा कि इस लेख के किसी भी भाग के ऊपर दिए गए लेख को किसी भी रूप में या किसी भी रूप में इलेक्ट्रॉनिक या मैकेनिकल द्वारा प्रतिलिपि या डुप्लिकेट नहीं किया जा सकता है, फोटोकॉपी और रिकॉर्डिंग सहित या किसी भी जानकारी के भंडारण या पुनर्प्राप्ति प्रणाली द्वारा कॉपीराइट धारक से पूर्व लिखित अनुमति के बिना और  लेखक बाबालावो ओबनिफा, ऐसा करने से गैर-कानूनी हो जाएगा और कानूनी परिणामों को आकर्षित करेगा



 बाबलावाओ ओबनिफा-ओबनिफा चरम वृत्तचित्रों द्वारा AFRICAN BULLET PROOF (AYETA)


 इस काम में बाबलाव ओबनिफा गोली या बंदूक की गोली से सुरक्षा के लिए योरूबा आध्यात्मिकता में उपलब्ध कुछ आध्यात्मिक मंत्र और सूत्र का दस्तावेजीकरण करेंगे।  इसे अनौपचारिक रूप से अफ्रीकी बुलेट प्रूफ कहा जाता है।  इस तरह के काम के लिए परंपरा नामकरण को अइता के रूप में जाना जाता है।  यह काम उन कुछ फार्मूले को प्रलेखित करेगा।  नीचे अफ्रीकी आध्यात्मिकता में इस उद्देश्य के लिए उपलब्ध कुछ वर्तनी के दस्तावेज हैं।

 1।

 ओडीडी एगबन काण (एक नारियल फल)

 Etu Ibon Oyinbo (मूल गन पाउडर)

 तैयारी और उपयोग

 आप सिर पर नारियल फल ड्रिल करेंगे।  आप इसके अंदर मूल बंदूक पाउडर डालेंगे। इसे अपने कमरे के कोने पर रखें।  आप इसे अगली सुबह तक छोड़ देंगे।  किसी से भी बात करने से पहले सुबह जल्दी उठकर सामग्री लें।  आप बाकी नारियल लेंगे और इसे मना करने पर डंप कर दें।

 2।

 ईवे लाली मेसन

 ओमो अटारे मेसन (मगरमच्छ काली मिर्च के नौ बीज)

 तैयारी और उपयोग

 आप पूरे उपरोक्त आइटम को एक साथ पीस लेंगे।  आप अपनी कमर के चारों ओर से लेफ़्ट तक चीरा बनाएंगे और एक-दूसरे से मिलेंगे।  आप चीरों पर दवा लगाएंगे।

 3।

 ओदिदी ओगा कान (एक पूरी गिरगिट)

 ओदिदी अतारे कान (एक संपूर्ण मगरमच्छ काली मिर्च / अफ्रामोमम मेलेगेटा)

 तैयारी और उपयोग

 आप दोनों को एक साथ पीसेंगे और अपने सिर के चारों ओर चीरा लगाएंगे।  उस पर दवा लगाएं।

 कॉपीराइट: बबालावो पेले ओबासा ओबनिफा, फोन और व्हाट्सएप संपर्क: 13:48166343145, स्थान इले इफ ओसुन राज्य नाइजीरिया।
 महत्वपूर्ण सूचना: जैसा कि इस लेख के किसी भी भाग के ऊपर दिए गए लेख को किसी भी रूप में या किसी भी रूप में इलेक्ट्रॉनिक या मैकेनिकल द्वारा प्रतिलिपि या डुप्लिकेट नहीं किया जा सकता है, फोटोकॉपी और रिकॉर्डिंग सहित या किसी भी जानकारी के भंडारण या पुनर्प्राप्ति प्रणाली द्वारा कॉपीराइट धारक से पूर्व लिखित अनुमति के बिना और  लेखक बबालावो ओबनिफा, ऐसा करना गैर-कानूनी होगा और कानूनी परिणामों को आकर्षित करेगा

فيلم إثبات أفريقيا (AYETA) بقلم BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa


  في هذا العمل ، سوف يقوم Babalawo Obanifa بتوثيق بعض التعويذات الروحية والمعادلة المتوفرة في روحية اليوروبا للحماية من الرصاص أو الرصاص.  يطلق عليه بشكل غير رسمي إثبات الرصاصة الأفريقية.  تُعرف التسمية التقليدية لهذا النوع من العمل باسم Ayeta.  هذا العمل سوف يوثق بعض هذه الصيغة.  فيما يلي وثائق لبعض التعويذة المتاحة لهذا الغرض في الروحانية الأفريقية.

  1.

  Odidi agbon كان (فاكهة جوز الهند واحدة)

  إتو إبون أوينبو (مسحوق البندقية الأصلي)

  التحضير والاستخدام

  سوف تقوم بحفر ثمرة جوز الهند على الرأس.  سوف تصب مسحوق البندقية الأصلي بداخله. ضعه في زاوية غرفتك.  سوف تتركها حتى صباح اليوم التالي.  في الصباح الباكر ، خذها وشربها قبل أن تتحدث إلى أي شخص.  سوف تأخذ بقية جوز الهند ودفنها في نفايات القمامة.

  2.

  اوي العلالي ميسان

  أومو أتاري ميسان (تسعة بذور من فلفل التمساح)

  التحضير والاستخدام

  سوف تطحن العنصر المذكور أعلاه بالكامل.  سوف تقوم بعمل شق حول الخصر من اليمين إلى اليسار وتلتقي ببعضها البعض.  سوف تطبق الدواء على الشقوق.


  3.

  Odidi oga kan (حرباء كاملة)

  Odidi ataare kan (فلفل كامل التمساح / Aframomum melegueta)

  التحضير والاستخدام

  سوف تطحن الاثنين معا وتصنع شقوق حول رأسك.  تطبيق الدواء على ذلك.

  حقوق الطبع والنشر: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa ، الهاتف واتس اب الاتصال: +2348166343145 ، موقع إيل إيف أوسون ولاية نيجيريا.
  إشعار هام: فيما يتعلق بالمادة أعلاه ، لا يجوز إعادة إنتاج أو تكرار أي جزء من هذه المادة بأي شكل أو بأي وسيلة ، سواء كانت إلكترونية أو ميكانيكية ، بما في ذلك التصوير والتسجيل أو بأي نظام لتخزين المعلومات أو استرجاعها دون إذن كتابي مسبق من صاحب حقوق الطبع والنشر و  المؤلف Babalawo Obanifa ، القيام بذلك سوف يعتبر غير قانوني وسوف يجلب عواقب قانونية



  فيلم إثبات أفريقيا (AYETA) بقلم BABALAWO OBANIFA-Obanifa


  في هذا العمل ، سوف يقوم Babalawo Obanifa بتوثيق بعض التعويذات الروحية والمعادلة المتوفرة في روحية اليوروبا للحماية من الرصاص أو الرصاص.  يطلق عليه بشكل غير رسمي إثبات الرصاصة الأفريقية.  تُعرف التسمية التقليدية لهذا النوع من العمل باسم Ayeta.  هذا العمل سوف يوثق بعض هذه الصيغة.  فيما يلي وثائق لبعض التعويذة المتاحة لهذا الغرض في الروحانية الأفريقية.

  1.

  Odidi agbon كان (فاكهة جوز الهند واحدة)

  إتو إبون أوينبو (مسحوق البندقية الأصلي)

  التحضير والاستخدام

  سوف تقوم بحفر ثمرة جوز الهند على الرأس.  سوف تصب مسحوق البندقية الأصلي بداخله. ضعه في زاوية غرفتك.  سوف تتركها حتى صباح اليوم التالي.  في الصباح الباكر ، خذها وشربها قبل أن تتحدث إلى أي شخص.  سوف تأخذ بقية جوز الهند ودفنها في نفايات القمامة.

  2.

  اوي العلالي ميسان

  أومو أتاري ميسان (تسعة بذور من فلفل التمساح)

  التحضير والاستخدام

  سوف تطحن العنصر المذكور أعلاه بالكامل.  سوف تقوم بعمل شق حول الخصر من اليمين إلى اليسار وتلتقي ببعضها البعض.  سوف تطبق الدواء على الشقوق.

  3.

  Odidi oga kan (حرباء كاملة)

  Odidi ataare kan (فلفل كامل التمساح / Aframomum melegueta)

  التحضير والاستخدام

  سوف تطحن الاثنين معا وتصنع شقوق حول رأسك.  تطبيق الدواء على ذلك.

  حقوق الطبع والنشر: Babalawo Pele Obasa Obanifa ، الهاتف واتس اب الاتصال: +2348166343145 ، موقع إيل إيف أوسون ولاية نيجيريا.
  إشعار هام: فيما يتعلق بالمادة أعلاه ، لا يجوز إعادة إنتاج أو تكرار أي جزء من هذه المادة بأي شكل أو بأي وسيلة ، سواء كانت إلكترونية أو ميكانيكية ، بما في ذلك التصوير والتسجيل أو بأي نظام لتخزين المعلومات أو استرجاعها دون إذن كتابي مسبق من صاحب حقوق الطبع والنشر و  المؤلف Babalawo Obanifa ، القيام بذلك سوف يعتبر غير قانوني وسوف يجلب عواقب قانونية

History of bullets Proof Vest and Uses
"Bulletproof" redirects here. For other uses, see Bulletproof (disambiguation).
Bulletproofing is the process of making something capable of stopping a bullet or similar high velocity projectiles e.g. shrapnel. The term bullet resistance is often preferred because few, if any, practical materials provide complete protection against all types of bullets, or multiple hits in the same location.

Origins Edit

In 1887, George E. Goodfellow, of Tombstone, Arizona, documented three cases where bullets had failed to penetrate silk articles of clothing. He described the shooting death of Charlie Storms by gambler Luke Short. Although shot in the heart, "not a drop of blood" exited Charlie Storms' wound. Goodfellow found though the bullet did indeed kill Charlie Storms, it failed to pass through a silk handkerchief, essentially catching the bullet, but it was not enough to stop the bullet entirely. Another was the killing of Billy Grounds by Assistant City Marshal Billy Breakenridge.

Goodfellow examined Billy and found that two buckshot grains had penetrated Billy's thick Mexican felt hat band embroidered with silver wire, penetrating his head and flattened against the posterior wall of the skull. Another of the grains had passed through two heavy wool shirts and a blanket-lined canvas coat and vest before coming to rest deep in his chest. But Goodfellow was fascinated to find in the folds of a Chinese silk neckerchief  around Grounds' neck two shotgun pellets but no holes and no wounds.[1][2]

He described a wound to Curly Bill Brocius  who had been shot through the right side of the neck, narrowly missing his carotid artery. A portion of his silk neckerchief was carried into the wound by the bullet, preventing a more serious injury, but the scarf was undamaged.[1][2][3] The Tombstone Epitaph  reported, "A silken armor may be the next invention."[4]

Goodfellow wrote an article for the Southern California Practitioner titled "Notes on the Impenetrability of Silk to Bullets".[2][5] He experimented with designs for bullet-resistant  clothing made of multiple layers of silk.[6] By 1900, gangsters were wearing $800 silk vests to protect themselves.[7]
Background Edit

Bullet-resistant body armor has been in use since about 1984. When law enforcement began wearing body armor, there was a dramatic drop in officer deaths, saving over 3,000 lives as a result. The National Institute of Justice first developed standards for ballistic resistant body armor in the 1970s. The standards have been revised five times since 1984. The National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center tests body armor to assess its compliance with the standards and publishes the results.[8]
Uses Edit

Bullet designs vary widely, not only according to the particular firearm used (e.g. a 9×19mm Parabellum caliber hollowpoint handgun cartridge will have inferior penetration power compared to a 7.62×39mm rifle cartridge), but also within individual cartridge designs. As a result, whilst so-called "bullet-proof" panels may successfully prevent penetration by standard 7.62×39mm bullets containing lead cores, the same panels may easily be defeated by 7.62×39mm armor-piercing  bullets containing hardened steel penetrators.

Bullet-resistant materials (also called ballistic materials or, equivalently, anti-ballistic materials) are usually rigid, but may be supple. They may be complex, such as Kevlar, UHMWPE, Lexan, or carbon fiber composite materials, or they may be basic and simple, such as steel or titanium. Bullet resistant materials are often used in law enforcement and military applications, to protect personnel from death or serious injuries. In 2018, the US military began conducting research into the feasibility of using artificial silk as body armor.[9]
Classification Edit

There are various mandatory tests which items must pass before they can be classified as bullet-resistant. These tests specify the detailed characteristics of bullets which the material or object must be resistant to. For example, the U.S. National Institute of Justice  standard 0104.04 for bullet-resistant vests specifies that a Type II vest must not deform clay representing the wearer's body when hit by an 8.0 g (124 gr) 9 mm caliber round nosed full-metal jacket bullet travelling at up to 358 m/s (1175 ft/s); but a Type IIIA vest is needed for protection against the same bullet travelling at up to 427 m/s (1400 ft/s). In both cases, the vest is not required to protect against a second hit within 51 mm (2 inches) of the first.[10]
Applications Edit

Aerospace
Armored car
Armoured fighting vehicle
Bank vault
Bombsuit
Bulletproof glass
Bulletproof vest
Liquid Armor
Military vehicle
Panic room
Plastic armour
Riot shield
Safe
References

Last edited 1 month ago by Monkbot
RELATED ARTICLES
Bulletproof vest
personal armour for the torso that protects against projectiles or shrapnel from explosions
Humanities › History & Culture
History of Body Armor and Bullet Proof Vests
Humans throughout recorded history have used various types of materials as body
by
Mary Bellis
Updated January 31, 2019
Humans throughout recorded history have used various types of materials as body armor to protect themselves from injury in combat and other dangerous situations. The first protective clothing and shields were made from animal skins. As civilizations became more advanced, wooden shields and then metal shields came into use. Eventually, metal was also used as body armor, what we now refer to as the suit of armor associated with the knights of the Middle Ages. However, with the invention of firearms around 1500, metal body armor became ineffective.
Then only real protection available against firearms were stone walls or natural barriers such as rocks, trees, and ditches.

Soft Body Armor
One of the first recorded instances of the use of soft body armor was by the medieval Japanese, who used armor manufactured from silk. It was not until the late 19th century that the first use of soft body armor in the United States was recorded. At that time, the military explored the possibility of using soft body armor manufactured from silk. The project even attracted congressional attention after the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901. While the garments were shown to be effective against low-velocity bullets, those traveling at 400 feet per second or less, they did not offer protection against the new generation of handgun ammunition being introduced at that time. Ammunition that traveled at velocities of more than 600 feet per second. This, along with the prohibitive cost of silk made the concept unacceptable. Silk armor of this type was said to have been worn by Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria when he was killed by a shot to the head, thereby precipitating World War I.
Early Bullet Proof Vests Patents
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office lists records dating back to 1919 for various designs of bulletproof vests and body armor type garments. One of the first documented instances where such a garment was demonstrated for use by law enforcement officers was detailed in the April 2, 1931, edition of the Washington, D.C., Evening Star, where a bulletproof vest was demonstrated to members of the Metropolitan Police Department.

Flak Jacket
The next generation of the anti-ballistic bullet proof vest was the World War II "flak jacket" made from ballistic nylon. The flak jacket provided protection primarily from ammunition fragments and was ineffective against most pistol and rifle threats. Flak jackets were also very cumbersome and bulky.

Lightweight Body Armor
It would not be until the late 1960s that new fibers were discovered that made today's modern generation of cancelable body armor possible. The National Institute of Justice or NIJ initiated a research program to investigate the development of lightweight body armor that on-duty policemen could wear full time. The investigation readily identified new materials that could be woven into a lightweight fabric with excellent ballistic resistant properties. Performance standards were set that defined ballistic resistant requirements for police body armor.

Kevlar
In the 1970s, one of the most significant achievements in the development of body armor was the invention of DuPont's Kevlar ballistic fabric. Ironically, the fabric was originally intended to replace steel belting in vehicle tires.
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The development of kevlar body armor by NIJ was a four-phase effort that took place over several years. The first phase involved testing kevlar fabric to determine whether it could stop a lead bullet. The second phase involved determining the number of layers of material necessary to prevent penetration by bullets of varying speeds and calibers and developing a prototype vest that would protect officers against the most common threats: the 38 Special and the 22 Long Rifle bullets.

Researching Kevlar Bullet Proof Vests
By 1973, researchers at the Army's Edgewood Arsenal responsible for the bulletproof vest design had developed a garment made of seven layers of Kevlar fabric for use in field trials. It was determined that the penetration resistance of Kevlar was degraded when wet. The bullet resistant properties of the fabric also diminished upon exposure to ultraviolet light, including sunlight. Dry-cleaning agents and bleach also had a negative effect on the antiballistic properties of the fabric, as did repeated washing. To protect against these problems, the vest was designed with waterproofing, as well as with fabric coverings to prevent exposure to sunlight and other degrading agents.

Medical Testing of Body Armor
The third phase of the initiative involved extensive medical testing, to determine the performance level of body armor that would be necessary to save police officers' lives. It was clear to researchers that even when a bullet was stopped by the flexible fabric, the impact and resulting trauma from the bullet would leave a severe bruise at a minimum and, at worst, could kill by damaging critical organs. Subsequently, army scientists designed tests to determine the effects of blunt trauma, which is injuries suffered from forces created by the bullet impacting the armor.
A byproduct of the research on blunt trauma was the improvement of tests that measure blood gasses, which indicate the extent of injuries to the lungs.

The final phase involved monitoring the armor's wearability and effectiveness. An initial test in three cities determined that the vest was wearable, it did not cause undue stress or pressure on the torso, and it did not prevent the normal body movement necessary for police work. In 1975, an extensive field test of the new Kevlar body armor was conducted, with 15 urban police departments cooperating. Each department served a population larger than 250,000, and each had experienced officer assault rates higher than the national average. The tests involved 5,000 garments, including 800 purchased from commercial sources. Among the factors evaluated were comfort ​when worn for a full working day, its adaptability in extremes of temperature, and its durability through long periods of use.

The demonstration project armor issued by NIJ was designed to ensure a 95 percent probability of survival after being hit with a .38 caliber bullet at a velocity of 800 ft/s. Furthermore, the probability of requiring surgery if hit by a projectile was to be 10 percent or less.

A final report released in 1976 concluded that the new ballistic material was effective in providing a bullet resistant garment that was light and wearable for full-time use. Private industry was quick to recognize the potential market for the new generation of body armor, and body armor became commercially available in quantity even before the NIJ demonstration program.

Bulletproof vest
The Improved Outer Tactical Vest  (IOTV), here in Universal Camouflage Pattern, is issued to U.S. Army  soldiers
A ballistic vest or bullet-resistant vest, often called a bulletproof vest, is an item of personal armor that helps absorb the impact and reduce or stop penetration to the body from firearm-fired projectiles and shrapnel  from explosions, and is worn on the torso. Soft vests are made of many layers of woven or laminated fibres and can protect the wearer from small-calibre handgun and shotgun  projectiles, and small fragments from explosives such as hand grenades.

These vests often have a ballistic plate inserted into the vest. Metal or ceramic plates can be used with a soft vest, providing additional protection against rifle rounds, and metallic components or tightly woven fibre layers can give soft armour resistance to stab and slash attacks from knives and similar close-quarter weapons. Soft vests are commonly worn by police forces, private citizens who are at risk of being shot (e.g., national leaders), security guards, and bodyguards, whereas hard-plate reinforced vests are mainly worn by combat soldiers, police tactical units, and hostage rescue teams.

Body armor may combine a ballistic vest with other items of protective clothing, such as a combat helmet. Vests intended for police and military use may also include ballistic shoulder and side protection armor components, and bomb disposal officers wear heavy armour and helmets with face visors and spine protection.

Ballistic vests use layers of very strong fibers to "catch" and deform a bullet, mushrooming it into a dish shape, and spreading its force over a larger portion of the vest fiber. The vest absorbs the energy from the deforming bullet, bringing it to a stop before it can completely penetrate the textile matrix. Some layers may be penetrated but as the bullet deforms, the energy is absorbed by a larger and larger fiber area.

While a vest can prevent bullet penetration, the vest and wearer still absorb the bullet's impulse. Even without penetration, heavy bullets deal enough force to cause blunt force trauma under the impact point. Vest specifications will typically include both penetration resistance requirements and limits on the amount of impact force that is delivered to the body.

On the other hand, some bullets can penetrate the vest, but still deal low damage to its wearer because of speed loss or their small mass/form.

Vests designed for bullets offer less protection against blows from sharp implements, such as knives, arrows or ice picks, or from bullets manufactured with hardened materials, e.g., those containing a steel core instead of lead. This is because the impact force of these objects stays concentrated in a relatively small area, allowing them a better likelihood of puncturing the fiber layers of most bullet-resistant fabrics used in soft armor.[citation needed] By contrast, stab vests  provide better protection against sharp implements, but are generally less effective against bullets. However, it is a fallacy[1][2][better source needed] that soft armor will still protect against most slashing attacks. In reality, there is a greater risk of harm due to a defined optimism bias.[citation needed]

Textile vests may be augmented with metal (steel or titanium), ceramic or polyethylene  plates that provide extra protection to vital areas. These hard armor plates have proven effective against all handgun bullets and a range of rifles. These upgraded ballistic vests have become standard in military use, as soft body armor vests are ineffective against military rifle rounds. Prison guards and police often wear vests which are designed specifically against bladed weapons and sharp objects. These vests may incorporate coated and laminated para-aramid textiles or metallic components.[3]
History Edit

Early modern era Edit
In 1538, Francesco Maria della Rovere  commissioned Filippo Negroli to create a bulletproof vest. In 1561, Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor is recorded as testing his armor against gun-fire. Similarly, in 1590 Sir Henry Lee expected his Greenwich armor to be "pistol proof". Its actual effectiveness was controversial at the time.[4] The etymology of "bullet" and the adjective form of "proof" in the late 16th century would suggest that the term "bulletproof" originated shortly thereafter.

During the English Civil War Oliver Cromwell's Ironside cavalry were equipped with Capeline  helmets and musket-proof cuirasses which consisted of two layers of armor plate (in later studies involving X-ray a third layer was discovered which was placed in between the outer and inner layer). The outer layer was designed to absorb the bullet's energy and the thicker inner layer stopped further penetration. The armor would be left badly dented but still serviceable.[5] One of the first recorded descriptions of soft armor use was found in medieval Japan, with the armor having been manufactured from silk.[6]

Industrial era Edit
One of the first examples of commercially sold bulletproof armour was produced by a tailor in Dublin, Ireland in the 1840s. The Cork Examiner reported on his line of business in December 1847:[7]

The daily melancholy announcements of assassination that are now disgracing the country, and the murderers permitted to walk quietly away and defy the law, have induced me to get constructed a garment, shot and ball proof, so that every man can be protected, and enabled to return the fire of the assassin, and thus soon put a stop to the cowardly conduct which has deprived society of so many excellent and valuable lives, spreading terror and desolation through the country. I hope in a few days to have a specimen garment on view at my warerooms.


Ned Kelly's Ploughboard Ballistic Suit
Another soft ballistic vest, Myeonje baegab, was invented in Joseon, Korea in the 1860s shortly after the French campaign against Korea. The Heungseon Daewongun ordered development of bullet-proof armor because of increasing threats from Western armies. Kim Gi-Doo and Gang Yoon found that cotton could protect against bullets if 10 layers of cotton fabric were used. The vests were used in battle during the United States expedition to Korea, when the US Navy attacked Ganghwa Island in 1871. The US Navy captured one of the vests and took it to the US, where it was stored at the Smithsonian Museum until 2007. The vest has since been sent back to Korea and is currently on display to the public.

Simple ballistic armor was sometimes constructed by criminals. During the 1880s, a gang of Australian bushrangers led by Ned Kelly made basic armour from plough blades. By this time the Victorian Government had a reward for the capture of a member of the Kelly Gang at £8,000 (equivalent to 2 million Australian dollars in 2005). One of the stated aims of Kelly was the establishment of a Republic in North East Victoria. Each of the four Kelly gang members had fought a siege at a hotel clad in suits of armour made from the mouldboards of ploughs. The maker's stamp (Lennon Number 2 Type) was found inside several of the plates. The armour covered the men's torsos, upper arms, and upper legs, and was worn with a helmet. The suits were roughly made on a creek bed using a makeshift forge and a stringy-bark log as a muffled anvil. The suits had a mass of around 44 kg (96 lb) but eventually were of no use as the suits lacked protection for the legs and hands.

American outlaw and gunfighter Jim Miller  was infamous for wearing a steel breastplate over his frock coat as a form of body armor.[8] This plate saved Miller on two occasions, and it proved to be highly resistant to pistol bullets and shotguns. One example can be seen in his gun battle with a sheriff named George A. "Bud" Frazer, where the plate managed to deflect all bullets fromis plate saved Miller on two occasions, and it proved to be highly resistant to pistol bullets and shotguns. One example can be seen in his gun battle with a sheriff named George A. "Bud" Frazer, where the plate managed to deflect all bullets from the lawmen's six-shooter.[9]


Test of a 1901 vest designed by Jan Szczepanik, in which a 7 mm revolver is fired at a person wearing the vest
In 1881, Tombstone physician George E. Goodfellow noticed that a faro dealer Charlie Storms who was shot twice by Luke Short had one bullet stopped by a silk handkerchief in his breast pocket that prevented that bullet from penetrating.[10][11] In 1887, he wrote an article titled Impenetrability of Silk to Bullets[12] for the Southern California Practitioner  documenting the first known instance of bulletproof fabric. He experimented with[13] silk vests resembling medieval gambesons, which used 18 to 30 layers of silk fabric to protect the wearers from penetration.

Fr. Kazimierz Żegleń used Goodfellow's findings to develop a bulletproof vest made of silk fabric at the end of the 19th century, which could stop the relatively slow rounds from black powder handguns.[14] The vests cost US$800 each in 1914, a small fortune given the $20.67/1oz-Au exchange-rate back then, equivalent to ~$50,000 circa 2016, exceeding mean annual income.[14]

A similar vest, made by Polish inventor Jan Szczepanik in 1901, saved the life of Alfonso XIII of Spain when he was shot by an attacker. By 1900, US gangsters were wearing $800 silk vests to protect themselves.[15]

On 28 June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was fatally shot, triggering World War I; despite owning a silk bulletproof vest, which tests by Britain's Royal Armouries  indicate would likely have stopped a bullet of that era, and despite being aware of potential threats to his life including an attempted assassination of his uncle a few years earlier, Ferdinand was not wearing his on that fateful day.[16][17]

First World War Edit

World War I German Infanterie-Panzer, 1917
The combatants of World War I started the war without any attempt at providing the soldiers with body armor. Various private companies advertised body protection suits such as the Birmingham Chemico Body Shield, although these products were generally far too expensive for an average soldier.

The first official attempts at commissioning body armor were made in 1915 by the British Army Design Committee, in particular a 'Bomber's Shield' for the use of bomber pilots who were notoriously under-protected in the air from anti-aircraft bullets and shrapnel. The Experimental Ordnance Board also reviewed potential materials for bullet and fragment proof armor, such as steel plate. A 'necklet' was successfully issued on a small scale (due to cost considerations), which protected the neck and shoulders from bullets traveling at 600 feet per second with interwoven layers of silk and cotton stiffened with resin. The Dayfield body shield entered service in 1916 and a hardened breastplate was introduced the following year.[18]

The British army medical services calculated towards the end of the War, that three quarters of all battle injuries could have been prevented if an effective armor had been issued.

The French also experimented with steel visors attached to the Adrian helmet and 'abdominal armor' designed by General Adrian. These failed to be practical, because they severely impeded the soldier's mobility. The Germans officially issued body armor in the shape of nickel and silicon armor plates that was called sappenpanzer (nicknamed 'Lobster armor') from late 1916. These were similarly too heavy to be practical for the rank-and-file, but were used by static units, such as sentries and occasionally the machine-gunners. An improved version, the Infantrie-Panzer, was introduced in 1918, with hooks for equipment.[19]
The United States developed several types of body armor, including the chrome nickel steel Brewster Body Shield, which consisted of a breastplate and a headpiece and could withstand Lewis Gun bullets at 2,700 ft/s (820 m/s), but was clumsy and heavy at 40 lb (18 kg). A scaled waistcoat of overlapping steel scales fixed to a leather lining was also designed; this armor weighed 11 lb (5.0 kg), fit close to the body, and was considered more comfortable.[20]

During the late 1920s through the early 1930s, gunmen from criminal gangs in the United States began wearing less-expensive vests made from thick layers of cotton padding and cloth. These early vests could absorb the impact of handgun rounds such as .22 Long Rifle, .25 ACP, .32 S&W Long, .32 S&W, .380 ACP, .38 Special and .45 ACP traveling at speeds of up to 300 m/s (980 ft/s).[citation needed] To overcome these vests, law enforcement agents such as the FBI began using the newer and more powerful .38 Super, and later the .357 Magnum cartridge.
econd World War Edit
See also: Steel Bib

A Japanese vest, which used overlapping armour plates
In 1940, the Medical Research Council in Britain proposed the use of a lightweight suit of armor for general use by infantry, and a heavier suit for troops in more dangerous positions, such as anti-aircraft and naval gun crews. By February 1941, trials had begun on body armor made of manganese steel plates. Two plates covered the front area and one plate on the lower back protected the kidneys and other vital organs. Five thousand sets were made and evaluated to almost unanimous approval – as well as providing adequate protection, the armor didn't severely impede the mobility of the soldier and were reasonably comfortable to wear. The armor was introduced in 1942 although the demand for it was later scaled down.[21] The Canadian Army in northwestern Europe also adopted this armor for the medical personnel of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division.

The British company Wilkinson Sword began to produce flak jackets for bomber crew in 1943 under contract with the Royal Air Force. It was realised that the majority of pilot deaths in the air was due to low velocity fragments rather than bullets. Surgeon of the United States Army Air Forces, Colonel M. C. Grow, stationed in Britain, thought that many wounds he was treating could have been prevented by some kind of light armor. Two types of armor were issued for different specifications. These jackets were made of nylon fabric[22] and capable of stopping flak  and shrapnel, but were not designed to stop bullets. Although they were considered too bulky for pilots using the Avro Lancaster  bombers, they were adopted by United States Army Air Forces.

In the early stages of World War II, the United States also designed body armor for infantrymen, but most models were too heavy and mobility-restricting to be useful in the field and incompatible with existing required equipment. Near the middle of 1944, development of infantry body armor in the United States restarted. Several vests were produced for the US military, including but not limited to the T34, the T39, the T62E1, and the M12. The United States developed a vest using Doron Plate, a fiberglass-based laminate. These vests were first used in the Battle of Okinawa in 1945.[23]
The Soviet Armed Forces used several types of body armor, including the SN-42 ("Stalnoi Nagrudnik" is Russian for "steel breastplate", and the number denotes the design year). All were tested, but only the SN-42 was put in production. It consisted of two pressed steel plates that protected the front torso and groin. The plates were 2 mm thick and weighed 3.5 kg (7.7 lb). This armor was generally supplied to SHISBr (assault engineers) and Tankodesantniki. The SN armor protected wearers from 9×19mm bullets fired by an MP 40 at around 100 meters, and sometimes it was able to deflect 7.92 Mauser bullets (and bayonet blades), but only at very low angle. This made it useful in urban battles such as the Battle of Stalingrad. However, the SN's weight made it impractical for infantry in the open.

Postwar Edit
During the Korean War several new vests were produced for the United States military, including the M-1951, which made use of fibre-reinforced plastic or aluminium  segments woven into a nylon vest. These vests represented "a vast improvement on weight, but the armor failed to stop bullets and fragments very successfully,"[citation needed] although officially they were claimed to be able to stop 7.62×25mm Tokarev pistol rounds at the muzzle. Developed by Natick Laboratories and introduced in 1967, T65-2 plate carriers were the first vests designed to hold hard ceramic plates, making them capable of stopping 7 mm rifle rounds.

These "Chicken Plates" were made of either boron carbide, silicon carbide, or aluminium oxide. They were issued to the crew of low-flying aircraft, such as the UH-1 and UC-123, during the Vietnam War.[24][25]

In 1969, American Body Armor was founded and began to produce a patented combination of quilted nylon faced with multiple steel plates. This armor configuration was marketed to American law enforcement agencies by Smith & Wesson under the trade name "Barrier Vest." The Barrier Vest was the first police vest to gain wide use during high threat police operations.

In 1971, research chemist Stephanie Kwolek  discovered a liquid crystalline polymer solution. Its exceptional strength and stiffness led to the invention of Kevlar, a synthetic fibre, woven into a fabric and layered, that, by weight, has five times the tensile strength of steel.[26] In the mid-1970s, DuPont the company which employed Kwolek introduced Kevlar. Immediately Kevlar was incorporated into a National Institute of Justice (NIJ) evaluation program to provide lightweight, able body armor to a test pool of American law enforcement officers to ascertain if everyday able wearing was possible. Lester Shubin, a program manager at the NIJ, managed this law enforcement feasibility study within a few selected large police agencies, and quickly determined that Kevlar body armor could be comfortably worn by police daily, and would save lives.

In 1975 Richard A. Armellino, the founder of American Body Armor, marketed an all Kevlar vest called the K-15, consisting of 15 layers of Kevlar that also included a 5" × 8" ballistic steel "Shok Plate" positioned vertically over the heart and was issued US Patent #3,971,072 for this innovation.[27] Similarly sized and positioned "trauma plates" are still used today on the front ballistic panels of most able vests, reducing blunt trauma and increasing ballistic protection in the center-mass heart/sternum area.

In 1976, Richard Davis, founder of Second Chance Body Armor, designed the company's first all-Kevlar vest, the Model Y. The lightweight, able vest industry was launched and a new form of daily protection for the modern police officer was quickly adapted. By the mid-to-late 1980s, an estimated 1/3 to 1/2 of police patrol officers[where?] wore able vests daily.[citation needed] By 2006, more than 2,000 documented police vest "saves" were recorded, validating the success and efficiency of lightweight able body armor as a standard piece of everyday police equipment.[citation needed]

Recent years Edit

Newer armor issued by the United States armed forces to large numbers of troops includes the United States Army's Improved Outer Tactical Vest and the United States Marine Corps Modular Tactical Vest. All of these systems are designed with the vest intended to provide protection from fragments and pistol rounds. Hard ceramic plates, such as the Small Arms Protective Insert, as used with Interceptor Body Armor, are worn to protect the vital organs from higher level threats. These threats mostly take the form of high velocity and armor-piercing rifle rounds. Similar types of protective equipment have been adopted by modern armed forces over the world.

Since the 1970s, several new fibers and construction methods for bulletproof fabric have been developed besides woven Kevlar, such as DSM's Dyneema, Honeywell's Gold Flex and Spectra, Teijin Aramid's Twaron, Pinnacle Armor's Dragon Skin, and Toyobo's Zylon. The US military has developed body armor for the working dogs who aid soldiers in battle.[28]

Since 2004, U.S. Special Operations Command has been at work on a new full-body armor that will rely on rheology, or the technology behind the elasticity of liquids in skin care and automotive products. Named TALOS, this new technology may be used in the future.[29]
Performance standards Edit


Indonesian Special Police "Brimob" personnel and an officer (left) with bulletproof vests in Jakarta during the 2016 Jakarta attacks
Due to the various types of projectile, it is often inaccurate to refer to a particular product as "bulletproof" because this implies that it will protect against any and all threats. Instead, the term bullet resistant is generally preferred.

Body armor standards are regional. Around the world ammunition varies and as a result the armor testing must reflect the threats found locally. Law enforcement statistics show that many shootings where officers are injured or killed involve the officer's own weapon.[30] As a result, each law enforcement agency or para-military organization will have their own standard for armor performance if only to ensure that their armor protects them from their own weapons. While many standards exist, a few standards are widely used as models. The US National Institute of Justice ballistic and stab documents are examples of broadly accepted standards. In addition to the NIJ, the UK Home Office Scientific Development Branch (HOSDB – formerly the Police Scientific Development Branch (PSDB)) standards are used by a number of other countries and organizations. These "model" standards are usually adapted by other countries by incorporation of the basic test methodologies with modification of the bullets that are required for test.

NIJ Standard-0101.06 has specific performance standards for bullet resistant vests used by law enforcement. This rates vests on the following scale against penetration and also blunt trauma protection (deformation):[31] In the first half of 2018, NIJ is expected to introduce the new NIJ Standard-0101.07.[32] This new standard will completely replace the NIJ Standard-0101.06. The current system of using Roman numerals (II, IIIA, III, and IV) to indicate the level of threat will disappear and be replaced by a naming convention similar to the standard developed by UK Home Office Scientific Development Branch. HG is for soft armor and RF is for hard armor. Another important change is that the test-round velocity for conditioned armor will be the same as that for new armor during testing. For example, for NIJ Standard-0101.06 Level IIIA the .44 Magnum round is currently shot at 408 m/s for conditioned armor and at 436 m/s for new armor. For the NIJ Standard-0101.07, the velocity for both conditioned and new armor will be the same.
Armor Level Protection
Type I
.22 LR
.380 ACP
This armor would protect against
2.6 g (40 gr) .22 Long Rifle  Lead Round Nose (LR LRN) bullets at a velocity of 329 m/s (1080 ft/s ± 30 ft/s)
6.2 g (95 gr) .380 ACP Full Metal Jacketed Round Nose (FMJ RN) bullets at a velocity of 322 m/s (1055 ft/s ± 30 ft/s).
It is no longer part of the standard.

Type IIA
9×19mm
.40 S&W
.45 ACP
New armor protects against:
8 g (124 gr) 9×19mm Parabellum Full Metal Jacketed Round Nose (FMJ RN) bullets at a velocity of 373 m/s ± 9.1 m/s (1225 ft/s ± 30 ft/s)
11.7 g (180 gr) .40 S&W Full Metal Jacketed (FMJ) bullets at a velocity of 352 m/s ± 9.1 m/s (1155 ft/s ± 30 ft/s)
14.9 g (230 gr) .45 ACP Full Metal Jacketed (FMJ) bullets at a velocity of 275 m/s ± 9.1 m/s (900 ft/s ± 30 ft/s).
Conditioned armor protects against

8 g (124 gr) 9 mm FMJ RN bullets at a velocity of 355 m/s ± 9.1 m/s (1165 ft/s ± 30 ft/s)
11.7 g (180 gr) .40 S&W FMJ bullets at a velocity of 325 m/s ± 9.1 m/s (1065 ft/s ± 30 ft/s)
14.9 g (230 gr) .45 ACP Full Metal Jacketed (FMJ) bullets at a velocity of 259 m/s ± 9.1 m/s (850 ft/s ± 30 ft/s).
It also provides protection against the threats mentioned in [Type I].

Type II
9mm +P
.357 Magnum
New armor protects against
8 g (124 gr) 9 mm FMJ RN bullets at a velocity of 398 m/s ± 9.1 m/s (1305 ft/s ± 30 ft/s)
10.2 g (158 gr) .357 Magnum Jacketed Soft Point bullets at a velocity of 436 m/s ± 9.1 m/s (1430 ft/s ± 30 ft/s).
Conditioned armor protects against

8 g (124 gr) 9 mm FMJ RN bullets at a velocity of 379 m/s ±9.1 m/s (1245 ft/s ± 30 ft/s)
10.2 g (158 gr) .357 Magnum Jacketed Soft Point bullets at a velocity of 408 m/s ±9.1 m/s (1340 ft/s ± 30 ft/s).
It also provides protection against the threats mentioned in [Types I and IIA].

Type IIIA
.357 SIG
.44 Magnum
10mm Auto
7H21
New armor protects against
8.1 g (125 gr) .357 SIG FMJ Flat Nose (FN) bullets at a velocity of 448 m/s ± 9.1 m/s (1470 ft/s ± 30 ft/s)
15.6 g (240 gr) .44 Magnum Semi Jacketed Hollow Point  (SJHP) bullets at a velocity of 436 m/s (1430 ft/s ± 30 ft/s).
Conditioned armor protects against

8.1 g (125 gr) .357 SIG FMJ Flat Nose (FN) bullets at a velocity of 430 m/s ± 9.1 m/s (1410 ft/s ± 30 ft/s)
15.6 g (240 gr) .44 Magnum Semi Jacketed Hollow Point  (SJHP) bullets at a velocity of 408 m/s ± 9.1 m/s (1340 ft/s ± 30 ft/s).
It also provides protection against most handgun threats, as well as the threats mentioned in [Types I, IIA, and II].

Type III
Rifles
7H31
Lehigh .45-70
5.7x28mm SS190
Conditioned armor protects against
2.0 g (31 gr) FN 5.7x28mm  FMJ at a velocity of 716 m/s (2,350 fps)
8.0 g (123 gr) 7.62×39mm  (the ubiquitous AK-47 round) FMJ at a velocity of 738 m/s (2,421 ft/s).
9.6 g (148 gr) 7.62×51mm NATO M80 ball bullets at a velocity of 847 m/s ± 9.1 m/s (2780 ft/s ± 30 ft/s).
19.7 g (305 gr) .45-70 solid copper bullets at velocity of 610 m/s (2000 ft/s).[33][34]
It also provides protection against the threats mentioned in [Types I, IIA, II, and IIIA].

Type IV
Armor Piercing Rifle
Conditioned armor protects against
10.8 g (166 gr) .30-06 Springfield M2 armor-piercing (AP) bullets at a velocity of 878 m/s ± 9.1 m/s (2880 ft/s ± 30 ft/s).
It also provides at least single hit protection against the threats mentioned in [Types I, IIA, II, IIIA, and III].
NIJ standards are used for law enforcement armors. The US and NATO military armor designs are tested using a standard set of test methods under ARMY MIL-STD-662F and STANAG 2920 Ed2.[35] This approach defines the test process under the 662F/2920 standard. Each armor program can select a unique series of projectiles and velocities as required. The DOD and MOD armor programs-of-record (MTV for example) procure armor using these test standards. In addition, special requirements can be defined under this process for armors for flexible rifle protection, fragment protection for the extremities, etc. These military procurement requirements do not relate to NIJ, HOSDB or ISO law enforcement armor standards, test methods, garment size, projectiles or velocities.

In addition to the NIJ and HOSDB law enforcement armor standards, other important standards include German Police TR-Technische Richtlinie, Draft ISO prEN ISO 14876, and Underwriters Laboratories (UL Standard 752).

Textile armor is tested for both penetration resistance by bullets and for the impact energy transmitted to the wearer. The "backface signature," or transmitted impact energy, is measured by shooting armor mounted in front of a backing material, typically oil-based modeling clay. The clay is used at a controlled temperature and verified for impact flow before testing. After the armor is impacted with the test bullet, the vest is removed from the clay and the depth of the indentation in the clay is measured.[31]

The backface signature allowed by different test standards can be difficult to compare. Both the clay materials and the bullets used for the test are not common. In general the British, German and other European standards allow 20–25 mm of backface signature, while the US-NIJ standards allow for 44 mm, which can potentially cause internal injury.[36] The allowable backface signature for body armor has been controversial from its introduction in the first NIJ test standard and the debate as to the relative importance of penetration-resistance vs. backface signature continues in the medical and testing communities.

In general a vest's textile material temporarily degrades when wet. Neutral water at room temp does not affect para-aramid or UHMWPE[37] but acidic, basic and some other solutions can permanently reduce para-aramid fiber tensile strength.[38] (As a result of this, the major test standards call for wet testing of textile armor.[39]) Mechanisms for this wet loss of performance are not known. Vests that will be tested after ISO type water immersion tend to have heat sealed enclosures and those that are tested under NIJ type water spray methods tend to have water resistant enclosures.

From 2003 to 2005, a large study of the environmental degradation of Zylon armor was undertaken by the US-NIJ. This concluded that water, long-term use, and temperature exposure significantly affect tensile strength and the ballistic performance of PBO or Zylon fiber. This NIJ study on vests returned from the field demonstrated that environmental effects on Zylon resulted in ballistic failures under standard test conditions.[40]
Ballistic testing V50 and V0 Edit
Measuring the ballistic performance of armor is based on determining the kinetic energy of a bullet at impact (Ek = ½ mv2). Because the energy of a bullet is a key factor in its penetrating capacity, velocity is used as the primary independent variable in ballistic testing. For most users the key measurement is the velocity at which no bullets will penetrate the armor. Measuring this zero penetration velocity (v0) must take into account variability in armor performance and test variability. Ballistic testing has a number of sources of variability: the armor, test backing materials, bullet, casing, powder, primer and the gun barrel, to name a few.

Variability reduces the predictive power of a determination of V0. If for example, the v0 of an armor design is measured to be 1,600 ft/s (490 m/s) with a 9 mm FMJ bullet based on 30 shots, the test is only an estimate of the real v0 of this armor. The problem is variability. If the v0 is tested again with a second group of 30 shots on the same vest design, the result will not be identical.

Only a single low velocity penetrating shot is required to reduce the v0 value. The more shots made the lower the v0 will go. In terms of statistics, the zero penetration velocity is the tail end of the distribution curve. If the variability is known and the standard deviation can be calculated, one can rigorously set the V0 at a confidence interval. Test Standards now define how many shots must be used to estimate a v0 for the armor certification. This procedure defines a confidence interval of an estimate of v0. (See "NIJ and HOSDB test methods".)

v0 is difficult to measure, so a second concept has been developed in ballistic testing called the ballistic limit (v50). This is the velocity at which 50 percent of the shots go through and 50 percent are stopped by the armor. US military standard MIL-STD-662F V50 Ballistic Test define a commonly used procedure for this measurement. The goal is to get three shots that penetrate that are slower than a second faster group of three shots that are stopped by the armor. These three high stops and three low penetrations can then be used to calculate a v50 velocity.

In practice this measurement of v50 requires 1–2 vest panels and 10–20 shots. A very useful concept in armor testing is the offset velocity between the v0 and v50. If this offset has been measured for an armor design, then v50 data can be used to measure and estimate changes in v0. For vest manufacturing, field evaluation and life testing both v0 and v50 are used. However, as a result of the simplicity of making v50 measurements, this method is more important for control of armor after certification.
Military testing: fragment ballistics Edit
After the Vietnam War, military planners developed a concept of "Casualty Reduction".[41] The large body of casualty data made clear that in a combat situation, fragments, not bullets, were the most important threat to soldiers. After WWII, vests were being developed and fragment testing was in its early stages.[42] Artillery shells, mortar shells, aerial bombs, grenades, and antipersonnel mines are all fragmentation devices. They all contain a steel casing that is designed to burst into small steel fragments or shrapnel, when their explosive core detonates. After considerable effort measuring fragment size distribution from various NATO and Soviet bloc munitions, a fragment test was developed. Fragment simulators were designed, and the most common shape is a right circular cylinder or RCC simulator. This shape has a length equal to its diameter. These RCC Fragment Simulation Projectiles (FSPs) are tested as a group. The test series most often includes 2 grain (0.13 g), 4 grain (0.263 g), 16 grain (1.0 g), and 64 grain (4.2 g) mass RCC FSP testing. The 2-4-16-64 series is based on the measured fragment size distributions.
The second part of "Casualty Reduction" strategy is a study of velocity distributions of fragments from munitions.[43] Warhead explosives have blast speeds of 20,000 ft/s (6,100 m/s) to 30,000 ft/s (9,100 m/s). As a result, they are capable of ejecting fragments at very high speeds of over 3,300 ft/s (1,000 m/s), implying very high energy (where the energy of a fragment is ½ mass × velocity2, neglecting rotational energy). The military engineering data showed that, like the fragment size, the fragment velocities had characteristic distributions. It is possible to segment the fragment output from a warhead into velocity groups. For example, 95% of all fragments from a bomb blast under 4 grains (0.26 g) have a velocity of 3,000 ft/s (910 m/s) or less. This established a set of goals for military ballistic vest design.

The random nature of fragmentation required the military vest specification to trade off mass vs. ballistic-benefit. Hard vehicle armor is capable of stopping all fragments, but military personnel can only carry a limited amount of gear and equipment, so the weight of the vest is a limiting factor in vest fragment protection. The 2-4-16-64 grain series at limited velocity can be stopped by an all-textile vest of approximately 5.4 kg/m2 (1.1 lb/ft2). In contrast to the design of vest for deformable lead bullets, fragments do not change shape; they are steel and can not be deformed by textile materials. The 2-grain (0.13 g) FSP (the smallest fragment projectile commonly used in testing) is about the size of a grain of rice; such small fast moving fragments can potentially slip through the vest, moving between yarns. As a result, fabrics optimized for fragment protection are tightly woven, although these fabrics are not as effective at stopping lead bullets.

Backing materials for testing Edit
Ballistic Edit
One of the critical requirements in soft ballistic testing is measurement of "back side signature" (i.e. energy delivered to tissue by a non-penetrating projectile) in a deformable backing material placed behind the targeted vest. The majority of military and law enforcement standards have settled on an oil/clay mixture for the backing material, known as Roma Plastilena.[44] Although harder and less deformable than human tissue, Roma represents a "worst case" backing material when plastic deformations in the oil/clay are low (less than 20 mm).[45] (Armor placed over a harder surface is more easily penetrated.) The oil/clay mixture of "Roma" is roughly twice the density of human tissue and therefore does not match its specific gravity, however "Roma" is a plastic material that will not recover its shape elastically, which is important for accurately measuring potential trauma through back side signature.

The selection of test backing is significant because in flexible armor, the body tissue of a wearer plays an integral part in absorbing the high energy impact of ballistic and stab events. However the human torso has a very complex mechanical behavior. Away from the rib cage and spine, the soft tissue behavior is soft and compliant.[46] In the tissue over the sternum bone region, the compliance of the torso is significantly lower. This complexity requires very elaborate bio-morphic backing material systems for accurate ballistic and stab armor testing.[47] A number of materials have been used to simulate human tissue in addition to Roma. In all cases, these materials are placed behind the armor during test impacts and are designed to simulate various aspects of human tissue impact behavior.

One important factor in test backing for armor is its hardness. Armor is more easily penetrated in testing when backed by harder materials, and therefore harder materials, such as Roma clay, represent more conservative test methods.[48]

Backer type Materials Elastic/plastic Test type Specific gravity Relative hardness vs gelatin Application
Roma Plastilina Clay #1 Oil/Clay mixture Plastic Ballistic and Stab >2 Moderately har
Stab Edit
Stab and spike armor standards have been developed using 3 different backing materials. The Draft EU norm calls out Roma clay, The California DOC called out 60% ballistic gelatin and the current standard for NIJ and HOSDB calls out a multi-part foam and rubber backing material.

Using Roma clay backing, only metallic stab solutions met the 109 joule Calif. DOC ice pick requirement
Using 10% Gelatin backing, all fabric stab solutions were able to meet the 109 joule Calif. DOC ice pick requirement.
Most recently the Draft ISO prEN ISO 14876 norm selected Roma as the backing for both ballistics and stab testing.
This history helps explain an important factor in Ballistics and Stab armor testing, backing stiffness affects armor penetration resistance. The energy dissipation of the armor-tissue system is Energy = Force × Displacement when testing on backings that are softer and more deformable the total impact energy is absorbed at lower force. When the force is reduced by a softer more compliant backing the armor is less likely to be penetrated. The use of harder Roma materials in the ISO draft norm makes this the most rigorous of the stab standards in use today.
Rifle resistant armor Edit

Because of the limitations of the technology a distinction is made between handgun protection and rifle protection. See NIJ levels 3 and 4 for typical requirements for rifle resistant armor. Broadly rifle resistant armor is of three basic types: ceramic plate-based systems, steel plate with spall fragmentation protective coating, and hard fiber-based laminate systems. Many rifle armor components contain both hard ceramic components and laminated textile materials used together. Various ceramic materials types are in use, however: aluminum oxide, boron carbide and silicon carbide are the most common.[54] The fibers used in these systems are the same as found in soft textile armor. However, for rifle protection high pressure lamination of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene with a Kraton matrix is the most common.

The Small Arms Protective Insert (SAPI) and the enhanced SAPI plate for the US DOD generally has this form.[55] Because of the use of ceramic plates for rifle protection, these vests are 5–8 times as heavy on an area basis as handgun protection. The weight and stiffness of rifle armor is a major technical challenge. The density, hardness and impact toughness are among the materials properties that are balanced to design these systems. While ceramic materials have some outstanding properties for ballistics they have poor fracture toughness. Failure of ceramic plates by cracking must also be controlled.[56] For this reason many ceramic rifle plates are a composite. The strike face is ceramic with the backface formed of laminated fiber and resin materials. The hardness of the ceramic prevents the penetration of the bullet while the tensile strength of the fiber backing helps prevent tensile failure. Examples of rifle resistant outer vests include the Interceptor body armor and the Improved Outer Tactical Vest.
Versus armor-piercing ammunition Edit
The standards for armor-piercing rifle bullets  aren't clear-cut, because the penetration of a bullet depends on the hardness of the target armor. However, there are a few general rules. For example, bullets with a soft lead-core and copper jacket are too easily deformed to penetrate hard materials, whereas rifle bullets manufactured with very hard core materials, like tungsten carbide, are designed for maximum penetration into hard armor.[57] Most other core materials would have effects between lead and tungsten carbide. Many common bullets, such as the 7.62×39mm  M43 standard cartridge for the AK-47 rifle,[58] have a steel core with hardness rating ranging from Rc35 mild steel up to Rc45 medium hard steel.

Additionally, as the hardness of the bullet core increases, so must the amount of ceramic plating used to stop penetration. Like in soft ballistics, a minimum ceramic material hardness of the bullet core is required to damage their respective hard core materials, however in armor-piercing rounds the bullet core is eroded rather than deformed.[59]

The US Department of Defense uses two classes of protection from armor-piercing rifle bullets. The first, the Small Arms Protective Insert (SAPI), called for ceramic composite plates with a mass of 20–30 kg/m2 (4–5 lb/ft2). Later, the Enhanced SAPI (ESAPI) specification was developed to protect from more penetrative ammunition. ESAPI ceramic plates have a density of 35–45 kg/m2 (7–9 lb/ft2), and are designed to stop bullets like the .30-06 AP (M2) with an engineered hard core.

Cercom, now BAE systems, CoorsTek, Ceradyne, TenCate Advanced Composites, Honeywell, DSM, Pinnacle Armor and a number of other engineering companies develop and manufacture the materials for composite ceramic rifle armor.[60]
Explosive protection Edit


Bomb suit being used in a training exercise
Bomb disposal officers often wear heavy armor[61][62][63] designed to protect against most effects of a moderate sized explosion, such as bombs encountered in terror threats. Full head helmet, covering the face and some degree of protection for limbs is mandatory in addition to very strong armor for the torso. An insert to protect the spine is usually applied to the back, in case an explosion blasts the wearer. Visibility and mobility of the wearer is severely limited, as is the time that can be spent working on the device. Armor designed primarily to counter explosives is often somewhat less effective against bullets than armor designed for that purpose. The sheer mass of most bomb disposal armor usually provides some protection, and bullet-specific trauma plates are compatible with some bomb disposal suits. Bomb disposal technicians try to accomplish their task if possible using remote methods (e.g., robots, line and pulleys). Actually laying hands on a bomb is only done in an extremely life-threatening situation, where the hazards to people and critical structures cannot be lessened by using wheeled robots or other techniques.
Early "ice pick" test Edit
In the mid-1980s the state of California Department of Corrections issued a requirement for a body armor using a commercial ice pick as the test penetrator. The test method attempted to simulate the capacity of a human attacker to deliver impact energy with their upper body. As was later shown by the work of the former British PSDB, this test over stated the capacity of human attackers. The test used a drop mass or sabot that carried the ice pick. Using gravitational force, the height of the drop mass above the vest was proportional to the impact energy. This test specified 109 joules (81 ft·lb) of energy and a 7.3 kg (16 lb) drop mass with a drop height of 153 cm (60 in).

The ice pick has a 4 mm (0.16 in) diameter with a sharp tip with a 5.4 m/s (17 ft/s) terminal velocity in the test. The California standard did not include knife or cutting edge weapons in the test protocol. The test method used the oil/clay (Roma Plastilena) tissue simulant as a test backing. In this early phase only titanium and steel plate offerings were successful in addressing this requirement. Point Blank developed the first ice pick certified offerings for CA Department of Corrections in shaped titanium sheet metal. Vests of this type are still in service in US corrections facilities as of 2008.

Beginning in the early 1990s, an optional test method was approved by California which permitted the use of 10% ballistic gelatin as a replacement for Roma clay. The transition from hard, dense clay-based Roma to soft low-density gelatin allowed all textile solutions to meet this attack energy requirement. Soft all textile "ice pick" vests began to be adopted by California and other US states as a result of this migration in the test methods. It is important for users to understand that the smooth, round tip of the ice pick does not cut fiber on impact and this permits the use of textile based vests for this application.

The earliest of these "all" fabric vests designed to address this ice pick test was Warwick Mills's TurtleSkin ultra tightly woven para-aramid fabric with a patent filed in 1993.[64] Shortly after the TurtleSkin work, in 1995 DuPont patented a medium density fabric that was designated as Kevlar Correctional.[65] These textile materials do not have equal performance with cutting-edge threats and these certifications were only with ice pick and were not tested with knives.

HOSDB-Stab and Slash standards Edit
Parallel to the US development of "ice pick" vests, the British police, PSDB, was working on standards for knife-resistant body armor. Their program adopted a rigorous scientific approach and collected data on human attack capacity.[66] Their ergonomic study suggested three levels of threat: 25, 35 and 45 joules of impact energy. In addition to impact energy attack, velocities were measured and were found to be 10–20 m/s (much faster than the California test). Two commercial knives were selected for use in this PSDB test method. In order to test at a representative velocity, an air cannon method was developed to propel the knife and sabot at the vest target using compressed air. In this first version, the PSDB ’93 test also used oil/clay materials as the tissue simulant backing. The introduction of knives which cut fiber and a hard-dense test backing required stab vest manufacturers to use metallic components in their vest designs to address this more rigorous standard. The current standard HOSDB Body Armour Standards for UK Police (2007) Part 3: Knife and Spike Resistance is harmonized with the US NIJ OO15 standard, use a drop test method and use a composite foam backing as a tissue simulant. Both the HOSDB and the NIJ test now specify engineered blades, double-edged S1 and single-edge P1 as well as the spike.

In addition to the stab standards, HOSDB has developed a standard for slash resistance (2006). This standard, like the stab standards, is based on drop testing with a test knife in a mounting of control
ests Edit
Vests that combined stab and ballistic protection were a significant innovation in the 1990s period of vest development. The starting point for this development were the ballistic-only offerings of that time using NIJ Level 2A, 2, and 3A or HOSDB HG 1 and 2, with compliant ballistic vest products being manufactured with areal densities of between 5.5 and 6 kg/m2 (1.1 and 1.2 lb/ft2 or 18 and 20 oz/ft2). However police forces were evaluating their "street threats" and requiring vests with both knife and ballistic protection. This multi-threat approach is common in the United Kingdom and other European countries and is less popular in the USA. Unfortunately for multi-threat users, the metallic array and chainmail systems that were necessary to defeat the test blades offered little ballistic performance. The multi-threat vests have areal densities are close to the sum of the two solutions separately. These vests have mass values in the 7.5–8.5 kg/m2 (1.55–1.75 lb/ft2) range. Ref (NIJ and HOSDB certification listings). Rolls Royce Composites -Megit and Highmark produced metallic array systems to address this HOSDB standard. These designs were used extensively by the London Metropolitan Police Service and other agencies in the United Kingdom.
Standards update US and UK Edit

Metropolitan Police officers supervising World Cup, 2006
As vest manufactures and the specifying authorities worked with these standards, the UK and US Standards teams began a collaboration on test methods.[68] A number of issues with the first versions of the tests needed to be addressed. The use of commercial knives with inconsistent sharpness and tip shape created problems with test consistency. As a result, two new "engineered blades" were designed that could be manufactured to have reproducible penetrating behavior. The tissue simulants, Roma clay and gelatin, were either unrepresentative of tissue or not practical for the test operators. A composite-foam and hard-rubber test backing was developed as an alternative to address these issues. The drop test method was selected as the baseline for the updated standard over the air cannon option. The drop mass was reduced from the "ice pick test" and a wrist-like soft linkage was engineered into the penetrator-sabot to create a more realistic test impact. These closely related standards were first issued in 2003 as HOSDB 2003 and NIJ 0015. (The Police Scientific Development Branch (PSDB) was renamed the Home Office Scientific Development Branch in 2004.)[69]

Stab and spike vests Edit
These new standards created a focus on Level 1 at 25 joules (18 ft⋅lbf), Level 2 at 35 J (26 ft⋅lbf), Level 3 at 45 J (33 ft⋅lbf) protection as tested with the new engineered knives defined in these test documents. The lowest level of this requirement at 25 joules was addressed by a series of textile products of both wovens, coated wovens and laminated woven materials. All of these materials were based on Para-aramid fiber. The co-efficient of friction for ultra high molecular weigh polyethylene (UHMWPE) prevented its use in this application. The TurtleSkin DiamondCoat and Twaron SRM products addressed this requirement using a combination of Para-Aramid wovens and bonded ceramic grain. These ceramic-coated products do not have the flexibility and softness of un-coated textile materials.

For the higher levels of protection L2 and L3, the very aggressive penetration of the small, thin P1 blade has resulted in the continued use of metallic components in stab armor. In Germany, Mehler Vario Systems developed hybrid vests of woven para-aramid and chainmail, and their solution was selected by London's Metropolitan Police Service.[citation needed] Another German company BSST, in cooperation with Warwick Mills, has developed a system to meet the ballistic-stab requirement using Dyneema laminate and an advanced metallic-array system, TurtleSkin MFA. This system is currently implemented in the Netherlands.[citation needed] The trend in multi threat armor continues with requirements for needle protection in the Draft ISO prEN ISO 14876 norm. In many countries there is also an interest to combine military style explosive fragmentation protection with bullet-ballistics and stab requirements.
Vest sizing, carriers and encapsulation Edit

In order for ballistic protection to be wearable the ballistic panels and hard rifle-resistant plates are fitted inside a special carrier. The carrier is the visible part of a ballistic vest. The most basic carrier includes pockets which hold the ballistic panels and straps for mounting the carrier on the user. There are two major types of carriers: military or tactical carriers that are worn over the shirt, and covert law enforcement type carriers that are worn under the shirt.

Military carriers Edit

Individual pieces comprising the Modular Tactical Vest worn by U.S. Marines, including SAPI plates (gray, at top left)
The military type of carrier, English police waistcoat carrier, or police tactical carrier most typically has a series of webbing, hook and loop, and snap type connectors on the front and back face. This permits the wearer to mount various gear to the carrier in many different configurations. This load carriage feature is an important part of uniform and operational design for police weapons teams and the military.

In addition to load carriage, this type of carrier may include pockets for neck protection, side plates, groin plates, and backside protection. Because this style of carrier is not close fitting, sizing in this system is straightforward for both men and women, making custom fabrication unnecessary.

Concealable carriers Edit
Law enforcement carriers in some countries are concealable. The carrier holds the ballistic panels close to the wearer's body and a uniform shirt is worn over the carrier. This type of carrier must be designed to conform closely to the officer's body shape. For concealable armor to conform to the body it must be correctly fitted to a particular individual. Many programs specify full custom measurement and manufacturing of armor panels and carriers to ensure good fit and comfortable armor. Officers who are either female or significantly overweight have more difficulty in getting accurately measured and having comfortable armor fabricated.[70]

Vest slips Edit
A third textile layer is often found between the carrier and the ballistic components. The ballistic panels are covered in a coated pouch or slip. This slip provides the encapsulation of the ballistic materials. Slips are manufactured in two types: heat sealed hermetic slips and simple sewn slips. For some ballistic fibers such as Kevlar the slip is a critical part of the system. The slip prevents moisture from the user's body from saturating the ballistic materials. This protection from moisture cycling increases the useful life of the armor.[71][full citation needed]
Research Edit

Progress in fiber math Edit
In recent years, advances in material science have opened the door to the idea of a literal "bulletproof vest" able to stop handgun and rifle bullets with a soft textile vest, without the assistance of additional metal or ceramic plating. However, progress is moving at a slower rate compared to other technical disciplines. The most recent offering from Kevlar, Protera, was released in 1996. Current soft body armor can stop most handgun rounds (which has been the case for roughly 15 years[citation needed]), but armor plates are needed to stop rifle rounds and steel-core handgun rounds such as 7.62×25mm. The para-aramids have not progressed beyond the limit of 23 grams per denier in fiber tenacity.

Modest ballistic performance improvements have been made by new producers of this fiber type.[72] Much the same can be said for the UHMWPE material; the basic fiber properties have only advanced to the 30–35 g/d range. Improvements in this material have been seen in the development of cross-plied non-woven laminate, e.g. Spectra Shield. The major ballistic performance advance of fiber PBO is known as a "cautionary tale" in materials science.[73] This fiber permitted the design of handgun soft armor that was 30–50% lower in mass as compared to the aramid and UHMWPE materials. However this higher tenacity was delivered with a well-publicized weakness in environmental durability.

Akzo-Magellan (now DuPont) teams have been working on fiber called M5 fiber; however, its announced startup of its pilot plant has been delayed more than 2 years. Data suggests if the M5 material can be brought to market, its performance will be roughly equivalent to PBO.[74] In May 2008, the Teijin Aramid group announced a "super-fibers" development program. The Teijin emphasis appears to be on computational chemistry to define a solution to high tenacity without environmental weakness.

The materials science of second generation "super" fibers is complex, requires large investments, and represent significant technical challenges. Research aims to develop artificial spider silk which could be super strong, yet light and flexible.[75] Other research has been done to harness nanotechnology to help create super-strong fibers that could be used in future bulletproof vests. In 2018, the US military began conducting research into the feasibility of using artificial silk as body armor, which has the advantages of its light weight and its cooling capability.[76]

Textile wovens and laminates research Edit
Finer yarns and lighter woven fabrics have been a key factor in improved ballistic results. The cost of ballistic fiber goes up dramatically as yarn size goes down, so it is unclear how long this trend can continue. The current practical limit of fiber size is 200 denier with most wovens limited at the 400 denier level. Three-dimensional weaving with fibers connecting flat wovens together into a 3D system are being considered for both hard and soft ballistics. Team Engineering Inc is designing and weaving these multi layer materials. Dyneema DSM has developed higher performance laminates using a new, higher strength fiber designated SB61, and HB51. DSM feels this advanced material provides some improved performance, however the SB61 "soft ballistic" version has been recalled.[77] At the Shot Show in 2008, a unique composite of interlocking steel plates and soft UHWMPE plate was exhibited by TurtleSkin.[78] In combination with more traditional woven fabrics and laminates a number of research efforts are working with ballistic felts. Tex Tech has been working on these materials. Like the 3D weaving, Tex Tech sees the advantage in the 3-axis fiber orientation.

Fibers used Edit
Ballistic nylon (until the 1970) or Kevlar, Twaron[79] or Spectra (a competitor for Kevlar) or polyethylene fiber could be used to manufacture bullet proof vests. The vests of the time were made of ballistic nylon & supplemented by plates of fiber-glass
Developments in ceramic armor Edit
Ceramic materials, materials processing and progress in ceramic penetration mechanics are significant areas of academic and industrial activity. This combined field of ceramics armor research is broad and is perhaps summarized best by The American Ceramics Society. ACerS has run an annual armor conference for a number of years and compiled a proceedings 2004–2007.[80] An area of special activity pertaining to vests is the emerging use of small ceramic components. Large torso sized ceramic plates are complex to manufacture and are subject to cracking in use. Monolithic plates also have limited multi hit capacity as a result of their large impact fracture zone These are the motivations for new types of armor plate. These new designs use two- and three-dimensional arrays of ceramic elements that can be rigid, flexible or semi-flexible. Dragon Skin body armor is one of these systems. European developments in spherical and hexagonal arrays have resulted in products that have some flex and multi hit performance.[81] The manufacture of array type systems with flex, consistent ballistic performance at edges of ceramic elements is an active area of research. In addition advanced ceramic processing techniques arrays require adhesive assembly methods. One novel approach is use of hook and loop fasteners to assemble the ceramic arrays.[82]

Nanomaterials in ballistics Edit
Currently, there are a number of methods by which nanomaterials are being implemented into body armor production. The first, developed at University of Delaware is based on nanoparticles within the suit that become rigid enough to protect the wearer as soon as a kinetic energy threshold is surpassed. These coatings have been described as shear thickening fluids.[83] These nano-infused fabrics have been licensed by BAE systems, but as of mid-2008, no products have been released based on this technology.

In 2005 an Israeli company, ApNano, developed a material that was always rigid. It was announced that this nanocomposite  based on tungsten disulfide nanotubes was able to withstand shocks generated by a steel projectile traveling at velocities of up to 1.5 km/s.[84] The material was also reportedly able to withstand shock pressures generated by other impacts of up to 250 metric tons-force per square centimeter (24.5 gigapascals; 3,550,000 psi). During the tests, the material proved to be so strong that after the impact the samples remained essentially unmarred. Additionally, a study in France tested the material under isostatic pressure and found it to be stable up to at least 350 tf/cm2 (34 GPa; 5,000,000 psi).

As of mid-2008, spider silk bulletproof vests and nano-based armors are being developed for potential market release.[citation needed] Both the British and American militaries have expressed interest in a carbon fiber woven from carbon nanotubes that was developed at University of Cambridge and has the potential to be used as body armor.[85] In 2008, large format carbon nanotube sheets began being produced at Nanocomp.[citation needed]

Graphene composite Edit
In late 2014, researchers began studying and testing graphene as a material for use in body armor. Graphene is manufactured from carbon and is the thinnest, strongest, and most conductive material on the planet. Taking the form of hexagonally arranged atoms, its tensile strength is known to be 200 times greater than steel, but studies from Rice University have revealed it is also 10 times better than steel at dissipating energy, an ability that had previously not been thoroughly explored. To test its properties, the University of Massachusetts stacked together graphene sheets only a single carbon atom thick, creating layers ranging in thickness from 10 nanometers to 100 nanometers from 300 layers. Microscopic spherical silica "bullets" were fired at the sheets at speeds of up to 3 km (1.9 mi) per second, almost nine times the speed of sound. Upon impact, the projectiles
Legality Edit

Country Ownership without license Notes
 Argentina Illegal [88]
 Australia Varies internally
 Brazil Illegal [89]
 Canada Varies internally
 Italy Legal
 Japan Legal
 Netherlands Legal
 Poland Legal
 Sweden Legal
 Thailand Illegal Up to five years in prison[90]
 United States Legal
Australia Edit
In Australia, it is illegal to import body armour without prior authorisation from Australian Customs and Border Protection Service.[91] It is also illegal to possess body armour without authorization in South Australia,[92] Victoria,[93] Northern Territory,[94] ACT,[95] Queensland,[96] New South Wales,[97] and Tasmania.[98]

Canada Edit
In all Canadian provinces except for Alberta, British Columbia and Manitoba, it is legal to wear and to purchase body armour such as ballistic vests. Under the laws of these provinces, it is illegal to possess body armour without a license (unless exempted) issued by the provincial government. Nova Scotia has passed similar laws, but they are not yet in force.[citation needed]

According to the Body Armour Control Act of Alberta which came into force on June 15, 2012, any individual in possession of a valid firearms licence under the Firearms Act of Canada can legally purchase, possess and wear body armour.[99]

Hong Kong Edit
Under Schedule C (item ML13) of Cap. 60G Import and Export (Strategic Commodities) Regulations, "armoured or protective equipment, constructions and components" are not regulated "when accompanying their user for the user’s own personal protection".[100]

The Netherlands Edit
In the Netherlands the civilian ownership of body armour is subject to the European Union regulations. Body armour in various ballistic grades is sold by a range of different vendors, mainly aimed at providing to security guards and VIP's. The use of body armour while committing a crime is not an additional offense in itself, but may be interpreted as so under different laws such as resisting arrest.

United States Edit

Hostage Rescue Team agents
United States law restricts possession of body armor for convicted violent felons. Many U.S. states also have penalties for possession or use of body armor by felons. In other states, such as Kentucky, possession is not prohibited, but probation or parole is denied to a person convicted of committing certain violent crimes while wearing body armor and carrying a deadly weapon. Most states do not have restrictions for non-felons.

Italy Edit
In Italy, the purchase, ownership and wear of ballistic vests and body armor is not subject to any restriction, except for those ballistic protections that are developed under strict military specifications and/or for main military usage, thus considered by the law as "armament materials" and forbidden to civilians. Furthermore, a number of laws and court rulings during the years have rehearsed the concept of a ballistic vest being mandatory to wear for those individuals who work in the private security sector.

European Union Edit
In European Union import and sale of ballistic vests and body armor are allowed in Europe, except protections that are developed under strict military specifications and/or for main military usage, shield above the level of protection NIJ 4, thus considered by the law as "armament materials" and forbidden to civilians.[citation needed] There are many shops in Europe that sell ballistic vests and body armor, used or new.[citation needed]
See also Edit

Brigandine (an earlier form of vest, used to defend against swords, knives, etc.)
Buff coat (an early form of ballistic vest, suitable for use only against pistol balls, but not musket balls)
Flak jacket (a form of ballistic vest used for protection against explosives and shell fragments)
Hauberk (an earlier form of body armor, used to defend against swords, knives, etc.)
Mail (armour)
Terminal ballistics
References Edit

^ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-middle-east-35244864/reporter-stabbed-while-testing-protective-vest
^ https://www.safeguardclothing.com/articles/difference-between-a-stab-and-bullet-proof-vest/
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2010-10-07.
^ Williams, Allan (2003). The Knight and the Blast Furnace: A History of the Metallurgy of Armour in the Middle Ages & the Early Modern Period. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-12498-1.
^ Ricketts, H, Firearms p. 5
^ "Selection and Application guide to Personal Body Armor" (PDF). National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
^ "The Landlord's Protective Garment". The Cork Examiner. December 6, 1847.
^ O'Neal, Bill (1979). Encyclopedia of Western Gunfighters. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 230–233. ISBN 0-8061-1508-4
^ Metz, Leon Claire (2003). The Encyclopedia of Lawmen, Outlaws, and Gunfighters. Checkmark Books. pp. 172–173. ISBN 0-8160-4543-7.
^ Erwin, Richard E. (1993). The Truth about Wyatt Earp (2nd ed.). Carpinteria, CA: O.K. Press. ISBN 9780963393029.
^ Edwards, Josh (May 2, 1980). "George Goodfellow's Medical Treatment of Stomach Wounds Became Legendary". The Prescott Courier. pp. 3–5.
^ "Dr. George Goodfellow". Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
^ Hollington, Kris. "Staying Alive". Archived from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
^ a b Oleksiak, Wojciech. "The Monk who Stopped Bullets with Silk: Inventing the Bulletproof Vest". Culture.Pl. Culture.Pl. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
^ Hollington, Kris (2008). Wolves, Jackals, and Foxes: The Assassins Who Changed History. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9781429986809.
^ "Tests prove that a bulletproof silk vest could have stopped the first world war". The Guardian. July 29, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
^ "Could the Bulletproof Silk Vest Stop the Assassination Which Sparked WWI? Tests Say Yes". War History Online. August 8, 2014. Retrieved November 13,  2015.
^ Stephen Bull (2002). World War I Trench Warfare (2): 1916–18. Osprey Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-84176-198-5.
^ David Payne. "Body Armour For The Western Front In The Great War".
^ "Page Not Found - The Western Front Association". www.westernfrontassociation.com.
^ "British Body Armour in WW II". 2015-09-20.
^ Stephan, Restle (1997). Ballistische Schutzwesten und Stichschutzoptionen. Bischofszell: Kabinett Verlag, p.61.
^ King, Ludlow (January–February 1953). "Lightweight Body Armor". Ordnance. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
^ Barron, Edward R.; Park, Alice F; Alesi, Anthony L (January 1969). "Body Armor for Aircrewman" (PDF). U.S. Army Natick Laboratories. Retrieved 2008-11-12. [permanent dead link]
^ "Who are you calling Chicken?". VietnamGear.com. 2006-07-03. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
^ "Stephanie L. Kwolek". Science History Institute. June 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ "US Patent 3971072 – Lightweight armor and method of fabrication". PatentStorm LLC. 1976-07-27. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
^ Ransford, Cheryl (2005-02-25). "Canine Units in Afghanistan Issued New Protective Vests". DefenseLINK. American Forces Press Service. Archived from the original on 13 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-25. Army Sgt. 1st Class Erika Gordon, kennel master for the 25th Military Police Company, uses a building for cover while her military working dog, Hanna, clears a doorway at the military-operations-in-urban-terrain training site at Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan recently.
^ Slice of MIT (2013). "What's the future of armor: liquid or solid?" Archived 2013-10-13 at the Wayback Machine  Retrieved 2013-08-22.
^ Citation:Terry D. Edwards, (1995) "Felonious killings of state police and highway patrol officers: a descriptive and comparative evaluation", American Journal of Police, Vol. 14 Iss: 2, pp. 89–105
^ a b "Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor NIJ Standard-0101.06" (PDF). NIJ Standards. United States Department of Justi


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HOME › THE HISTORY OF THE BULLETPROOF VEST
The History of the Bulletproof Vest

Throughout history, people have protected themselves from injury with different types of materials. In the earliest days, people used animal skins as barriers to injury and attacks. As weaponry advanced, they added wooden and metal shields to their defensive arsenals.

In the 1500s, Italian and Roman royalty experimented with the idea of bullet proof vests. They built body armor with layers of metal that were meant to deflect bullets. The outer layer was designed to absorb the bullet's impact, while the inner layer was added to stop further penetration. However, metal body armor was largely ineffective against firearms.

In the 1800s, softer body armor was developed by the Japanese, who made the armor from silk. These silk garments proved to be quite effective but also expensive.

After President William McKinley was assassinated in 1901, the US military explored the use of soft body armor as well. The silk-derived garments were shown to be effective against low-velocity bullets, but not the new generation of handgun ammunition. The US military decided against silk armor because of this, combined with the high price of silk.

The flak jacket was invented during World War II. It was made from ballistic nylon and provided protection from ammunition fragments. Flak jackets were bulky and ineffective against most rifle and pistol fire, but they were widely used, as they provided some modicum of protection and allowed soldiers to feel secure.

In the 1960s, new fibers were discovered that made truly bullet resistant vests possible. In the early 1970s, DuPont’s Kevlar ballistic fabric was invented. The fabric was originally intended to replace steel belting in tires, and it was extremely strong. Waterproofing and additional layers of fabric were added to the Kevlar to make the vests more durable and wearable. The National Institute of Justice tested versions of Kevlar vests for several years, and found that the vests could stop the most common lead bullets: 38 Specials and 22 Long Rifle Bullets.

A final phase of testing monitored Kevlar armor’s effectiveness. Kevlar armor was found to ensure a 95% probability of survival after being hit with a .38 caliber bullet at a velocity of 800 ft/second. The probability of requiring surgery after being hit by a projectile was found to be 10% or less.

In 1976, scientists came to the conclusion that Kevlar was bullet-resistant, wearable and light enough for police officers to wear full-time. The funny thing was that bulletproof vests had already become commercially available, even before the National Institute of Justice published these claims.

Since that time bulletproof vests have improved. Currently, a level IIIA bulletproof vest weighs approximately 5.5 pounds and can protect the wearer from almost all handgun rounds. According to the International Association of Chiefs of Police, bulletproof vests have saved over 3,000 officers' lives since 1987.

« Bullet Proof Body Armor – Bullet Proof Body Armor History and Facts | BulletProof SecurityWireless Security Routers – Wireless Security Routers History and Facts | BulletProof Security »
Bullet Proof Vests – Bullet Proof Vest History and Facts | BulletProof Security
1 CommentAuthor: AITpro Admin
Published: May 19, 2010
Updated: August 9, 2010
Description:  A bullet proof vest is protective clothing that can be made from different materials such as steel, titanium, ceramics, polyethylene or Kevlar that absorb the impact of projectiles fired from weapons and explosive fragments fired at the body.  Bullet proof vests do not deflect bullets.  Bullet proof vests instead “catch” the “bullet” and spread its force over a larger portion of the body.  Bullet Proof vests history and facts.

800’s – Gun powder discovered by Chinese alchemists.
1100’s – First recorded historical records of firearms.
1538 – Francesco Maria della Rovere commissioned Filippo Negroli to create the first bulletproof vest.
1897 – Casimir Zeglen is also credited with inventing the first bulletproof vest.
1966 – Kevlar was invented by Stephanie Kwolek and patented in 1966. Used in the ‘70’s for bulletproof vests.
1967 – Bulletproof vests were designed to hold hard ceramic plates.
1970’s to Today – Several new fibers and construction methods for bulletproof vest fabric have been developed besides woven Kevlar, such as DSM’s Dyneema, Honeywell’s Gold Flex and Spectra, Teijin Twaron’s Twaron, Pinnacle Armor’s Dragon Skin, and Toyobo’s Zylon.
1975 – First mass production of Kevlar bulletproof vests.
1999 – Spider silk bulletproof vests research and development.
2006 – Liquid bulletproof vests nanotechnology research and development – shear thickening fluid (STF).

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A Brief History of Bulletproof Vests
BY ROB LAMMLE
FEBRUARY 23, 2010

This Video Is Unavailable
When a 16th century European blacksmith finished making armor that was impervious to firearms, he fired a shot at the breastplate, denting it. As the story goes, this dent was proof to his customer that the armor would stand up to a bullet, so it became known as "the bullet proof." Since then, the history of bulletproof vests has been anything but a straight shot.

The Bulletproof Priest

In the late 1800s, both Japan and Korea developed some of the first modern bulletproof vests when they discovered that 30 layers of silk fabric could stop the black powder bullets of the day. This "soft armor" laid the foundation for numerous inventors who tried to improve upon the idea as firearms became more powerful.

A priest from Chicago named Casimir Zeglen, with the help of fellow inventor Jan Szczepanik, devised a special way to weave a 1.6mm steel plate between four layers of silk. Zeglen claimed his 1/8" thick, 1/2 lb. vest could stop a .44 caliber—and he proved it when he volunteered to be shot before a live audience in New York City. When he was struck by the bullet at only 10 paces, he said he felt just "a tap." Zeglen and his "bullet proof cloth" became an overnight sensation. Egged on by the positive publicity, Zeglen left the priesthood in order to pursue his new business venture.

Sadly, he never made his fortune, in part due to bad timing and bad luck. When the U.S. Military tested his invention, they found that it was too hot and too expensive thanks to the amount of silk required. Undaunted, Zeglen then offered one to President McKinley in the hopes it might spur interest. After contacting the White House, Zeglen was told he could meet the President in a month, as McKinley was going to be too busy traveling. Two weeks later in Buffalo, McKinley was shot and killed by an assassin's bullet that ripped through his abdomen.  Zeglen's vest would have easily stopped the .32 caliber round.

Zeglen did manage to get Archduke Franz Ferdinand to accept one of his vests.

Unfortunately, Ferdinand was killed while wearing it. The kill shot hit him in the neck, well above the vest itself, but it didn't matter—the bad publicity didn't help and Zeglen was soon out of business.

For the rest of his life, Zeglen continued to invent and improve existing products, but he never came as close to fame as he did with his bullet proof cloth.

Bulletproof Materials

Presently, there is no such thing as a bulletproof vest. Vests are only considered "bullet resistant," simply because there is always some type of firearm that can penetrate even the latest advancements in protective technology. For over 30 years, the synthetic fiber Kevlar has been the go-to material for making bullet-resistant vests. But researchers are constantly looking for new ideas and new materials to make a truly bulletproof vest. And they've looked in some unusual places.

A bulletproof vest has to have the ability to stop a bullet from penetrating, but must also spread out the kinetic energy of the projectile. One possible answer to this problem might be borrowed from the abalone. This mighty mollusk's shell is made up of layer upon layer of microscopic, rock hard calcium tiles. The layers of tiles are held together on the top and bottom by a sticky protein, but the sides are simply butting up against one another. Should an abalone's shell take a sharp blow, it's tough enough to keep the projectile from getting through. But the tiles also have enough give to slide back and forth, absorbing much of the impact by spreading it out to neighboring tiles. Researchers believe if a vest were made using these same concepts, it could stop just about anything you threw at it.

Spider silk is one of the strongest, most flexible materials in nature, and has also been called the next big thing in bulletproofing. It's not quite as strong as Kevlar, but it's 10 times more elastic, meaning it

This Video Is Unavailable
When a 16th century European blacksmith finished making armor that was impervious to firearms, he fired a shot at the breastplate, denting it. As the story goes, this dent was proof to his customer that the armor would stand up to a bullet, so it became known as "the bullet proof." Since then, the history of bulletproof vests has been anything but a straight shot.

The Bulletproof Priest

In the late 1800s, both Japan and Korea developed some of the first modern bulletproof vests when they discovered that 30 layers of silk fabric could stop the black powder bullets of the day. This "soft armor" laid the foundation for numerous inventors who tried to improve upon the idea as firearms became more powerful.

A priest from Chicago named Casimir Zeglen, with the help of fellow inventor Jan Szczepanik, devised a special way to weave a 1.6mm steel plate between four layers of silk. Zeglen claimed his 1/8" thick, 1/2 lb. vest could stop a .44 caliber—and he proved it when he volunteered to be shot before a live audience in New York City. When he was struck by the bullet at only 10 paces, he said he felt just "a tap." Zeglen and his "bullet proof cloth" became an overnight sensation. Egged on by the positive publicity, Zeglen left the priesthood in order to pursue his new business venture.

Sadly, he never made his fortune, in part due to bad timing and bad luck. When the U.S. Military tested his invention, they found that it was too hot and too expensive thanks to the amount of silk required. Undaunted, Zeglen then offered one to President McKinley in the hopes it might spur interest. After contacting the White House, Zeglen was told he could meet the President in a month, as McKinley was going to be too busy traveling. Two weeks later in Buffalo, McKinley was shot and killed by an assassin's bullet that ripped through his abdomen.  Zeglen's vest would have easily stopped the .32 caliber round.

Zeglen did manage to get Archduke Franz Ferdinand to accept one of his vests.

Unfortunately, Ferdinand was killed while wearing it. The kill shot hit him in the neck, well above the vest itself, but it didn't matter—the bad publicity didn't help and Zeglen was soon out of business.

For the rest of his life, Zeglen continued to invent and improve existing products, but he never came as close to fame as he did with his bullet proof cloth.

Bulletproof Materials

Presently, there is no such thing as a bulletproof vest. Vests are only considered "bullet resistant," simply because there is always some type of firearm that can penetrate even the latest advancements in protective technology. For over 30 years, the synthetic fiber Kevlar has been the go-to material for making bullet-resistant vests. But researchers are constantly looking for new ideas and new materials to make a truly bulletproof vest. And they've looked in some unusual places.

A bulletproof vest has to have the ability to stop a bullet from penetrating, but must also spread out the kinetic energy of the projectile. One possible answer to this problem might be borrowed from the abalone. This mighty mollusk's shell is made up of layer upon layer of microscopic, rock hard calcium tiles. The layers of tiles are held together on the top and bottom by a sticky protein, but the sides are simply butting up against one another. Should an abalone's shell take a sharp blow, it's tough enough to keep the projectile from getting through. But the tiles also have enough give to slide back and forth, absorbing much of the impact by spreading it out to neighboring tiles. Researchers believe if a vest were made using these same concepts, it could stop just about anything you threw at it.

Spider silk is one of the strongest, most flexible materials in nature, and has also been called the next big thing in bulletproofing. It's not quite as strong as Kevlar, but it's 10 times more elastic, meaning it can bounce back and absorb the energy of a bullet much better. Howeve
nother idea is "liquid armor"—Kevlar coated in a non-toxic fluid made up of nano-particles of silica. When under low stress conditions, these nano-particles are completely flexible, allowing the wearer to move freely. But within a millisecond of receiving a high-impact blow, the silica in the immediate target zone would become rigid, preventing further penetration. Best of all, the armor would protect against threats that a normal bulletproof jacket can't—namely puncture wounds from knives and shrapnel from explosions. It could very well be the "silver bullet" to bulletproofing.

Bulletproof Fashion

In case you're not up on your fashion trends, bulletproof is "in." Many clothing manufacturers have released lines inspired by the look of ballistic vests and other tactical equipment, while others are producing the real deal for high-end clientele.
fashion designer Miguel Caballero, AKA "The Armani of Armor," specializes in making bulletproof clothes for men and women that look like everyday business suits, raincoats, and even polo shirts. His clients include action star Steven Seagal, and dignitaries like President Alvaro Uribe of Colombia, King Abdullah of Jordan, and President Barack Obama, who wore Caballero's clothes on inauguration day. The style doesn't come cheap, of course. For a polo shirt with the lowest level of protection, which can stop a 9mm round, you're looking at $7,500; for the medium protection, to stop automatic weapons fire, expect to spend close to $10,000.

But what if you want to look like Jack Bauer or 50 Cent? You can always just buy a bulletproof vest, though if you're a convicted felon, most states have laws against it. However, if dropping $400-$2,000 for an outfit accessory isn't your thing, you can now buy "fashion" bulletproof vests for less than $100. They look just like the real thing, but would barely stop a shot from a Red Rider BB Gun. If you're hoping for something a little more subtle, maybe Dynomighty Design's bulletproof t-shirt  would be a better fit. The stylish tee features a screen printed image of a bulletproof vest and uses special ink that gives it a slight metallic shine. It's not bulletproof, but it looks like it wants to be.
you're a woman who's ready for action, check out Tactical Corsets—lingerie that uses real military materials to mimic the look and functionality of military vests. With numerous hooks, loops, and pouches, you can carry whatever you need—all while being properly supported. As of right now, Tactical Corsets are not bulletproof, but they're working on it.

Save the Children

And let's not forget the kids. Introduced in 2007, the $265 Bullet Blocker Backpack looks just like any other bag from a department store. But inside it features a protection panel that can stop .44 Magnum rounds. If a gun is pulled, a kid with a Bullet Blocker can either run away and still be protected, or he can swing the bag around to cover his chest and face. If he has a bulletproof notebook inside ($145, sold separately) and he's wearing a bulletproof denim jacket ($979, sold separately), he should be very well protected.
* * * * *
Are you a cop, in the military, or part of an elite, covert, anti-terrorist team? Tell us your bulletproof vest stories in the comments section below!
istory of Bullet Proof Vests and Body Armor

The homemade armor worn by Australian outlaw Ned Kelly in 1880, and now on display in Australia's State Library of Victoria.
The armor has many bullet impressions, but none penetrated.
Click on the image to open a larger picture of this suit of armor.
Part 3 of a new series on body armor.  See links to other parts of the series on the right.



The knights in armor, glorified in legends and stories, are merely one early example of rigid armor being used to protect combatants from other combatants.

In addition to evolving solid armor, flexible softer armor has been in use since medieval times too.

But it is only from the mid 1970s that modern bullet proof vests became practical in terms of size, weight, comfort and cost.

Continued developments in artificial fibers and manufacturing techniques have seen steady, albeit slow, improvements in bullet proof vests in the 35 years since then, and exciting new technologies may offer much greater improvements in the future.

A Quick History of Body Armor
There is nothing new to the concept of using some type of device to shield oneself from an enemy's attack.  Indeed, the word 'shield' itself also refers to devices one would hold in front of oneself, to protect against the enemy's sword or other weapon.

Armor itself first came to be used in the form of an item of clothing in the middle ages, when knights would wear either rigid hinged armor or more flexible 'chain mail' type armor.

The development of firearms made these early types of armor obsolete, but in the 1500s, solid metal armor designed to withstand firearms started to appear, with one of the first recorded instances being in 1538 when the Italian Duke of Urbino commissioned a bullet proof vest from an armorer in Milan, possibly of Damascus steel.  He died shortly thereafter, but of poison.

The word 'bulletproof' itself dates back to the late 1500s, indicating an awareness and appreciation of the concept.

In the English Civil War (1642 - 1651) Oliver Cromwell's cavalry were equipped with double-layered metal cuirasses (vests) that were designed to be bullet proof.

One infamous use of armor occurred in Australia in 1880 when four outlaws known as the Ned Kelly gang built their own body armor out of ploughshares.  They concealed their armor under long coats, and in a shoot-out with the police, their armor was hit repeatedly but never penetrated.  The armor comprised a helmet, vest, and apron, with additional protection for the shoulders and weighed almost 100 lbs.

But the balance of each person's arms and legs were unprotected, and it was repeated shots to these unprotected parts of their bodies that finally stopped them.  Fascinating details here.

Different countries and armies continued to experiment with solid protective garments, and by World War 1 the US was equipping some of its soldiers with a combination of breastplate and headpiece known as a Brewster Body Shield.  This device, made from chrome nickel steel, could protect against rifle bullets, but weighed 40 lbs.

Flexible protection
Initial attempts at developing something one could more comfortably wear and still be protected against firearm bullets - lighter weight and more flexible than solid metal - revolved around using natural substances, of course, primarily woven silk (first used by the medieval Japanese).  Improvements to firearm technologies and the increasing speed of bullets more than kept up with improvements to silk type armor, and the cost of such garments was also extremely high, making them impractical for all but the most wealthy individuals.

As an interesting aside, it is believed that Archduke Ferdinand was wearing a silk bullet proof vest, but his assassination at Sarajevo in 1914 - the event that resulted in World War 1 - was in the form of a shot to the head.

There have been US patents granted for bullet proof garments dating back to 1919.

During the late 1920s and early 1930s, gangsters i
During the late 1920s and early 1930s, gangsters in the US started wearing vests made from multiple layers of cotton padding and cloth.  These worked quite well against the not very powerful handgun rounds commonly used at the time, and resulted in the FBI changing to more powerful pistol rounds, first the .38 Special and subsequently the .357 Magnum.

Flexible body armor first approached something like mainstream use in World War 2, with bulky flak jackets being adopted, and made out of nylon.  Unfortunately these were not only cumbersome to wear, they were also of limited value; providing some protection against shrapnel but no real effective protection against rifle or even pistol bullets.

The revolution that introduced modern body armor
Things finally started to change in the 1960s with the development of new artificial fibers that could be used to create more effective, less bulky, and lighter protection.  These new fibers were termed aramids and first started to appear in the early 1960s (DuPont's Nomex was the first, developed in the early 1960s and first marketed in 1967).  Perhaps the best known aramid is DuPont's Kevlar, developed in 1965 and first commercially used as a replacement for steel in racing tires in the early 1970s.

Intensive research in the first half of the 1970s saw Kevlar adapted to be used in the manufacture of a totally new type of wearable (and even concealable) ballistic vest, with a report from the NIJ (National Institute of Justice) in 1976 concluding that Kevlar based body armor was sufficiently practical and effective as to be beneficial for police officers to adopt.

Kevlar has made modern body armor possible, and although the fiber is now 40+ years old, it still remains the dominant material used in vests designed to protect against pistol bullets, supplemented with solid steel or ceramic plates to give greater protection against rifle round when necessary.

Kevlar has had several 'upgrades' - the original Kevlar was superseded by Kevlar 29, which was the first version used for production models of bullet proof vests in the 1970s, which in turn was superseded by Kevlar 129 in 1988 - a product DuPont referred to as a second generation of Kevlar fiber.

In 1995, Kevlar Correctional was introduced, which added some stab-resistant capabilities (prison officers are more at risk of being stabbed by inmates with make-shift spike weapons than they are at risk of being shot), and then Kevlar Protera came out in 1996.  There have been no new enhanced Kevlar products since then.

Alternatives to Kevlar
In addition to Kevlar, other materials of note include Spectra, Spectra Shield and GoldFlex from Honeywell.  Honeywell claims Spectra has the highest strength to weight ratio of any fiber in the world.  It is also very cut resistant.

Spectra Shield has layers of Spectra fiber sealed between sheets of polyethylene film.  GoldFlex is similar to Spectra Shield but instead of using Spectra fiber, which is polyethylene based, it uses an aramid (Kevlar type) fiber instead.

Another product is Twaron, made by Twaron Products.  Its main claim to fame is that it has lots of finely spun single filaments that act as an 'energy sponge', absorbing and dissipating a bullet's energy.  It is also claimed to be lighter weight for the same amount of protection than, eg, Kevlar.

A product from The Netherlands is Dyneema, which again boasts a very high strength to weight ratio, lightness, and high energy absorption.

And then there is Zylon from Japan.  It is claimed to have twice the tensile strength of Kevlar type aramids.

It is relevant to note that the fibers used for bullet proofing have other uses too, including manufacturing other types of industrial protective clothing, making other strong light objects (eg fishing poles and tennis rackets) and even brake linings.

Dragon Skin Armor
Most current flexible bullet proof vests are of woven fabric.  An interesting alternate approach has been taken by a Californian c

:Background
Bulletproof vests are modern light armor specifically designed to protect the wearer's vital organs from injury caused by firearm projectiles. To many protective armor manufacturers and wearers, the term "bulletproof vest" is a misnomer. Because the wearer is not totally safe from the impact of a bullet, the preferred term for the article is "bullet resistant vest."



Over the centuries, different cultures developed body armor for use during combat. Mycenaeans of the sixteenth century B.C. and Persians and Greeks around the fifth century B.C. used up to fourteen layers of linen, while Micronesian inhabitants of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands used woven coconut palm fiber until the nineteenth century. Elsewhere, armor was made from the hides of animals: the Chinese—as early as the eleventh century B.C. —wore rhinoceros skin in five to seven layers, and the Shoshone Indians of North America also developed jackets of several layers of hide that were glued or sewn together. Quilted armor was available in Central America before Cortes, in England in the seventeenth century, and in India until the nineteenth century.

Mail armor comprised linked rings or wires of iron, steel, or brass and was developed as early as 400 B.C. near the Ukrainian city of Kiev. The Roman Empire utilized mail shirts, which remained the main piece of annor in Europe until the fourteenth century. Japan, India, Persia, Sudan, and Nigeria also developed mail armor. Scale armor, overlapping scales of metal, horn, bone, leather, or scales from an appropriately scaled animal (such as the scaly anteater), was used throughout the Eastern Hemisphere from about 1600 B.C. until modern times. Sometimes, as in China, the scales were sewn into cloth pockets.

Brigandine armor —sleeveless, quilted jackets—consisted of small rectangular iron or steel plates riveted onto leather strips that overlapped like roof tiles. The result was a relatively light, flexible jacket. (Earlier coats of plates in the twelfth-century Europe were heavier and more complete. These led to the familiar full-plate suit of armor of the 1500s and 1600s.) Many consider brigandine armor the forerunner of today's bulletproof vests. The Chinese and Koreans had similar armor around A.D. 700, and during the fourteenth century in Europe, it was the common form of body armor. One piece of breast-plate within a cover became the norm after 1360, and short brigandine coats with plates that were tied into place prevailed in Europe until 1600.

With the introduction of firearms, armor crafts workers at first tried to compensate by reinforcing the cuirass, or torso cover, with thicker steel plates and a second heavy plate over the breastplate, providing some protection from guns. Usually, though, cumber-some armor was abandoned wherever firearms came into military use.

Experimental inquiry into effective armor against gunfire continued, most notably during the American Civil War, World War I, and World War II, but it was not until the plastics revolution of the 1940s that effective bulletproof vests became available to law enforcers, military personnel, and others. The vests of the time were made of ballistic nylon and supplemented by plates of fiber-glass, steel, ceramic, titanium, Doron, and composites of ceramic and fiberglass, the last being the most effective.

Ballistic nylon was the standard cloth used for bulletproof vests until the 1970s. In 1965, Stephanie Kwolek, a chemist at Du Pont, invented Kevlar, trademark for poly-para-phenylene terephthalamide, a liquid polymer that can be spun into aramid fiber and woven into cloth. Originally, Kevlar was developed for use in tires, and later for such diverse products as ropes, gaskets, and various parts for planes and boats. In 1971, Lester Shubin of the National Institute of Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice advocated its use to replace bulky ballistic nylon in bulletproof vests. Kevlar has been the standard material since. In 1989, the Allie
Raw Materials
A bulletproof vest consists of a panel, a vest-shaped sheet of advanced plastics polymers that is composed of many layers of either Kevlar, Spectra Shield, or, in other countries, Twaron (similar to Kevlar) or Bynema (similar to Spectra). The layers of woven Kevlar are sewn together using Kevlar thread, while the nonwoven Spectra Shield is coated and bonded with resins such as Kraton and then sealed between two sheets of polyethylene film.

The panel provides protection but not much comfort. It is placed inside of a fabric shell that is usually made from a polyester/cotton blend or nylon. The side of the shell facing the body is usually made more comfortable by sewing a sheet of some absorbent material such as Kumax onto it. A bulletproof vest may also have nylon padding for extra protection. For bulletproof vests intended to be worn in especially dangerous situations, built-in pouches are provided to hold plates made from either metal or ceramic bonded to fiberglass. Such vests can also provide protection in car accidents or from stabbing.

Various devices are used to strap the vests on. Sometimes the sides are connected with elastic webbing. Usually, though, they are secured with straps of either cloth or elastic, with metallic buckles or velcro closures.

The Manufacturing
Process
Some bulletproof vests are custom-made to meet the customer's protection needs or size. Most, however, meet standard protection regulations, have standard clothing industry sizes (such as 38 long, 32 short), and are sold in quantity.

Making the panel cloth

1 To make Kevlar, the polymer poly-para-phenylene terephthalamide must first be produced in the laboratory. This is done through a process known as polymerization, which involves combining molecules into long chains. The resultant crystalline liquid with polymers in the shape of rods is then extruded through a spinneret (a small metal plate full of tiny holes that looks like a shower head) to form Kevlar yarn. The Kevlar fiber then passes through a cooling bath to help it harden. After being sprayed with water, the synthetic fiber is wound onto rolls. The Kevlar manufacturer then typically sends the fiber to throwsters, who twist the yarn to make it suitable for weaving. To make Kevlar cloth, the yarns are woven in the simplest pattern, plain or tabby weave, which is merely the over and under pattern of threads that interlace alternatively.
2 Unlike Kevlar, the Spectra used in bulletproof vests is usually not woven. Instead, the strong polyethylene polymer filaments are spun into fibers that are then laid parallel to each other. Resin is used to coat the fibers, sealing them together to form a sheet of Spectra cloth. Two sheets of this cloth are then placed at right angles to one another and again bonded, forming a nonwoven fabric that is next sandwiched between two sheets of polyethylene film. The vest shape can then be cut from the material.
yarn to make it suitable for weaving. To make Kevlar cloth, the yarns are woven in the simplest pattern, plain or tabby weave, which is merely the over and under pattern of threads that interlace alternatively.
2 Unlike Kevlar, the Spectra used in bulletproof vests is usually not woven. Instead, the strong polyethylene polymer filaments are spun into fibers that are then laid parallel to each other. Resin is used to coat the fibers, sealing them together to form a sheet of Spectra cloth. Two sheets of this cloth are then placed at right angles to one another and again bonded, forming a nonwoven fabric that is next sandwiched between two sheets of polyethylene film. The vest shape can then be cut from the material.
Cutting the panels

3 Kevlar cloth is sent in large rolls to the bulletproof vest manufacturer. The fabric is first unrolled onto a cutting table that must be long enough to allow several panels to be cut out at a time; sometimes it can be as

Kevlar has long been the most widely used material in bulletproof vests. To make Kevlar, the polymer solution is first produced. The resulting liquid is then extruded from a spinneret, cooled with water, stretched on rollers, and wound into cloth.
A recent competitor to Kevlar is Spectra Shield. Unlike Kevlar, Spectra Shield is not woven but rather spun into fibers that are then laid parallel to each other. The fibers are coated with resin and layered to form the cloth.
long as 32.79 yards (30 meters). As many layers of the material as needed (as few as eight layers, or as many as 25, depending on the level of protection desired) are laid out on the cutting table.
4 A cut sheet, similar to pattern pieces used for home sewing, is then placed on the layers of cloth. For maximum use of the material, some manufacturers use computer graphics systems to determine the optimal placement of the cut sheets.
5 Using a hand-held machine that performs like a jigsaw except that instead of a cutting wire it has a 5.91-inch (15-centimeter) cutting wheel similar to that on the end of a pizza cutter, a worker cuts around the cut sheets to form panels, which are then placed in precise stacks.
Sewing the panels

6 While Spectra Shield generally does not require sewing, as its panels are usually just cut and stacked in layers that go into tight fitting pouches in the vest, a bulletproof vest made from Kevlar can be either quilt-stitched or box-stitched. Quilt-stitching forms small diamonds of cloth separated by stitching, whereas box stitching forms a large single box in the middle of the vest. Quilt-stitching is more labor intensive and difficult, and it provides a stiff panel that is hard to shift away from vulnerable areas. Box-stitching, on the other hand, is fast and easy and allows the free movement of the vest.
7 To sew the layers together, workers place a stencil on top of the layers and rub chalk on the exposed areas of the panel,
Finishing the vest

8 The shells for the panels are sewn together in the same factory using standard industrial sewing machines and standard sewing practices. The panels are then slipped inside the shells, and the accessories—such as the straps—are sewn on. The finished bulletproof vest is boxed and shipped to the customer.
Quality Control
Bulletproof vests undergo many of the same tests a regular piece of clothing does. The fiber manufacturer tests the fiber and yarn tensile strength, and the fabric weavers test the tensile strength of the resultant cloth. Nonwoven Spectra is also tested for tensile strength by the manufacturer. Vest manufacturers test the panel material (whether Kevlar or Spectra) for strength, and production quality control requires that trained observers inspect the vests after the panels are sewn and the vests completed.

Bulletproof vests, unlike regular clothing, must undergo stringent protection testing as required by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ). Not all bulletproof vests are alike. Some protect against lead bullets at low velocity, and some protect against full metal jacketed bullets at high velocity. Vests are classified numerically from lowest to highest protection: I, II-A, II, III-A, III, IV, and special cases (those for which the customer specifies the protection needed). Each classification specifies which type of bullet at what velocity will not penetrate the vest. While it seems logical to choose the highest-rated vests (such as III or IV), such vests are heavy, and the needs of a person wearing one might deem a lighter vest more appropriate. For police use, a general rule suggested by experts is to purchase a vest that protects against the type of firearm the officer normally carries.

The size label on a vest is very important. Not only does it include size, model, style, manufacturer's logo, and care instructions as regular clothing does, it must also include the protection rating, lot number, date of issue, an indication of which side should face out, a serial number, a note indicating it meets NIJ approval standards, and—for type I through type III-A vests—a large warning that the vest will not protect the wearer from sharp instruments or rifle fire.

Bulletproof vests are tested both wet and dry. This is done because the fibers used to make a vest perform differently when wet.

Testing (wet or dry) a vest entails wrapping it around a modeling clay dummy. A firearm of the correct type with a bullet of the correct type is then shot at a velocity suitable for the classification of the vest. Each shot should be three inches (7.6 centimeters) away from the edge of the vest and almost two inches from (five centimeters) away from previous shots. Six shots are fired, two at a 30-degree angle of incidence, and four at a 0-degree angle of incidence. One shot should fall on a seam. This method of shooting forms a wide triangle of bullet holes. The vest is then turned upside down and shot the same way, this time making a narrow triangle of bullet holes. To pass the test, the vest should show no sign of penetration. That is, the clay dummy should have no holes or pieces of vest or bullet in it. Though the bullet will leave a dent, it should be no deeper than 1.7 inches (4.4 centimeters).

When a vest passes inspections, the model number is certified and the manufacturer can then make exact duplicates of the vest. After the vest has been tested, it is placed in an archive so that in the future vests with the same model number can be easily checked against the prototype.

Rigged field testing is not feasible for bullet-proof vests, but in a sense, wearers (such as police officers) test them everyday. Studies of wounded police officers have shown that bulletproof vests save hundreds of lives each year.
Where To Learn More
Books

Tarassuk, Leonid and Claude Blair, eds. The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons. Simon and Schuster, 1979.

Periodicals

Anderson, Jack and Dale Van Atta. "Standoff Over Bullet-Proof Vest Standard," Washington Post. April 9, 1990, p. B-9.

Chapnick, Howard. "The Need for Body Armor," Popular Photography. November 1982, pp. 62+.

Faison, Seth, Jr. "Police Insist on Complete Vests," New York Times. September 15, 1991, p. 34.

Flanagan, William G., ed. "Arms and the Man," Forbes. July 6, 1981, p. 135.

Lappen, Alyssa A. "Step Aside, Superman," Forbes. February 6, 1989, pp. 124-126.

— Rose Secrest

Where To Learn More
Books

Tarassuk, Leonid and Claude Blair, eds. The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons. Simon and Schuster, 1979.

Periodicals

Anderson, Jack and Dale Van Atta. "Standoff Over Bullet-Proof Vest Standard," Washington Post. April 9, 1990, p. B-9.

Chapnick, Howard. "The Need for Body Armor," Popular Photography. November 1982, pp. 62+.

Faison, Seth, Jr. "Police Insist on Complete Vests," New York Times. September 15, 1991, p. 34.

Flanagan, William G., ed. "Arms and the Man," Forbes. July 6, 1981, p. 135.

Lappen, Alyssa A. "Step Aside, Superman," Forbes. February 6, 1989, pp. 124-126.

— Rose Secrest
Definition

made from a material that stops bullets from passing through

Origin and usage

The word bulletproof was first used in the early 1800s and originates from the Middle French ‘boulette’ meaning ‘small ball’ and the Latin ‘probare’, meaning to test or to prove. Bulletproof can mean both a material which literally stops bullets or it can refer more broadly to something thought to be indestructible.
Examples

Dr George E. Goodfellow is credited with publishing the first article on bulletproof or bullet-resistant materials after witnessing several cases where bullets were caught by silk handkerchiefs with no damage to the material. For this reason, gangsters were noted in the early 1900s to purchase expensive vests made from layers of silk as protection against gunshots. To this day artificial silk body armours continue to be researched, but bulletproof materials such as Kevlar or carbon fibre composite materials are used commonly by law enforcement services and the military.

The first official uses of the modern version of bulletproof vests began in the 1980s. For law enforcement, in particular, this development in body armour marked an important step forward as the number of officer deaths declined notably after bulletproof vests were adopted. Bulletproof materials can be rigid like steel or titanium, but they can also be supple, like silk or other tightly woven, lightweight materials. While the concept of body armour has a long history, the invention of bulletproof materials marks the first time that body protection suits were able to be made lighter and more wearable.

Quotations

“There’s no flesh or blood within this cloak to kill. There’s only an idea. Ideas are bulletproof.”

(Alan Moore)

“I thought I was bulletproof or Superman there for a while. I thought I’d never run out of nerve. Never.”

(Evel Knievel)

Synonyms

foolproof, durable

View the full definition in the Macmillan
What Is Inside A Bullet-Proof Jacket?
Bullet-proof clothing or bulletproof or ballistic vests are apparel specifically designed to protect the wearer from the impact of firearm bullets on his/her vital organs. It essentially absorbs and reduces the impact of projectile bullets and small fragments from explosives, by preventing its penetration within the wearer’s body. [1]
Bulletproof clothing generally is worn on the torso. It is made by layering woven or laminated fibers, with ballistic plates of metal, polythene plates or ceramic inserted into it. Generally worn alongside other protection armor components by police forces, security guards, combat soldiers, and private citizens of eminence, etc., these vests catch and deform the bullet by spreading its force and lowering its speed through friction.
Did You Know?
As per an International Association of Chiefs of Police study, ballistic vests have saved over 3000 officers since 1987.[2] The association currently has a membership of about 20,000 police chief executive officers, from about 100 countries
The History of Bulletproof Clothing
If we go way back into the history of mankind, people used to use animal skins to protect themselves against injuries and attacks. As the weaponry started advancing, so did the protection. Wooden and metal shields were used as defensive covers against attacks.
Image 1: 1901 vest being tested on a wearer
Image 2: Bulletproof vest testing, 1923
The idea of bulletproof vests though, came in the 1500s, when the Italian and the Roman empires built first body amours with metal layers to deflect bullets. However, then the metal body armor wasn’t as effective against firearms. In the 1800s then, softer silk body armors were developed by the Japanese. These armors were much more effective but expensive.
In 1901, the assassination of President William McKinley forced the US military to explore the idea of soft body armors too. The silk armors were effective against the low-velocity bullets, but not the new generation artillery. Hence, the idea of silk armors couldn’t sustain for very long.
During the World War II, flak jackets were invented, using ballistic nylon fibers to protect against ammunition fragments. These were bulky and broadly ineffective but were used widely, as they did offer a sense of better security for the soldiers.
It was the 1960s, when new fibers were discovered, which made the bulletproofing possible. The DuPont’s Kevlar ballistic fabric was invented in the early 1970s, to be used in tires. Its strength, in addition with added layers of fabric, to ensure waterproofing and extra strength to the Kevlar fabric brought in the bulletproof fabric into the picture.
Did You Know?
The National Institute of Justice (USA) tested multiple Kevlar versions for several years, for the protection against 38 Specials and 22 Long Rifle Bullets. They concluded that Kevlar vests were capable of stopping most common lead bullet impacts [2]
Source
Kevlar is basically a type of plastic with extremely high tensile strength [3], owing to the tightly bound, parallel molecules, that makes the fabric bulletproof.
Kevlar fabric shows the property of absorbing and distributing the energy that comes in contact with it. [4]
Thus, Kevlar can effectively cushion, catch and prevent the bullet from penetrating through the wearer’s body.
The picture here represents the Microscopic view of Kevlar KM2 ® fabric.
Did You Know?
Having an exact fit is essential for the bulletproof vest to be effective. If the Kevlar is not positioned effectively on the body, it will not be able to disperse the impact of a bullet. Hence, these vests are made to fit exact body types and heights.[3]
The Body Armor Industry
This industry is being driven by the increased development across the globe, in soldier modernization programs. So a substantially large number of countries are acquiring bulletproof vests for their armed forces. The industry is still experimenting with their focus on improvement in materials being used in bulletproof clothing, to explore armor performance to protect the wearer from blade attacks along with firearms. Moreover, growing focus on wars is boosting up the requirements of bulletproof clothing globally.
Some of the major brand names working in this industry are Miguel Cabellero Bulletproof Designer Clothing, Balde Runner, Garrison Bespoke, Aspetto, and BulletSafe. [5]
In the US alone, the bulletproof body armor manufacturing industry can be valued at $465 million a year, as per a Market Research report. [6] By 2024, according to a Grandview’s 2016 research, the global market for bulletproof clothing is expected to be worth around $5.7 billion.
How Is Bulletproof Clothing Made?
Bulletproof clothing is made using fibers or filaments that are both lightweight and strong. Kevlar® is the most widely used option, where a solid thread is spun out of a liquid chemical blend[7]. Another option for raw material in bulletproof clothing is Dyneema®, which is a made by a gel-spinning process from a polythene base, providing incredible strength and softness to the material.
These fibers/filaments are then converted into yarns and sheet materials for usage in final clothing. The bulletproof panels are made of multiple layers of this ballistic material, and the required thickness is determined based on the level of protection that has to achieve from the garment. Multiple layers of this ballistic fabric are cut and sewn together to provide the required protection to the wearer. These layers of sewn ballistic material are then put into a protective envelope, which is heat sealed to ensure the protection of these layers from humidity and water.
Did You Know?
The carrier in itself, without the panels, does not provide any ballistic protection; it is just like wearing a t-shirt
The ballistic panels are fitted into carriers, which have pockets to insert the panels, ensuring they are held at proper positions on the wearer’s body. This carrier along with the ballistic panels together constitutes bulletproof clothing.
How effective is bulletproof clothing?
Unlike the name suggests, a bulletproof vest is not truly bulletproof, it is actually just bullet resistant. It can prevent the certain type, sizes and speeds of bullets penetrating the body, but even when the bullet is stopped, the impact can injure the wearer. However, bulletproof clothing has been proved to provide protection against a multitude of small caliber weapon attacks to the wearer.
Did you know?
Bulletproof clothing is not actually knife resistant clothing but can help the wearer even in vehicle accidents

:Preparation and characterization of bullet-proof vests based on polyamide fibers

Article (PDF Available) in Internation
-Abstract
Fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) is classified as one of the main classes of structural materials. Due to its high strength and light weight, it is considered for being used in a large scale of different applications. Particularly, bullet proof vests are widely used in order to protect the soldiers from being targeted in battle fields, however many modifications are being implemented to enhance the bullet resistivity of the vests for achieving more protection. This scientific paper investigates the enhanced properties of Twaron CT 736 when it is being reinforced with epoxy resin and topped with silicon carbide ceramics. The potential application for this kind of enhancement is to produce body armor plates that would resist the penetration of machine gun 7.62 * 39 mm and 7.62 * 51 mm bullets. A ballistic gun and triggering unit for the penetration test were used and the response of the prepared samples was studied. Vacuum bagging technique was adopted to prepare the samples. The final results of this research study show that, in order to stop a machine gun 7.62 * 39 mm normal bullet the plate should contain 30 layers of Twaron CT736 topped with 2 layers of ceramics, while in order to stop a machine gun 7.62 * 51 mm bullet the plate should contain 70 layers of Twaron CT 736 topped with 3 layers of ceramics.